BIOL 2401 Exam Review

what cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

accessory nerve (XI)

what deepens the socket of the hip joint and helps stabilize the joint

acetabular labrum

what muscle indirectly inserts on all digits of the hand except the thumb?

extensor digitorum

what produces the flat bones of the skull

intramembranous ossification

_____ bonds break apart in water more easily than covalent bonds to

ionic

what is the product in the reaction of CO2 + H2O

H2CO3

chondroblasts secrete what? fibroblasts produce what?

-The rubbery matrix of cartilage -Produce the fibers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue

The relationship between cell volume and surface area limits how large a cell can get. Most human cells range from _____ to _____ micrometers in diameter

10, 15

one hand of an adult has ______ bones?

27

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there

31 pairs

what is the consumption rate for myosin consuming ATP during muscle contraction?

5 ATP per second

___________________ should be classified as an inclusion

A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell

example of a placebo in an experiment

A new drug apparently increases short-term memory. Students were divided randomly into two groups at the beginning of the semester. One group was given the memory pill once a day for the semester, and the other group was given a same-looking pill, but it was just sugar. The sugar pill is termed _____

what describes the duplicity theory of vision?

A single type of receptor system cannot produce both high sensitivity and high resolution

example of hypertrophy of muscle cells

After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size

what are the 3 developmental stages in the hair cycle

Anagen, catagen, and telogen

What results in longer aerobic respiration? (scenario)

Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increases their oxygen supply during exercise

what is mixed nerve made of?

BOTH afferent AND efferent fibers

Example of negative feedback

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration

what cell particles participate in DNA replication

DNA, ribosomes, DNA ligase, and DNA polymerase

what measures electrical activity in the brain?

EEG (electroencephalogram)

what 2 tests can be used to assess brain activity

EEG (electroencephalogram) and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scan

There are no genes coding for carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids. How are these created?

Enzymes encoded by genes synthesize these products

what are associated with our dermal?

Fingerprints left on things we touch

what dissociates from the NE receptor first in an adrenergic synaptic transmission

G protein

compound acinar glands

Glands that have branched ducts and secretory cells that form sacs at one end of the ducts

who established a code of ethics for physicians and is considered the "father of medicine"?

Hippocrates

what are 3 isotopes of hydrogen (H+)?

Hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium

what could be a side effect of skeletal muscle atrophy?

Hyperglycemia (high levels of glucose in the blood)

damage to which cranial nerve (number) is most likely to affect eyes

III

example of an intersegmental reflex

If a bee sting on the right thigh causes a quick involuntary reaction of the right arm

example of responding to selection pressure

If a species of animal evolves over generations to grow a large fan-blade like growth on its back to catch the wind and cool its body

what happens in case of flight reaction associated with exiting the building during in response to fire alarm?

Increased alertness, heart rate, respiratory rate and blood glucose concentration

what is inversion? what is eversion?

Inversion: to tip the soles of the feet medially, so they face each other Eversion: Tipping them out laterally so they face away from each other

Repolarization of skeletal muscle and nervous tissue depends mostly upon movement of which ion?

K+

what cutaneous glands are concerned with cooling the body

Merocrine glands

what possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are totipotent stem cells

Most biologists see embryonic stem (ES) cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells

example of hypothetico-dedective method

Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers

how does NaCl become more stable when reacting with each other?

Na will give up one electron, while Cl will accept one electron

what is not a purpose of the excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) in muscle

Neutralization of carbon dioxide buildup

what type of cells form myelin in the spinal cord

Oligodendrocytes

what are associated with the flexible characteristics of bone?

Osteoblast and collagen type

what are some functions of the brain that are associated with the frontal lobe of the cerebrum?

Planning, motivation, and social judgment

which ions LEAVE the cell during hyperpolarization of a neuron membrane

Potassium (K+) ions

who first named cells

Robert Hooke

what are some bodily functions that are regulated by the hypothalamus?

