BIOL 256 Exam 3 Attempt 1

The normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells is

25%

Ischemia is

A lack of blood flow to a certain area

Rigor mortis occurs because

ATP required to detach myosin from actin molecules is depleted

Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP) , cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR)?

BP= CO x PR

If plasma proteins are lost due to kidney disease, then which of the following pressure changes occur as a result?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases

A heart beat is normally initiated when

Ca++ is released quickly from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

If cardiac muscle is deprived from its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from

Decreased delivery of oxygen

A sarcomere is

Distance between two z discs

Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

Endomysium

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

How does exercising assure greater blood delivery to the active muscles?

Exercising provides increased venous return to the heart

The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon

Is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle

Which of the following is a protective function of blood?

Maintenance of body temperature

Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?

Na+ inward flux--> Ca++ inward flux --> K+ outward flux

When neither anti-A nor Anti-B agglutinates with a patient's blood, their blood type is

O

On an EKG, the ___ wave represents atrial depolarization, while the ___ wave represents ventricular depolarization

P, QRS

What ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhythmic cells during an action potential?

Potassium

Which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis?

Production of vacuoles

Which component of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated with the ventricular depolarization?

QRS complex

Which componet of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated wit ventricular depolarization?

QRS complex

Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation

Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life

Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?

Smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle

If acetylcholine is applied to the heart, but cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?

Stroke volume must increase

Which statement is true about an EKG?

The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization

Which of the following is a characteristic of ll leukocytes?

They are nucleated; originated in hemocytoblasts

Which of the following are composed of myosin?

Thick filaments

When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists in this by

Transferrin transfers the iron to the red bone marrow where is can be reused

An extended P-Q interval on an EKG usually indicates

a blockage in the conduction system

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

Cardiac ischemia can result in

a myocardial infarction

Select the correct statement about cardiac output

a slow heart rate increases end diastole volume, stroke volume and force of a contraction

The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is

acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors

Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called

acute lymphocytic leukemia

Which will increase blood pressure?

antidiuretic hormone

Which blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure?

aorta or arteries

Which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart?

atrioventricular valve

When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called

baroreceptor reflex

If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood; this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?

bilirubin

Which does not contain iron?

bilirubin

During the period of ventricular filling

blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves

Gas exchange occurs in

capillaries

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?

capillaries of the active muscles will be enlarged with blood

The function of hemoglobin is to

carry oxygen

Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by

causing threshold to be reached more quickly

In muscle contraction, calcium acts to

change the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle

changes in length and moves the "load"

Poor nutrition may lead to

chronic hypotension

Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?

circulatory shock

The first heart sound (lub) is caused by the

closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

The second heart sound (dubb) is caused by the

closure of the semilunar valves

Which is a blood vessel that does NOT do vasodilation or vasoconstriction?

conduction artery

Lymphatic vessels

contain valves

Acetylcholine

decreases the heart rate

Red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they

do not have mitochondria

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?

emotional state

Which of the following wraps an entire muscle cell

epimysium

Which of the following wraps an entire muscle?

epimysium

Negative chronotropic factors are

factors that decrease heart rate

What is the best definition of blood pressure?

force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel

Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on te surface of blood cells, are comprised of

glycoproteins

If the vagus nerve to the heart were cut, the result would be

heart rate would increase

Which blood protein carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

hemoglobin

Which blood proteins carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?

hemoglobin

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to

increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has stopped, the acetylcholine

is destroyed by acetylcholinesterase

The father is Rh and the mother is Rh +. They have had 3 children without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is preggers again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus

is not greater than the risk of the previous children

Blood that is by-passing a capillary bed flows through

its metarteriole

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

kidney

Mechanisms that do NOT help autoregulate blood pressure include

liver synthesis of albumin blood protein and alcohol

All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except

low blood viscosity

HHemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

lowering of blood pressure, do to change in cardiac output

Where in the body would you find low blood oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?

lungs

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in

monocytes

The myocardium requires ___ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has ___ mitochondria

more, more

Heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called

murmurs

The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its

muscle tone

Which of the following is a precursor of a neutrophil?

myeloblast

Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?

myeoblast

Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in

myoglobin

Which of the following chemicals does NOT control blood pressure?

nitric acid

Which will decrease blood pressure

nitric oxide

If a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum

no anticoagulaent should be added to the tube of blood

Isotonic muscle contraction

no changing tension, changes length

Which will increase blood pressure?

norepinephrine

Which is NOT a possible result of chronic hypertension?

obesity

Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?

obesity

Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with

opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels

Angina pectoris is

pain accompanying myocardial ischemia

Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?

perimysium

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of:

pernicious anemia

Which formed element is NOT a cell?

platelet

Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to

re-establish glycogen stores

When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called

recruitment

When muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli, it is in which of the following periods?

refractory

The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction is to

regulate Ca concentration

Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?

right atrium

The muscle cell plasma membrane is called a

sarcolemma

Al elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

You obtain a tube of blood from a patient. To anticoagulants so the blood clots. Tube is centrifuged and you remove the liquid from atop the clot and cells. The liquid is

serum

Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?

serum cholesterol

Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system

servum cholesterol

During a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the

sinoatrial node

Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order?

sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers

Which of the following does NOT influence heart rate

skin color

The primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn out red blood cells are the

spleen and liver

An increase in venous return most directly affects

stroke volume

Which is NOT a function of blood

synthesis of hormones

In a muscle action potential, the wave of positive mV charge travels through the ______ to the sarcoplasm from the sarcolemma

t tubules

A sustained and frequent muscle stimulus brings about

tetanus

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells

the all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the entire heart contracts as a unit or is does not contract at all

Carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by

the amino acids of hemoglobin

The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways except

the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs

Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist for a motor neuron and

the muscle fibers innervated by it

Which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure

thymus

The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called

treppe

Calcium ions bind to ____ in skeletal muscle cells

troponin

What causes the sounds heart in an artery when blood pressure in measured

turbulence

Blood flow to a tissue increases if

vasodilation increases

Blood flow to a tissue increases is

vasodilation increases

Skeletal muscle assists the heart in moving blood through

veins

The tricuspid valve is closed

when the right ventricle is in systole

Acute leukemia is more common in _____ persons; chronic leukemia is more common in ______ persons.

younger, older

If capillary hydrostatic pressure equals 30 mmHg, capillary colloid osmotic pressure equals 26 mmHg. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure equals 5 mmHg, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure equals 2 mmHg, the net filtration pressure will be

+7 mm Hg

Together, leukocytes and platelets comprise approximately _____ percent of total blood volume.

1%