BIOL 256 Exam 3 Attempt 1
The normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells is
25%
Ischemia is
A lack of blood flow to a certain area
Rigor mortis occurs because
ATP required to detach myosin from actin molecules is depleted
Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP) , cardiac output (CO) and peripheral resistance (PR)?
BP= CO x PR
If plasma proteins are lost due to kidney disease, then which of the following pressure changes occur as a result?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases
A heart beat is normally initiated when
Ca++ is released quickly from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
If cardiac muscle is deprived from its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from
Decreased delivery of oxygen
A sarcomere is
Distance between two z discs
Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
Endomysium
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
How does exercising assure greater blood delivery to the active muscles?
Exercising provides increased venous return to the heart
The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon
Is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle
Which of the following is a protective function of blood?
Maintenance of body temperature
Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?
Na+ inward flux--> Ca++ inward flux --> K+ outward flux
When neither anti-A nor Anti-B agglutinates with a patient's blood, their blood type is
O
On an EKG, the ___ wave represents atrial depolarization, while the ___ wave represents ventricular depolarization
P, QRS
What ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhythmic cells during an action potential?
Potassium
Which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis?
Production of vacuoles
Which component of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated with the ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
Which componet of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated wit ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation
Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life
Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the following is true?
Smooth muscle can shorten and stretch more than striated muscle
If acetylcholine is applied to the heart, but cardiac output is to remain constant, which of the following would have to happen?
Stroke volume must increase
Which statement is true about an EKG?
The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization
Which of the following is a characteristic of ll leukocytes?
They are nucleated; originated in hemocytoblasts
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
Thick filaments
When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists in this by
Transferrin transfers the iron to the red bone marrow where is can be reused
An extended P-Q interval on an EKG usually indicates
a blockage in the conduction system
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Cardiac ischemia can result in
a myocardial infarction
Select the correct statement about cardiac output
a slow heart rate increases end diastole volume, stroke volume and force of a contraction
The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is
acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors
Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called
acute lymphocytic leukemia
Which will increase blood pressure?
antidiuretic hormone
Which blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure?
aorta or arteries
Which of the following is NOT part of the conduction system of the heart?
atrioventricular valve
When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. This is called
baroreceptor reflex
If a person has hepatitis, the liver may not convert bile pigments normally or transport them appropriately to the gall bladder. Thus, pigments accumulate in the blood; this is called jaundice. Which bile pigment would you expect to be highest concentration in the blood of a person with this condition?
bilirubin
Which does not contain iron?
bilirubin
During the period of ventricular filling
blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves
Gas exchange occurs in
capillaries
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
capillaries of the active muscles will be enlarged with blood
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry oxygen
Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by
causing threshold to be reached more quickly
In muscle contraction, calcium acts to
change the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle
changes in length and moves the "load"
Poor nutrition may lead to
chronic hypotension
Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?
circulatory shock
The first heart sound (lub) is caused by the
closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
The second heart sound (dubb) is caused by the
closure of the semilunar valves
Which is a blood vessel that does NOT do vasodilation or vasoconstriction?
conduction artery
Lymphatic vessels
contain valves
Acetylcholine
decreases the heart rate
Red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because they
do not have mitochondria
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
emotional state
Which of the following wraps an entire muscle cell
epimysium
Which of the following wraps an entire muscle?
epimysium
Negative chronotropic factors are
factors that decrease heart rate
What is the best definition of blood pressure?
force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel
Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on te surface of blood cells, are comprised of
glycoproteins
If the vagus nerve to the heart were cut, the result would be
heart rate would increase
Which blood protein carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
hemoglobin
Which blood proteins carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?
hemoglobin
A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to
increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has stopped, the acetylcholine
is destroyed by acetylcholinesterase
The father is Rh and the mother is Rh +. They have had 3 children without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is preggers again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus
is not greater than the risk of the previous children
Blood that is by-passing a capillary bed flows through
its metarteriole
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidney
Mechanisms that do NOT help autoregulate blood pressure include
liver synthesis of albumin blood protein and alcohol
All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except
low blood viscosity
HHemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes
lowering of blood pressure, do to change in cardiac output
Where in the body would you find low blood oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation?
lungs
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in
monocytes
The myocardium requires ___ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has ___ mitochondria
more, more
Heart sounds other than those caused by closing of valves are called
murmurs
The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its
muscle tone
Which of the following is a precursor of a neutrophil?
myeloblast
Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?
myeoblast
Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in
myoglobin
Which of the following chemicals does NOT control blood pressure?
nitric acid
Which will decrease blood pressure
nitric oxide
If a doctor orders a blood test requiring the use of serum
no anticoagulaent should be added to the tube of blood
Isotonic muscle contraction
no changing tension, changes length
Which will increase blood pressure?
norepinephrine
Which is NOT a possible result of chronic hypertension?
obesity
Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?
obesity
Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with
opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels
Angina pectoris is
pain accompanying myocardial ischemia
Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?
perimysium
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of:
pernicious anemia
Which formed element is NOT a cell?
platelet
Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to
re-establish glycogen stores
When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called
recruitment
When muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli, it is in which of the following periods?
refractory
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle contraction is to
regulate Ca concentration
Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?
right atrium
The muscle cell plasma membrane is called a
sarcolemma
Al elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
You obtain a tube of blood from a patient. To anticoagulants so the blood clots. Tube is centrifuged and you remove the liquid from atop the clot and cells. The liquid is
serum
Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?
serum cholesterol
Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system
servum cholesterol
During a normal cardiac cycle, the atria contract when they are directly stimulated by the
sinoatrial node
Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order?
sinoatrial node, atrioventricular node, atrioventricular bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers
Which of the following does NOT influence heart rate
skin color
The primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn out red blood cells are the
spleen and liver
An increase in venous return most directly affects
stroke volume
Which is NOT a function of blood
synthesis of hormones
In a muscle action potential, the wave of positive mV charge travels through the ______ to the sarcoplasm from the sarcolemma
t tubules
A sustained and frequent muscle stimulus brings about
tetanus
Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells
the all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the entire heart contracts as a unit or is does not contract at all
Carbon dioxide is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by
the amino acids of hemoglobin
The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways except
the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs
Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist for a motor neuron and
the muscle fibers innervated by it
Which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure
thymus
The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called
treppe
Calcium ions bind to ____ in skeletal muscle cells
troponin
What causes the sounds heart in an artery when blood pressure in measured
turbulence
Blood flow to a tissue increases if
vasodilation increases
Blood flow to a tissue increases is
vasodilation increases
Skeletal muscle assists the heart in moving blood through
veins
The tricuspid valve is closed
when the right ventricle is in systole
Acute leukemia is more common in _____ persons; chronic leukemia is more common in ______ persons.
younger, older
If capillary hydrostatic pressure equals 30 mmHg, capillary colloid osmotic pressure equals 26 mmHg. interstitial fluid osmotic pressure equals 5 mmHg, and interstitial hydrostatic pressure equals 2 mmHg, the net filtration pressure will be
+7 mm Hg
Together, leukocytes and platelets comprise approximately _____ percent of total blood volume.
1%