BIOL 2401 Exam Review
what cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
accessory nerve (XI)
what deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint
acetabular labrum
what muscle indirectly inserts on all digits of the hand except the thumb?
extensor digitorum
what produces the flat bones of the skull
intramembranous ossification
_____ bonds break apart in water more easily than covalent bonds to
ionic
what is the product in the reaction of CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
chondroblasts secrete what? fibroblasts produce what?
-The rubbery matrix of cartilage -Produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue
The relationship between cell volume and surface area limits how large a cell can get. Most human cells range from _____ to _____ micrometers in diameter
10, 15
one hand of an adult has ______ bones?
27
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
what is the consumption rate for myosin consuming ATP during muscle contraction?
5 ATP per second
___________________ should be classified as an inclusion
A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell
example of a placebo in an experiment
A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed _____
what describes the duplicity theory of vision?
A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution
example of hypertrophy of muscle cells
After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size
what are the 3 developmental stages in the hair cycle
Anagen, catagen, and telogen
What results in longer aerobic respiration? (scenario)
Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise
what is mixed nerve made of?
BOTH afferent AND efferent fibers
Example of negative feedback
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration
what cell particles participate in DNA replication
DNA, ribosomes, DNA ligase, and DNA polymerase
what measures electrical activity in the brain?
EEG (electroencephalogram)
what 2 tests can be used to assess brain activity
EEG (electroencephalogram) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan
There are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids. How are these created?
Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these products
what are associated with our dermal?
Fingerprints left on things we touch
what dissociates from the NE receptor first in an adrenergic synaptic transmission
G protein
compound acinar glands
Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts
who established a code of ethics for physicians and is considered the "father of medicine"?
Hippocrates
what are 3 isotopes of hydrogen (H+)?
Hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium
what could be a side effect of skeletal muscle atrophy?
Hyperglycemia (high levels of glucose in the blood)
damage to which cranial nerve (number) is most likely to affect eyes
III
example of an intersegmental reflex
If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm
example of responding to selection pressure
If a species of animal evolves over generations to grow a large fan-blade like growth on its back to catch the wind and cool its body
what happens in case of flight reaction associated with exiting the building during in response to fire alarm?
Increased alertness, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood glucose concentration
what is inversion? what is eversion?
Inversion: to tip the soles of the feet medially, so they face each other Eversion: Tipping them out laterally so they face away from each other
Repolarization of skeletal muscle and nervous tissue depends mostly upon movement of which ion?
K+
what cutaneous glands are concerned with cooling the body
Merocrine glands
what possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are totipotent stem cells
Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells
example of hypothetico-dedective method
Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers
how does NaCl become more stable when reacting with each other?
Na will give up one electron, while Cl will accept one electron
what is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle
Neutralization of carbon dioxide buildup
what type of cells form myelin in the spinal cord
Oligodendrocytes
what are associated with the flexible characteristics of bone?
Osteoblast and collagen type
what are some functions of the brain that are associated with the frontal lobe of the cerebrum?
Planning, motivation, and social judgment
which ions LEAVE the cell during hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane
Potassium (K+) ions
who first named cells
Robert Hooke
what are some bodily functions that are regulated by the hypothalamus?
Sex drive, body temperature, and food and water intake
what type of epithelia have goblet cells? what do goblet cells do?
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia, produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes
what correctly states the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?
Sternal manubrium and medial one-third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line
example of adduction
Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands
Holism
The anthropological commitment to consider the full scope of human life, including culture, biology, history, and language, across space and time
what is an example of anatomical variation among organisms?
The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four
what is an example of synchondrosis? what is an example of synovial joints?
The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum, and the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by synovial joints
which division of the nervous system carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine?
The visceral motor division
transitional epithelium resembles what kind of epithelium? what is one of the differences between the two?
Transitional epithelium resembles stratified squamous epithelium, the apical cells are rounded, not flattened found in the urinary bladder
what are the motor cranial nerves?
Trochlear nerve (IV), Accessory nerve (XI), Abducens nerve (VI), and Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in what cranial nerve?
Vagus (X)
what is effective in returning the body temperature back to homeostatic range?
Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin
which bone is a part of the skull but is not associated with it
Vomer
what type of radiographic imaging would be used to detect a fracture of the bone
X-ray
mutation
a change in DNA structure that might be beneficial, harmful, or neutral
physiological gradient
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another
amalyase
a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through hydrolysis reactions
tissue
a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.
glycoprotein
a protein that is bound to a carbohydrate
buffer
a solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it
The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases when...
acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction
which muscle ADducts and medially rotates the thigh?
adductor magnus
what is an INTRINSIC muscle of the hand?
adductor pollicis
What is not a tenet of modern cell theory
all cells occupy space
all muscle types will respond to an electric stimulus because...
all muscle types are excitable
what would most likely result in hypercalcemia?
an over-active parathyroid gland
metabolism is the sum of what
anabolism and catabolism
how many pairs of nucleotides does the human genome consist of?
approx. 3 billion pairs
what is the atomic number of sodium? atomic mass of sodium? how many neutrons and protons does sodium have?
atomic number: 11 atomic mass: 23 neutrons: 12 protons: 11
some smooth muscle is _____
autorhythmic
Skeletal muscle tissue is known as the "excitable tissue." How is this excitability possible?
because the myofibers produce an abundance of Ion channels in their plasma membranes
where is the basement membrane found
between the epithelium and connective tissue
what muscle inserts on the head of the fibula?
biceps femoris
what muscle is the most likely injured in the following scenario: An Olympic sprinter readies for a race. After the sound of the starting gun, he propels himself forward from the starting block and immediately grimaces in pain, grabbing for the back of his thigh. Within 48 hours he begins noticing extensive bruising on the back of his thigh extending into the back of the knee. He now has difficulty rising from a seated position and flexing his knee. Bending at the waist generates more pain
biceps femoris is mostly injured
what would indicate if a tumor is benign or malignant?
biopsy
osteoBlasts
bone forming cells
Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to which kinds of receptors?
both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
the parietal bone is adjacent to what sutures of the skull
both the coronal and lambdoid sutures
Pinocytosis
brings nonspecific material into a cell
how are autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in maintaining homeostasis?
by adjusting heart rate and force
how can the concentration of a solution be expressed
by all of weight per volume, percentage and Molarity
How are the chemical properties of an atom determined
by its electrons
what is important to the deposition of bone? how is it synthesized?
calcitriol, and it is synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver
the skeletal system maintains homeostasis of which levels in the blood
calcium
bone elongation is a result of
cartilage growth
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called _____ _____
cauda equina
what is the function of the Na+-K+ pump?
concentration gradients diffusion, NOT transport Na+ into and K+ out of the cell
the parietal bone helps form which sutures of the skull?
coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures
injury to which nerve would cause the inability to extend one's toes
deep fibular nerve
what is the immediate concern for a person affected by the third-degree burns
dehydration
fibroblasts are most numerous in what type of connective tissue
dense connective tissue
what is the cause of ethnic differences in skin color?
differences in the quantity of melanin
are mitochondria double or single membraned and what does it consist of?
double, a matrix and cristae
what is not a major joint category
elastic cartilage
when doing a pushup, your shoulders _____ as your body is pushed upward
elevate
what does the adrenal medulla MOSTLY secrete?
epinephrine (adrenaline)
hypercalcimia
excessive calcium in the blood
the greater the concentration gradient, the _____ the diffusion rate
faster
what are associated with both dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues?
fibroblasts and protein fibers
where on the body does skin have sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands?
fingertips
what is the most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns
fluid loss
what are the folds in the cerebellum called? what are they separated by?
folia, grooves called sulci
cell division is stimulated by _____ and suppressed by _____
growth factors, contact inhibition
what is the base where a hair follicle originates in the skin called?
hair bulb
Parasympathetic tone does what to resting heart rate?
holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate
what is one example of a multiaxial joint?
humeroscapular
In endochondral ossification what is the precursor to connective tissue? what is that replaced with?
hyaline cartilage, bone
_____ regions face the intra- and extracellular fluid and _____ regions are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic, hydrophobic
most growth in childhoods is the result of _____
hyperplasia
Because of a brain lesion, a certain patient never feels full, but eats excessively so that she now weighs nearly 370 kg (600lbs). Where in the brain is the lesion most likely to be?
hypothalamus
in the glycocalyx, what do glycoproteins act as
identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells
Most gray matter of the cerebrum is located where?
in Neocortex region
where are mammary glands found
in lactating females
where are minerals found in the body
in the bones and teeth, thyroid hormone and electrolytes
the spiral organ (of the ear) is housed where?
in the cochlea
where does yellow bone marrow occur
in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus
where do most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen
in the neurosoma
where is the primary olfactory cortex located?
in the temporal lobe
where do chondrocytes multiply?
in the zone of cell proliferation of the metaphysis
how do isotopes differ from one another?
in their number of neutrons and atomic mass
Organs of Integumentary system activated to cause sweating and a return the body temperature to homeostasis. Sweating results from an _____ internal body temperature.
increased
what best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?
indirectly inserts on all digits of the hand except the thumb
is Na2HPO3 (H2O)5 an organic or inorganic compound?
inorganic
If the projection tract has been damaged what happens to the cerebrum?