Sex drive, body temperature, and food and water intake

what type of epithelia have goblet cells? what do goblet cells do?

Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia, produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes

what correctly states the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?

Sternal manubrium and medial one-third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line

example of adduction

Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands

Holism

The anthropological commitment to consider the full scope of human life, including culture, biology, history, and language, across space and time

what is an example of anatomical variation among organisms?

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four

what is an example of synchondrosis? what is an example of synovial joints?

The joint between the first costal cartilage and the sternum, and the other costal cartilages are joined to the sternum by synovial joints

which division of the nervous system carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine?

The visceral motor division

transitional epithelium resembles what kind of epithelium? what is one of the differences between the two?

Transitional epithelium resembles stratified squamous epithelium, the apical cells are rounded, not flattened found in the urinary bladder

what are the motor cranial nerves?

Trochlear nerve (IV), Accessory nerve (XI), Abducens nerve (VI), and Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

Most fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system travel in what cranial nerve?

Vagus (X)

what is effective in returning the body temperature back to homeostatic range?

Vasodilation of blood vessels in skin

which bone is a part of the skull but is not associated with it

Vomer

what type of radiographic imaging would be used to detect a fracture of the bone

X-ray

mutation

a change in DNA structure that might be beneficial, harmful, or neutral

physiological gradient

a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another

amalyase

a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through hydrolysis reactions

tissue

a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

glycoprotein

a protein that is bound to a carbohydrate

buffer

a solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it

The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases when...

acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction

which muscle ADducts and medially rotates the thigh?

adductor magnus

what is an INTRINSIC muscle of the hand?

adductor pollicis

What is not a tenet of modern cell theory

all cells occupy space

all muscle types will respond to an electric stimulus because...

all muscle types are excitable

what would most likely result in hypercalcemia?

an over-active parathyroid gland

metabolism is the sum of what

anabolism and catabolism

how many pairs of nucleotides does the human genome consist of?

approx. 3 billion pairs

what is the atomic number of sodium? atomic mass of sodium? how many neutrons and protons does sodium have?

atomic number: 11 atomic mass: 23 neutrons: 12 protons: 11

some smooth muscle is _____

autorhythmic

Skeletal muscle tissue is known as the "excitable tissue." How is this excitability possible?

because the myofibers produce an abundance of Ion channels in their plasma membranes

where is the basement membrane found

between the epithelium and connective tissue

what muscle inserts on the head of the fibula?

biceps femoris

what muscle is the most likely injured in the following scenario: An Olympic sprinter readies for a race. After the sound of the starting gun, he propels himself forward from the starting block and immediately grimaces in pain, grabbing for the back of his thigh. Within 48 hours he begins noticing extensive bruising on the back of his thigh extending into the back of the knee. He now has difficulty rising from a seated position and flexing his knee. Bending at the waist generates more pain

biceps femoris is mostly injured

what would indicate if a tumor is benign or malignant?

biopsy

osteoBlasts

bone forming cells

Acetylcholine (ACh) binds to which kinds of receptors?

both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors

the parietal bone is adjacent to what sutures of the skull

both the coronal and lambdoid sutures

Pinocytosis

brings nonspecific material into a cell

how are autonomic nervous system fibers are involved in maintaining homeostasis?

by adjusting heart rate and force

how can the concentration of a solution be expressed

by all of weight per volume, percentage and Molarity

How are the chemical properties of an atom determined

by its electrons

what is important to the deposition of bone? how is it synthesized?

calcitriol, and it is synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver

the skeletal system maintains homeostasis of which levels in the blood

calcium

bone elongation is a result of

cartilage growth

The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called _____ _____

cauda equina

what is the function of the Na+-K+ pump?

concentration gradients diffusion, NOT transport Na+ into and K+ out of the cell

the parietal bone helps form which sutures of the skull?

coronal, lambdoid, and squamous sutures

injury to which nerve would cause the inability to extend one's toes

deep fibular nerve

what is the immediate concern for a person affected by the third-degree burns

dehydration

fibroblasts are most numerous in what type of connective tissue

dense connective tissue

what is the cause of ethnic differences in skin color?

