BIOL 320 CHAPTER 23 SMARTBOOK

In an average person, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood leaving the lungs is Blank______ mm Hg. 98 112 104

104

How many sections does the right lung have? 3 2 4

3

The concentration of fetal hemoglobin is about Blank______ compared to maternal hemoglobin. 50% less 20% less 20% greater 50% greater 75% greater

50% greater

If the partial pressure of oxygen decreases from 104mm Hg to 60 mm Hg, hemoglobin is Blank______% saturated. 60 90 40

90

How saturated is hemoglobin when the pulmonary venous PO2 is 104 mm Hg? 75% 98% 1.5% 25%

98%

Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? Trachea Terminal bronchiole Secondary bronchiole Tertiary bronchi Alveoli

Alveoli

Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage? Corniculate Thyroid Arytenoid Cuneiform

Arytenoid

As blood travels through the capillary network surrounding the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane. The majority of this carbon dioxide is derived from which CO2 transport form? Bicarbonate ion Carbaminohemoglobin Dissolved gas Carboxyhemoglobin

Bicarbonate ion

Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form? Dissolved gas Bicarbonate ion Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin

Bicarbonate ion

What does carbonic acid dissociates into? Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion and water

Bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion

As pH decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases; this is known as the ____________ effect.

Bohr

Select all that apply Indicate the means by which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. Bound to albumin Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma Converted to bicarbonate ion

Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma Converted to bicarbonate ion

What is the opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx is called? Naris Glottis Choana

Choana

Which zone contains structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs? Multiple choice question. Conducting zone Respiratory zone

Conducting zone

Identify the purpose of contraction and relaxation of the trachealis muscle. Promotes expansion of the trachea during swallowing It helps to prevent the trachea from collapsing Alters the volume of the thoracic cavity Helps to expel mucus during coughing

Helps to expel mucus during coughing

Which reflex limits the degree of inspiration and thus overinflation of lungs? Purkinje Boyle Hering-Breuer Frank-Starling

Hering-Breuer

Select all that apply Indicate the conditions that decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. High PCO2 Decreased temperature High PO2 Decreased pH

High PCO2 Decreased pH

Where does carbon dioxide normally diffuse out of the blood? In the lungs In systemic tissues

In the lungs

What happens to hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen when CO2 binds to alpha-globin and beta-globin chains of hemoglobin? It decreases It increases

It decreases

Select all that apply Identify structures of the upper respiratory tract. Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Pharynx

Nasal cavity Pharynx

How many main (primary) bronchi serve the right lung? Three One Two Five Four

One

How many primary bronchi serve the left lung? Three The number varies by individual Two One

One

Describe the role of the Hering-Breuer reflex. Results in bronchodilation when alveolar ventilation is too low Increases respiratory rate and depth when PCO2 is elevated Prevents overinflation of lungs

Prevents overinflation of lungs

What type of epithelium is found in alveoli? Stratified squamous Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Pseudostratified columnar

Simple squamous

What type of epithelium would be found lining the alveoli? Stratified squamous Simple cuboidal Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Simple squamous

Simple squamous

What component of airway walls allows the dilation or constriction of airway? Hyaline cartilage Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Smooth muscle

Smooth muscle

Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung. Superior, lateral, and inferior Anterior, posterior Superior, medial, and inferior Superior and inferior

Superior and inferior

Select all that apply Which are functions of the respiratory system? Voice production Olfaction Movement of blood through vessels Regulation of blood pH

Voice production Olfaction Regulation of blood pH

Respiratory bronchioles have Blank______ alveoli attached to them. many a few no

a few

nasopharynx

above the soft palate

Carbon dioxide levels and Blank______ are particularly important for regulating respiratory rate. blood pH oxygen levels blood glucose levels

blood pH

Fetal hemoglobin has a Blank______ affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. lower higher

higher

The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of Blank______ tissue. hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage

hyaline cartilage

The visible part of the nose is primarily composed of Blank______. bone hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage dense connective tissue

hyaline cartilage

A deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is called ______________.

hypoxia

The anatomical term for the external opening to the nasal cavity is the Blank______. pharynx nares choanae conchae

nares

The anterior openings of the nasal cavity are called ________.

