BIOL 320 CHAPTER 23 SMARTBOOK
In an average person, the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood leaving the lungs is Blank______ mm Hg. 98 112 104
104
How many sections does the right lung have? 3 2 4
3
The concentration of fetal hemoglobin is about Blank______ compared to maternal hemoglobin. 50% less 20% less 20% greater 50% greater 75% greater
50% greater
If the partial pressure of oxygen decreases from 104mm Hg to 60 mm Hg, hemoglobin is Blank______% saturated. 60 90 40
90
How saturated is hemoglobin when the pulmonary venous PO2 is 104 mm Hg? 75% 98% 1.5% 25%
98%
Gas exchange between the air and the blood occurs in which of the following? Trachea Terminal bronchiole Secondary bronchiole Tertiary bronchi Alveoli
Alveoli
Which of the paired cartilages of the larynx articulate with the cricoid cartilage? Corniculate Thyroid Arytenoid Cuneiform
Arytenoid
As blood travels through the capillary network surrounding the alveoli, carbon dioxide diffuses across the respiratory membrane. The majority of this carbon dioxide is derived from which CO2 transport form? Bicarbonate ion Carbaminohemoglobin Dissolved gas Carboxyhemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion
Carbon dioxide is transported in different forms in the blood. What is the most common form? Dissolved gas Bicarbonate ion Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin
Bicarbonate ion
What does carbonic acid dissociates into? Carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion Bicarbonate ion and water
Bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion
As pH decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen decreases; this is known as the ____________ effect.
Bohr
Select all that apply Indicate the means by which carbon dioxide is carried in the blood. Bound to albumin Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma Converted to bicarbonate ion
Bound to hemoglobin Dissolved in plasma Converted to bicarbonate ion
What is the opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx is called? Naris Glottis Choana
Choana
Which zone contains structures from the nose to the smallest air tubes within the lungs? Multiple choice question. Conducting zone Respiratory zone
Conducting zone
Identify the purpose of contraction and relaxation of the trachealis muscle. Promotes expansion of the trachea during swallowing It helps to prevent the trachea from collapsing Alters the volume of the thoracic cavity Helps to expel mucus during coughing
Helps to expel mucus during coughing
Which reflex limits the degree of inspiration and thus overinflation of lungs? Purkinje Boyle Hering-Breuer Frank-Starling
Hering-Breuer
Select all that apply Indicate the conditions that decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. High PCO2 Decreased temperature High PO2 Decreased pH
High PCO2 Decreased pH
Where does carbon dioxide normally diffuse out of the blood? In the lungs In systemic tissues
In the lungs
What happens to hemoglobin's ability to bind oxygen when CO2 binds to alpha-globin and beta-globin chains of hemoglobin? It decreases It increases
It decreases
Select all that apply Identify structures of the upper respiratory tract. Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Pharynx
Nasal cavity Pharynx
How many main (primary) bronchi serve the right lung? Three One Two Five Four
One
How many primary bronchi serve the left lung? Three The number varies by individual Two One
One
Describe the role of the Hering-Breuer reflex. Results in bronchodilation when alveolar ventilation is too low Increases respiratory rate and depth when PCO2 is elevated Prevents overinflation of lungs
Prevents overinflation of lungs
What type of epithelium is found in alveoli? Stratified squamous Simple squamous Simple cuboidal Pseudostratified columnar
Simple squamous
What type of epithelium would be found lining the alveoli? Stratified squamous Simple cuboidal Pseudostratified ciliated columnar Simple squamous
Simple squamous
What component of airway walls allows the dilation or constriction of airway? Hyaline cartilage Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Smooth muscle
Smooth muscle
Identify the names of the lobes of the human left lung. Superior, lateral, and inferior Anterior, posterior Superior, medial, and inferior Superior and inferior
Superior and inferior
Select all that apply Which are functions of the respiratory system? Voice production Olfaction Movement of blood through vessels Regulation of blood pH
Voice production Olfaction Regulation of blood pH
Respiratory bronchioles have Blank______ alveoli attached to them. many a few no
a few
nasopharynx
above the soft palate
Carbon dioxide levels and Blank______ are particularly important for regulating respiratory rate. blood pH oxygen levels blood glucose levels
blood pH
Fetal hemoglobin has a Blank______ affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin. lower higher
higher
The C-shaped rings that support the trachea are composed of Blank______ tissue. hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage
hyaline cartilage
The visible part of the nose is primarily composed of Blank______. bone hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage dense connective tissue
hyaline cartilage
A deficiency of oxygen in any tissue is called ______________.
hypoxia
The anatomical term for the external opening to the nasal cavity is the Blank______. pharynx nares choanae conchae
nares
The anterior openings of the nasal cavity are called ________.
nares
In the organization of the lungs, a lobule is Blank______ than a lobe. smaller larger
smaller
The trachealis muscle is composed of Blank______ muscle. skeletal cardiac smooth
smooth
The device that measures pulmonary volumes is a(n) ____________.