differences in the quantity of melanin

are mitochondria double or single membraned and what does it consist of?

double, a matrix and cristae

what is not a major joint category

elastic cartilage

when doing a pushup, your shoulders _____ as your body is pushed upward

elevate

what does the adrenal medulla MOSTLY secrete?

epinephrine (adrenaline)

hypercalcimia

excessive calcium in the blood

the greater the concentration gradient, the _____ the diffusion rate

faster

what are associated with both dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues?

fibroblasts and protein fibers

where on the body does skin have sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands?

fingertips

what is the most immediate threat to the life of a patient with severe burns

fluid loss

what are the folds in the cerebellum called? what are they separated by?

folia, grooves called sulci

cell division is stimulated by _____ and suppressed by _____

growth factors, contact inhibition

what is the base where a hair follicle originates in the skin called?

hair bulb

Parasympathetic tone does what to resting heart rate?

holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate

what is one example of a multiaxial joint?

humeroscapular

In endochondral ossification what is the precursor to connective tissue? what is that replaced with?

hyaline cartilage, bone

_____ regions face the intra- and extracellular fluid and _____ regions are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic, hydrophobic

most growth in childhoods is the result of _____

hyperplasia

Because of a brain lesion, a certain patient never feels full, but eats excessively so that she now weighs nearly 370 kg (600lbs). Where in the brain is the lesion most likely to be?

hypothalamus

in the glycocalyx, what do glycoproteins act as

identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells

Most gray matter of the cerebrum is located where?

in Neocortex region

where are mammary glands found

in lactating females

where are minerals found in the body

in the bones and teeth, thyroid hormone and electrolytes

the spiral organ (of the ear) is housed where?

in the cochlea

where does yellow bone marrow occur

in the marrow cavity of the diaphysis of an adult humerus

where do most metabolic and regulatory functions in a neuron happen

in the neurosoma

where is the primary olfactory cortex located?

in the temporal lobe

where do chondrocytes multiply?

in the zone of cell proliferation of the metaphysis

how do isotopes differ from one another?

in their number of neutrons and atomic mass

Organs of Integumentary system activated to cause sweating and a return the body temperature to homeostasis. Sweating results from an _____ internal body temperature.

increased

what best describes the resting membrane potential (RMP)?

indirectly inserts on all digits of the hand except the thumb

is Na2HPO3 (H2O)5 an organic or inorganic compound?

inorganic

If the projection tract has been damaged what happens to the cerebrum?

it is no longer able to communicate with the midbrain

A function of skin is resistance to trauma. Keratinocyte is the epidermal cells. What is the associated product that makes this possible?

keratin

what are membrane proteins that open or close in response to the binding of a chemical?

ligand-gates ion channels

what is NOT considered an inclusion

lysosome

what bone forms the bulk of the hard palate?

maxilla

a 22-year old soccer player would have more _____ in her skeletal muscles

mitochondria

what is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth

mitosis

what are mammary glands

modified apocrine glands that develop within the female breasts.

what is the most appropriate way to express the number of molecules per volume

molarity

flagella provide _____ to a sperm cell, cilia act as _____ _____ in many cells, and microvilli _____ a cell's surface area

motility, sensory "antennae", increase

Hypercalcemia can cause

muscle spasms

Skeletal system provides support and frame work for the body. However, movement of the skeleton is directly dependent of the _____ system

muscular

Homo sapiens

name for the species of modern humans

Damage to the oculomotor nerve (CN III) may affect what?

near vision accommodation

organs of which system respond fastest to environmental stimuli

nervous

The saltatory conduction occurs from _____ to _____ in MYELINATED fibers

node, node

through which kind of epithelium does rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs take place?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

ribsomes are or are not membranous organelles

not membranous organelles

nucleic acids are polymers of what?