nares

In the organization of the lungs, a lobule is Blank______ than a lobe. smaller larger

smaller

The trachealis muscle is composed of Blank______ muscle. skeletal cardiac smooth

smooth

The device that measures pulmonary volumes is a(n) ____________.

spirometer

Increasing alveolar ventilation will create a Blank______ partial pressure gradient for both oxygen and carbon dioxide. more shallow steeper

steeper

The larynx is held in place by membranes and muscles Blank______ to the hyoid bone. inferior superior

superior

The vestibular folds of the larynx are Blank______ to the vocal folds. inferior superior

superior

How many primary bronchi are there in the human body? The number varies by individual. 1 2 3

2

The right lung has Blank______ fissure(s). 4 2 3 1

2

The human left lung has Blank______ lobes with Blank______ fissures(s) between the lobes. 3, 2 2, 2 3, 1 2, 1

2, 1

Normally, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood? 45 mm of Hg 95 mm of Hg 40 mm of Hg 104 mm of Hg

95 mm of Hg

Which portion of the lungs sits on the diaphragm? Apex Base

Base

What is the source of carbon dioxide found in the blood? Inspired air Air within alveoli Breakdown of glucose to make energy

Breakdown of glucose to make energy

What type of blood is delivered to alveoli of the lungs? Oxygenated Deoxygenated

Deoxygenated

At what point in the respiratory cycle is the pleural pressure 4 mm Hg below intra-alveolar pressure? End of normal expiration Beginning of normal expiration End of inspiration

End of normal expiration

What structure covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing? Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Uvula Glottis

Epiglottis

Select all that apply Identify components of the nasal septum. Ethmoid bone Vomer bone Cartilage Nasal bone

Ethmoid bone Vomer bone Cartilage

Select all that apply Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium? Goblet cells Cilia Mucous Stratified squamous tissue Keratin Pseudostratified columnar cells

Goblet cells Cilia Mucous Pseudostratified columnar cells

Indicate the fate of the hydrogen ion produced by the dissociation of carbonic acid. H+ binds to hemoglobin. H+ combines with carbon dioxide. H+ leaves the RBC in exchange for chloride ion.

H+ binds to hemoglobin.

What happens to the mucus layer lining the trachea that functions to trap foreign particles? It is moved upward to the nose where it can be blown out. It moves down into the deeper airways, keeping the trachea clear. It is moved upward by cilia to the pharynx, then swallowed.

It is moved upward by cilia to the pharynx, then swallowed.

What are the immediate divisions of the primary bronchi called? Terminal Lobar (secondary) Segmental (tertiary)

Lobar (secondary)

Each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into _______________.

Lobules

Explain why the lungs expand as the rib cage lifts and the diaphragm contracts. The air that moves into the lung tissue causes it to expand. Lung tissue adheres to the thoracic wall due to the pleural fluid and pleural membranes; when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs are pulled along. The muscles of the lung tissue respond at the same time as the intercostals and the diaphragm; their action causes the lungs to expand and recoil.

Lung tissue adheres to the thoracic wall due to the pleural fluid and pleural membranes; when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs are pulled along.

What type of membrane lines the trachea? Mucous Synovial Serous

Mucous

Gas exchange occurs in which location in the respiratory system? Conducting zone Respiratory zone

Respiratory zone

What happens to the rate and depth of breathing during exercise? They increase They decrease

They increase

Which organ is commonly called the windpipe? Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavity Trachea

Trachea

True or false: In order for optimal gas exchange to occur, areas of the lung that are ventilated also must be perfused. True False

True

Which cell produces surfactant? Type II pneumocyte Type I pneumocyte

Type II pneumocyte

Select all that apply Superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from which areas? Bronchial connective tissue Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue

Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue

A pneumothorax occurs when Blank______. surfactant production is decreased, allowing alveolar collapse inflammation narrows airways, reducing alveolar ventilation air enters pleural cavity through opening in thoracic wall or lung

air enters pleural cavity through opening in thoracic wall or lung

The respiratory membrane consists of a capillary endothelial layer and a(n) _______________ cell layer.

alveolar

Airways less than 1 millimeter (mm) in diameter are classified as _______________.