it is no longer able to communicate with the midbrain
A function of skin is resistance to trauma. Keratinocyte is the epidermal cells. What is the associated product that makes this possible?
keratin
what are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical?
ligand-gates ion channels
what is NOT considered an inclusion
lysosome
what bone forms the bulk of the hard palate?
maxilla
a 22-year old soccer player would have more _____ in her skeletal muscles
mitochondria
what is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth
mitosis
what are mammary glands
modified apocrine glands that develop within the female breasts.
what is the most appropriate way to express the number of molecules per volume
molarity
flagella provide _____ to a sperm cell, cilia act as _____ _____ in many cells, and microvilli _____ a cell's surface area
motility, sensory "antennae", increase
Hypercalcemia can cause
muscle spasms
Skeletal system provides support and frame work for the body. However, movement of the skeleton is directly dependent of the _____ system
muscular
Homo sapiens
name for the species of modern humans
Damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III) may affect what?
near vision accommodation
organs of which system respond fastest to environmental stimuli
nervous
The saltatory conduction occurs from _____ to _____ in MYELINATED fibers
node, node
through which kind of epithelium does rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs take place?
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
ribsomes are or are not membranous organelles
not membranous organelles
nucleic acids are polymers of what?
nucleotides
which organelle can be see with light microscopes we use in our lab
nucleus
cellular membranes are permeable to _____ but impermeable to _____
nutrients, proteins
what sense is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?
olfaction
recessive allele
one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another
where do half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate?
optic chiasm
what kind of bone cells have the greatest number of lysosomes in bone
osteoClasts
Vagus nerve is most important in maintaining homeostasis via which division of the nervous system?
parasympathetic
the sternoclavicular joint, the glenohumeral joint, the clavicle and scapula and the acromioclavicular joint are all part of the _____ girdle?
pectoral
if which nerve is damaged, the respiratory system is most likely to be affected?
phrenic nerve
which population is loss of bone density observed in?
post-menopausal females (that have decreased levels of estrogen)
The ischium is _____ to the pubis and _____ to the ilium
posterior, inferior
what does a muscle twitch do?
produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the contraction phase
the rough ER is involved in what cellular process?
protein synthesis
what is an example of a pivot joint
proximal radioulnar joint
example of a parallel muscle and example of a bipennate muscle
rectus abdominis and rectus femoris
Extensibility
refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch
what is the most common spinal curvature deformity?
scoliosis
what do endocrine glands do
secrete hormones into the blood
if a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell what neuron property is being inhibited?
secretion
Carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, chromatin is the right sequence from _____ to _____ ______
simple, more complex
what are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during anaphase of the cell cycle
sister chromatids
illeum is part of _____ and ilium is part of _____
small intestine, hip bone
how are astronauts in zero gravity able to move food through their digestive tracts?
smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract
what kind of muscles are under involuntary control
smooth and cardiac
opening of what kind of gates typically leads to depolarization of the plasma membrane?
sodium
what was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking?
spinal and pelvic anatomy
what forms a part of the pelvic outlet
spines of the ischium
what layer of epithelium is absent from most epidermis and ONLY occurs in thick skin
stratum lucidum
what kind of nerve fibers are NOT associated with situations involving digestion
sympathetic nerve fibers
which kind of RNA molecule contains anticodons
tRNA
tertiary structure of the protein
tertiary structure of the protein
hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means...
that a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother
A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. What are these two areas?
the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
The solar plexus is used as a name for what?
the celiac and mesenteric
gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called _____ and deeper masses called surrounded by white matter
the cortex
oil on your scalp is secreted by sebaceous glands are associated with what?
the hair follicles
what is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?
the knee
all of these contribute to the wall of the orbit EXCEPT _____
the nasal bone
a gene contains what?
the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA
Somatic receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle best describes what?
the order of a somatic reflex
The talocrural joint is formed by
the union of the femur, the tibia, and the patella
during flexion of the elbow, the forearm acts as a _____-class lever
third
Most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with what?
third-order neurons in the thalamus
in what region does the anterior ramus become an intercostal nerve? in what region does it form spinal plexuses?
thoracic, other
what is one function of blood
to transport nutrients to the tissues
The muscles that laterally rotate and depress the scapula, as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders are _____ and _____
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
where do fibers of the vagus nerve end?
very near or within their target organs
where do voluntary motor impulses leave the spinal cord?
via the anterior horn of gray matter
what is the plural of villus (hair) and diagnosis
villi, diagnoses
skeletal muscle is called _____, because it is usually subject to conscious control
voluntary
where do the upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begin
with a neurosoma in the precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
theory
would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge
are some stages of the cell cycle omitted in the following: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
yes