nucleotides

which organelle can be see with light microscopes we use in our lab

nucleus

cellular membranes are permeable to _____ but impermeable to _____

nutrients, proteins

what sense is the only sense in which signals can reach the cerebral cortex without passing first through the thalamus?

olfaction

recessive allele

one allele is not phenotypically expressed in the presence of another

where do half of the fibers of each optic nerve decussate?

optic chiasm

what kind of bone cells have the greatest number of lysosomes in bone

osteoClasts

Vagus nerve is most important in maintaining homeostasis via which division of the nervous system?

parasympathetic

the sternoclavicular joint, the glenohumeral joint, the clavicle and scapula and the acromioclavicular joint are all part of the _____ girdle?

pectoral

if which nerve is damaged, the respiratory system is most likely to be affected?

phrenic nerve

which population is loss of bone density observed in?

post-menopausal females (that have decreased levels of estrogen)

The ischium is _____ to the pubis and _____ to the ilium

posterior, inferior

what does a muscle twitch do?

produces external tension and moves an object by shortening the muscles during the contraction phase

the rough ER is involved in what cellular process?

protein synthesis

what is an example of a pivot joint

proximal radioulnar joint

example of a parallel muscle and example of a bipennate muscle

rectus abdominis and rectus femoris

Extensibility

refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch

what is the most common spinal curvature deformity?

scoliosis

what do endocrine glands do

secrete hormones into the blood

if a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell what neuron property is being inhibited?

secretion

Carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, chromatin is the right sequence from _____ to _____ ______

simple, more complex

what are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during anaphase of the cell cycle

sister chromatids

illeum is part of _____ and ilium is part of _____

small intestine, hip bone

how are astronauts in zero gravity able to move food through their digestive tracts?

smooth muscle produces waves of contractions that propel material through the digestive tract

what kind of muscles are under involuntary control

smooth and cardiac

opening of what kind of gates typically leads to depolarization of the plasma membrane?

sodium

what was an adaptation that evolved in connection with human upright walking?

spinal and pelvic anatomy

what forms a part of the pelvic outlet

spines of the ischium

what layer of epithelium is absent from most epidermis and ONLY occurs in thick skin

stratum lucidum

what kind of nerve fibers are NOT associated with situations involving digestion

sympathetic nerve fibers

which kind of RNA molecule contains anticodons

tRNA

tertiary structure of the protein

tertiary structure of the protein

hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means...

that a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother

A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. What are these two areas?

the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

The solar plexus is used as a name for what?

the celiac and mesenteric

gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called _____ and deeper masses called surrounded by white matter

the cortex

oil on your scalp is secreted by sebaceous glands are associated with what?

the hair follicles

what is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body?

the knee

all of these contribute to the wall of the orbit EXCEPT _____

the nasal bone

a gene contains what?

the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA

Somatic receptor → afferent nerve fiber → interneuron → efferent nerve fiber → skeletal muscle best describes what?

the order of a somatic reflex

The talocrural joint is formed by

the union of the femur, the tibia, and the patella

during flexion of the elbow, the forearm acts as a _____-class lever

third

Most second-order somesthetic neurons synapse with what?

third-order neurons in the thalamus

in what region does the anterior ramus become an intercostal nerve? in what region does it form spinal plexuses?

thoracic, other

what is one function of blood

to transport nutrients to the tissues

The muscles that laterally rotate and depress the scapula, as in shrugging and lowering the shoulders are _____ and _____

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

where do fibers of the vagus nerve end?

very near or within their target organs

where do voluntary motor impulses leave the spinal cord?

via the anterior horn of gray matter

what is the plural of villus (hair) and diagnosis

villi, diagnoses

skeletal muscle is called _____, because it is usually subject to conscious control

voluntary

where do the upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begin

with a neurosoma in the precentral gyrus of the cerebrum

theory

would contain the greatest amount of information that scientists consider to be true to the best of their knowledge

are some stages of the cell cycle omitted in the following: Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

yes