bronchioles

As plasma CO2 levels increase, the pH of the plasma Blank______. increases decreases

decreases

Lung recoil Blank______ the size of alveoli. decreases has no effect on increases

decreases

The Bohr effect specifies that as pH decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen Blank______. increases decreases

decreases

The pH of the plasma will increase when the plasma CO2 levels Blank______, decreases increases

decreases

An abnormal decrease in blood oxygen is called Blank______. hypoxia hypercapnia

hypoxia

A decrease in pleural pressure below intra-alveolar pressure would Blank______ the size of alveoli. increase decrease have no effect on

increase

A decrease in pH triggers a(n) Blank______ respiratory rate. decreased increased

increased

Oxygen unloading (from hemoglobin) is increased when PCO2 is Blank______. decreased increased

increased

Partial pressure gradients between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood are increased with Blank______. decreased alveolar ventilation increased alveolar ventilation

increased alveolar ventilation

By allowing the removal of bicarbonate ion from red blood cells, the chloride shift results in Blank______. decreased conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid increased oxygen transport increased carbon dioxide transport

increased carbon dioxide transport

The primary (main) bronchi divide into __________ bronchi.

lobar

The tonsils found in the nasopharynx are the __________ tonsils.

pharyngeal

The Blank______ folds are the primary source of sound production. vestibular vocal

vocal

Within the larynx, the most inferior pair of ligaments are Blank______ folds. vestibular vocal

vocal

Within the larynx, the inferior pair of ligaments running from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage to the posterior thyroid cartilage are the ___________ folds or _____________ vocal cords.

vocal, true

When red blood cells metabolize glucose for energy, they produce a by-product called Blank______. BPG AMP GABA

BPG

Name the paired horn-shaped cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid cartilages. Corniculate cartilages Thyroid cartilages Cuneiform cartilages Cricoid cartilages

Corniculate cartilages

Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis? Cricoid Corneiform Arytenoid Cuneiform Thyroid

Cuneiform

Select all that apply Indicate the means by which oxygen is carried in the blood. Dissolved in plasma Bound to hemoglobin Converted to bicarbonate ion Bound to albumin

Dissolved in plasma Bound to hemoglobin

Select all that apply Indicate the two primary reasons for alveolar recoil. Smooth muscle within alveolar walls Elastic fibers within alveolar walls Surface tension of the fluid lining alveoli

Elastic fibers within alveolar walls Surface tension of the fluid lining alveoli

True or False: At a pulmonary venous PO2 of 104 mm Hg, hemoglobin is 100% saturated. True False

False

True or false: A thickened respiratory membrane will increase the rate of gas exchange at the alveoli. True False

False

True or false: Alveolar recoil leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure. True False

False

True or false: Foreign particles, trapped by the mucus layer lining the trachea, remain in position in the trachea where they are phagocytized by macrophages. True False

False

True or false: The source of carbon dioxide in the blood is the air within the alveoli. True False

False

Select all that apply Which are organs or parts of the respiratory system? Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavity Lungs Heart

Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavity Lungs

______ rotation of the arytenoid cartilages abducts the vocal folds, allowing movement of air during breathing (without speaking). Medial Lateral

Lateral

Each lung is subdivided into progressively smaller units. List, from largest to smallest, these subdivisions. Lungs Bronchopulmonary Segments Lobules Lobes

Lungs Lobes Bronchopulmonary Segments Lobules

Select all that apply Identify three structures that enter each lung at the hilum. Diaphragm Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels Bronchioles Nerves

Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels Nerves

Air flows from the trachea into which sequence of airways? Main bronchus to segmental bronchus to lobar bronchus Lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus to main bronchus Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus

Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus

Select all that apply Indicate the bones found contributing to the bridge of the nose. Temporal bone Maxillary bone Nasal bones Frontal bone

Maxillary bone Nasal bones Frontal bone

Blank______ rotation of the arytenoid cartilages adducts the vocal cords, allowing sound production. Lateral Medial

Medial

What two areas does the hard palate separate? Oral cavity and oropharynx Oral cavity and nasal cavity Nasal cavity and nasopharynx Right nasal cavity and left nasal cavity

Oral cavity and nasal cavity

Select all that apply Which tonsils are located near the fauces of the oropharynx? Pharyngeal tonsils Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils

Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils

Indicate factors that influence the rate of gas exchange between the alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries. Select all that apply. Partial pressures of gas Blood/plasma volume Solubility of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane

Partial pressures of gas Solubility of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane

Select all that apply Indicate the factors that influence gas exchange at the respiratory membrane. Respiratory rate Surface area of respiratory membrane Pulmonary blood pressure and rate of pulmonary blood flow Partial pressures of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane

Surface area of respiratory membrane Partial pressures of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane

Which involves the movement of oxygen from the blood into cell and the movement of carbon dioxide from cells into the blood? Tissue gas exchange Pulmonary gas exchange Pulmonary ventilation

Tissue gas exchange

A tracheostomy may be defined as: an obstruction occurring between the inferior end of the larynx and the carina the removal of the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils a procedure in which an opening is made into the trachea

a procedure in which an opening is made into the trachea

The role of smooth muscle found within airway walls is to Blank______. aid in removal of dust and debris from airways prevent collapse of airways as thoracic pressure changes allow dilation and constriction of airways

allow dilation and constriction of airways

Chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct are Blank______. alveolar sacs terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles

alveolar sacs

The nasal vestibule is located in the _____________ portion of the nasal cavity.

anterior

Epithelium of alveoli Blank______ ciliated. are not are

are not

Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure Blank______. Multiple choice question. during expiration during inspiration at the end of inspiration

at the end of inspiration

In the chloride shift, a chloride ion is exchanged with Blank______. hydrogen carbon dioxide bicarbonate carbonic acid

bicarbonate

In the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen Blank______ hemoglobin. is converted to unbinds from binds to

binds to

When carbonic acid dissociates, the resulting hydrogen ion Blank______. binds to a bicarbonate ion combines with chloride to form HCl binds to hemoglobin binds to oxygen

binds to hemoglobin

The enzyme produced by the lungs called angiotensin-converting enzyme is important in regulating Blank______. heart rate oxygen levels in blood blood pressure

blood pressure

Most oxygen is carried in the blood Blank______. dissolved in plasma bound to hemoglobin

bound to hemoglobin

Respiratory centers are located in the Blank______. cerebral cortex brainstem cerebellum hypothalamus

brainstem

Pulmonary ventilation is more commonly called Blank______. internal respiration breathing coughing

breathing

Hemoglobin serves as a(n) Blank______ with red blood cell cytoplasm. buffer acid base

buffer

At the tissues, Blank______ diffuses from tissue fluid into the blood. oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

In the blood, the blood gas that is found dissolved in plasma, bound to globin of hemoglobin, and part of a bicarbonate ion is Blank______. oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

In the lungs, Blank______ diffuses from plasma into the alveoli. carbon dioxide oxygen (O2)

carbon dioxide

The globin chains of the hemoglobin molecules serve as binding sites for Blank______. oxygen carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

The regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of Blank______. hydrogen ion oxygen carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

The regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of Blank______. oxygen hydrogen ion carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

The respiratory system can influence blood pH by changing blood Blank______ levels. oxygen carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is Blank______. carbonic anhydrase acetylcholinesterase carbon peptidase

carbonic anhydrase

A cough will be triggered by presence of materials within the pharynx down to the ________________. Any material deeper than this does not trigger a cough.

carina

The most inferior ridge of tracheal cartilage is the Blank______. uvula carina epiglottis glottis

carina

As the airways progress, the amount of Blank______ decreases until, at the terminal bronchioles, there is none. cartilage epithelial lining smooth muscle

cartilage

The wall of the larynx is composed of Blank______. reticular connective tissue cartilage bone

cartilage

The anterior portion of the nasal septum is composed of Blank______, while the posterior part is composed of Blank______. cartilage, dense connective tissue cartilage, bone bone, cartilage epithelium, cartilage

cartilage, bone

Chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata are called _______________ chemoreceptors.

central

The opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx is called the _____________.

choana

A pneumothorax will cause Blank______ the alveoli. collapse of expansion of

collapse of

The surface tension of the fluid lining a hollow space such as alveoli can lead to the Blank______. collapse of alveoli expansion of alveoli

collapse of alveoli

In the nasal cavity, the bony ridges extending from the lateral walls are called ____________.

conchae

The nose is part of the Blank______ zone. conducting respiratory

conducting

The inferior portion of the larynx is formed by the _____________ cartilage.

cricoid

A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will result in a(n) Blank______ in gas exchange. decrease increase

decrease

Emphysema causes a(n) Blank______ in the surface area of the respiratory membrane. Multiple choice question. decrease increase

decrease

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH levels would Blank______ the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. decrease increase have opposite effects on

decrease

The function of surfactant is to Blank______ the surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli. decrease increase

decrease

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is Blank______ by BPG. decreased increased

decreased

An increase in temperature Blank______ oxygen's tendency to remain bound to hemoglobin. decreases increases

decreases

As plasma CO2 levels increase, the pH of the plasma Blank______. decreases increases

decreases

The Blank______ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi, draining the bronchial tissues. The Blank______ lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the visceral pleura and the tissues just beneath it. superficial, deep deep, superficial

deep, superficial

A partial pressure gradient is a Blank______. difference in gas molecule concentration between two locations difference in force generated by contraction of inspiratory muscles and expiratory muscles difference in air volume between two locations

difference in gas molecule concentration between two locations

-7 mm Hg

during normal, quiet inspiration

What type of fiber surrounds alveoli and allows them to recoil and expand during breathing? reticular alveolar collagen elastic

elastic

Expansion and recoil of the lung tissue during inhalation (expansion) and exhalation (recoil) can occur because the alveolar walls contain Blank______. cartilage elastic fibers adipose tissue collagen fibers

elastic fibers

A condition that involves progressively enlarging alveoli as the alveolar walls are destroyed is Blank______. pneumonia lung cancer bronchitis emphysema

emphysema

The condition in which lung alveoli enlarge and the walls between them are destroyed is called _______________.

emphysema

-4mm Hg

end of normal expiration

Identify the function of the alveoli. They allow for the Blank______. exchange of gas between the blood and cells transport of oxygen to the systemic capillaries exchange of gas between the air and the blood

exchange of gas between the air and the blood

Pleural pressure aids in alveolar Blank______. collapse expansion

expansion

oropharynx

extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis

laryngopharynx

extends from tip of epiglottis to the esophagus

Vestibular folds are called Blank______ vocal cords. true false

false

Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin at the Blank______. globin chains heme groups

globin chains

The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood as it arrives in the tissues is Blank______ than the partial pressure of oxygen of interstitial fluid. greater lower

greater

At maximal exercise, minute ventilation in a trained athlete would be Blank______ that of an untrained person. the same as greater than less than

greater than

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the Blank______. hard palate nasal conchae epiglottis nasal septum

hard palate

As alveoli recoil, intra-alveolar pressure Blank______. increases decreases

increases

As lungs are inflated, their tendency to recoil Blank______. increases decreases

increases

As the binding of O2 to hemoglobin decreases, the binding of CO2 to the globin chains Blank______. decreases increases

increases

When a person expires, the intra-alveolar pressure Blank______. decreases increases

increases

Expiration occurs as intra-alveolar pressure Blank______. increases 1 mm Hg above barometric pressure drops 1 mm Hg below barometric pressure

increases 1 mm Hg above barometric pressure

Pleural pressure Blank______ during expiration and Blank______ during inspiration. decreases, increases increases, decreases decreases, remains the same increases, remains the same

increases, decreases

A decrease of intra-alveolar pressure to 1 mm Hg below atmospheric pressure would be found during Blank______. expiration inspiration

inspiration

Carbon dioxide's ability to bind to hemoglobin Blank______ by the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. is not affected is affected

is affected

Increasing alveolar ventilation will increase gas exchange because the increased ventilation causes Blank______. drop in blood levels of oxygen and increased blood levels of CO2 decreased blood flow to alveolar capillaries larger partial pressure gradients

larger partial pressure gradients

The inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx is the _____________.

laryngopharynx

The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the Blank______. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

The Blank______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. bronchi pharynx larynx tongue

larynx

The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis vestibular folds, and vocal folds are associated with the Blank______. trachea larynx pharynx bronchi

larynx

The upper respiratory tracts extends from the nose to the Blank______. larynx bronchi trachea

larynx

In less metabolically active tissues, Blank______ oxygen is released from hemoglobin. less more

less

The Haldane effect describes the tendency that with more oxygen binding to the heme portion of hemoglobin, Blank______ carbon dioxide binds to the globin chains. more less

less

When pleural pressure is Blank______ than intra-alveolar pressure, alveoli expand. less more

less

The trachea, primary bronchi, and the alveolar sacs all belong to the Blank______. conducting division upper respiratory tract lower respiratory tract

lower respiratory tract

The spongy organs consisting of progressively smaller airways that are involved in ventilation and gas exchange are the _______________.

lungs

A lung receives air from a(n) _______________ bronchus. Each of this bronchi divide to supply air to a lobe of the lung. These are called ______________ bronchi. Then ________________ bronchi supply air to a bronchopulmonary segment.

main, lobar, segmental

A tunnel created by chonchae are called a Blank______. meatus vestibule naris

meatus

The hilum of a lung is on its Blank______ surface. medial superior lateral inferior

medial

The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups are located in the Blank______. medulla oblongata pons hypothalamus

medulla oblongata

breathing

movement of air into and out of the lungs

pulmonary gas exchange

movement of gases between air in the lungs and the blood

tissue gas exchange

movement of gases between blood and tissues

Movement of arytenoid cartilages is controlled by Blank______. breathing muscles pressure changes

muscles

Terminal bronchioles have Blank______ cartilage. no some

no

The nares are also referred to as Blank______. nostrils conchae tonsils external nose

nostrils

The glottis is a(n) Blank______. opening cartilage bone

opening

Choanae are Blank______. openings bones mucous membranes cartilage

openings

The portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis is the ___________.

oropharynx

Pleural pressure pulls the lungs Blank______. outward inward

outward

The arytenoid cartilage is a(n) Blank______ cartilage. paired unpaired

paired

The corniculate cartilage is a(n) Blank______ cartilage. paired unpaired

paired

The serous membrane that covers the inner thoracic wall is the Blank______ pleura. visceral parietal

parietal

The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases (such as in air) is referred to as the Blank______ of that gas. solubility partial pressure degree of saturation

partial pressure

The difference in gas molecule concentration in alveolar air compared to pulmonary capillary blood is the definition of Blank______. pulmonary blood pressure transpulmonary pressure partial pressure gradient intra-alveolar pressure

partial pressure gradient

The blood flow rate through pulmonary capillaries is referred to as pulmonary capillary _________________.

perfusion

Carotid and aortic bodies are examples of Blank______ chemoreceptors. peripheral central

peripheral

Chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies are called Blank______ chemoreceptors. peripheral central

peripheral

The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the _______________.

pharynx

The pressure in the pleural cavity is called Blank______ pressure. thoracic pulmonary pleural transpulmonary

pleural

When air enters the pleural cavity through an opening in the thoracic wall, the resulting condition is called a _____________.

pneumothorax

Movement of the arytenoid cartilages Blank______ increases tension on the vocal cords, Blank______ the pitch of sound produced. anteriorly, raising anteriorly, lowering posteriorly, lowering posteriorly, raising

posteriorly, raising

The trachea divides into two _____________ bronchi.

primary/main

The nasopharynx is lined with Blank______ epithelium and the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with Blank______ epithelium to prevent abrasion. pseudostratified columnar; simple squamous pseudostratified columnar; stratified squamous simple squamous; pseudostratified columnar simple squamous; stratified squamous

pseudostratified columnar; stratified squamous

The most common cause of increased respiratory membrane thickness is Blank______. emphysema pulmonary edema chronic bronchitis

pulmonary edema

A spirometer measures Blank______. pulmonary volumes gas concentrations blood pressure

pulmonary volumes

Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction occurs within the Blank______. alveoli of lungs red blood cells plasma of blood

red blood cells

Reduced surface tension Blank______ the tendency of lungs to collapse. increases has no effect on reduces

reduces

For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through the Blank______ membrane. Multiple choice question. pleural respiratory visceral

respiratory

As air moves down through the tracheobronchial tree, the FIRST segment that will contain alveoli will be the ______________ ________________.

respiratory bronchioles

At the alveoli, the layers through which oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse are, as a group, called the Blank______. terminal membrane respiratory membrane glomerulus

respiratory membrane

The alveolar cell layer, the capillary endothelial layer and the interstitial space between the alveolar layer and the capillary layer form a unit referred to as the Blank______. respiratory epithelium endothelium respiratory membrane

respiratory membrane

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ____________ system.

respiratory/pulmonary

A child who has accidentally inhaled a marble into their lower respiratory tract most likely has the marble lodged in their __________ main bronchus.

right

During exercise, temperature increases and the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shifts to the Blank______. left right

right

The Blank______ main bronchus is larger and more in line with the trachea, meaning that swallowed objects are Blank______ likely to lodge here. left, more right, less left, less right, more

right, more

Bronchioles are direct branches of Blank______ bronchi. segmental primary lobar

segmental

Each bronchopulmonary segment is served by one Blank______ bronchus. lobar main segmental

segmental

During inspiration, air flows from lobar bronchi directly into Blank______. alveoli the trachea segmental bronchi bronchioles

segmental bronchi

The left and right halves of the nasal cavity are divided by the nasal ____________.

septum

The pleural cavity is lined with a Blank______ membrane. synovial mucous serous

serous

A sinus infection is also called Blank______. sinusitis a common cold laryngitis

sinusitis

The inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses is called ______________.

sinusitis

Decreases in the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries have a Blank______ effect on the hemoglobin saturation with oxygen. large small

small

main (primary) bronchi

supply right and left lungs

segmental (tertiary) bronchi

supply subdivided areas within each lobe of each lung

lobar (secondary) bronchi

supply the lobes of the lungs

The more oxygen that binds to the heme portion of hemoglobin, the less carbon dioxide that can bind to the globin chains. This is called Blank______. Boyle's law the Haldane effect the Bohr effect

the Haldane effect

The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture represents Blank______. the size of the gas molecules relative to other molecules in the mixture the solubility of that gas within the mixture the amount of pressure exerted by that gas

the amount of pressure exerted by that gas

Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure at Blank______. during expiration during inspiration the end of expiration

the end of expiration

The glottis may be described as Blank______. the extension of the soft palate the hangs down from its posterior edge the vocal folds and the space between them the elastic cartilage flap positioned above the larynx which protects the airways during swallowing

the vocal folds and the space between them

Infant respiratory distress syndrome can develop in premature infants because Blank______. they produce too much surfactant their lungs are too small they do not produce enough surfactant

they do not produce enough surfactant

In order to allow adequate gas exchange, the respiratory membrane needs to be Blank______. thick thin

thin

The space enclosed by the thoracic wall (rib cage, costal cartilages, sternum) and the diaphragm is the ______________ cavity.

thoracic

The space enclosed by the rib cage, sternum and diaphragm is the Blank______. pleural cavity intercostal cavity thoracic cavity

thoracic cavity

The pharynx is more commonly called the Blank______. throat voice box windpipe

throat

The cartilage of the larynx that forms the anterior wall of the larynx and the largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the Blank______ cartilage. cricoid thyroid epiglottis

thyroid

The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is Blank______ gas exchange. pulmonary tissue

tissue

Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood at the Blank______. tissues alveoli

tissues

Air is conducted from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi by the ________________.

trachea

The lower respiratory tract extends from the Blank______ to the alveoli of the lungs. oral cavity trachea larynx pharynx

trachea

A surgical procedure that makes an opening in the trachea is called a _________________.

tracheostomy

Most of the alveolar surface is formed from Blank______ pneumocytes. type I type II cuboidal

type I

In the tissue spaces, oxygen Blank______ hemoglobin. binds to is converted to unbinds from

unbinds from

The two divisions of the respiratory tract are Blank______. nasal and bronchial tracts anterior and posterior tracts upper and lower respiratory tracts

upper and lower respiratory tracts

The structure that prevents swallowed food from entering into the nasopharynx is the _____________.

uvula

Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary Blank______. arteries veins

veins

The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called Blank______. external respiration internal respiration ventilation

ventilation

The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is specifically referred to as ______________.

ventilation

The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is the Blank______. palate vestibule choanae

vestibule

Sound is produced as air moves past the ____________ folds.

vocal