spirometer
Increasing alveolar ventilation will create a Blank______ partial pressure gradient for both oxygen and carbon dioxide. more shallow steeper
steeper
The larynx is held in place by membranes and muscles Blank______ to the hyoid bone. inferior superior
superior
The vestibular folds of the larynx are Blank______ to the vocal folds. inferior superior
superior
How many primary bronchi are there in the human body? The number varies by individual. 1 2 3
2
The right lung has Blank______ fissure(s). 4 2 3 1
2
The human left lung has Blank______ lobes with Blank______ fissures(s) between the lobes. 3, 2 2, 2 3, 1 2, 1
2, 1
Normally, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in systemic arterial blood? 45 mm of Hg 95 mm of Hg 40 mm of Hg 104 mm of Hg
95 mm of Hg
Which portion of the lungs sits on the diaphragm? Apex Base
Base
What is the source of carbon dioxide found in the blood? Inspired air Air within alveoli Breakdown of glucose to make energy
Breakdown of glucose to make energy
What type of blood is delivered to alveoli of the lungs? Oxygenated Deoxygenated
Deoxygenated
At what point in the respiratory cycle is the pleural pressure 4 mm Hg below intra-alveolar pressure? End of normal expiration Beginning of normal expiration End of inspiration
End of normal expiration
What structure covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing? Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Uvula Glottis
Epiglottis
Select all that apply Identify components of the nasal septum. Ethmoid bone Vomer bone Cartilage Nasal bone
Ethmoid bone Vomer bone Cartilage
Select all that apply Which features are associated with the tracheal epithelium? Goblet cells Cilia Mucous Stratified squamous tissue Keratin Pseudostratified columnar cells
Goblet cells Cilia Mucous Pseudostratified columnar cells
Indicate the fate of the hydrogen ion produced by the dissociation of carbonic acid. H+ binds to hemoglobin. H+ combines with carbon dioxide. H+ leaves the RBC in exchange for chloride ion.
H+ binds to hemoglobin.
What happens to the mucus layer lining the trachea that functions to trap foreign particles? It is moved upward to the nose where it can be blown out. It moves down into the deeper airways, keeping the trachea clear. It is moved upward by cilia to the pharynx, then swallowed.
It is moved upward by cilia to the pharynx, then swallowed.
What are the immediate divisions of the primary bronchi called? Terminal Lobar (secondary) Segmental (tertiary)
Lobar (secondary)
Each bronchopulmonary segment is divided into _______________.
Lobules
Explain why the lungs expand as the rib cage lifts and the diaphragm contracts. The air that moves into the lung tissue causes it to expand. Lung tissue adheres to the thoracic wall due to the pleural fluid and pleural membranes; when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs are pulled along. The muscles of the lung tissue respond at the same time as the intercostals and the diaphragm; their action causes the lungs to expand and recoil.
Lung tissue adheres to the thoracic wall due to the pleural fluid and pleural membranes; when the thoracic wall moves, the lungs are pulled along.
What type of membrane lines the trachea? Mucous Synovial Serous
Mucous
Gas exchange occurs in which location in the respiratory system? Conducting zone Respiratory zone
Respiratory zone
What happens to the rate and depth of breathing during exercise? They increase They decrease
They increase
Which organ is commonly called the windpipe? Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavity Trachea
Trachea
True or false: In order for optimal gas exchange to occur, areas of the lung that are ventilated also must be perfused. True False
True
Which cell produces surfactant? Type II pneumocyte Type I pneumocyte
Type II pneumocyte
Select all that apply Superficial lymphatic vessels drain lymph from which areas? Bronchial connective tissue Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue
Visceral pleura Superficial lung tissue
A pneumothorax occurs when Blank______. surfactant production is decreased, allowing alveolar collapse inflammation narrows airways, reducing alveolar ventilation air enters pleural cavity through opening in thoracic wall or lung
air enters pleural cavity through opening in thoracic wall or lung
The respiratory membrane consists of a capillary endothelial layer and a(n) _______________ cell layer.
alveolar
Airways less than 1 millimeter (mm) in diameter are classified as _______________.
bronchioles
As plasma CO2 levels increase, the pH of the plasma Blank______. increases decreases
decreases
Lung recoil Blank______ the size of alveoli. decreases has no effect on increases
decreases
The Bohr effect specifies that as pH decreases, the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen Blank______. increases decreases
decreases
The pH of the plasma will increase when the plasma CO2 levels Blank______, decreases increases
decreases
An abnormal decrease in blood oxygen is called Blank______. hypoxia hypercapnia
hypoxia
A decrease in pleural pressure below intra-alveolar pressure would Blank______ the size of alveoli. increase decrease have no effect on
increase
A decrease in pH triggers a(n) Blank______ respiratory rate. decreased increased
increased
Oxygen unloading (from hemoglobin) is increased when PCO2 is Blank______. decreased increased
increased
Partial pressure gradients between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood are increased with Blank______. decreased alveolar ventilation increased alveolar ventilation
increased alveolar ventilation
By allowing the removal of bicarbonate ion from red blood cells, the chloride shift results in Blank______. decreased conversion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid increased oxygen transport increased carbon dioxide transport
increased carbon dioxide transport
The primary (main) bronchi divide into __________ bronchi.
lobar
The tonsils found in the nasopharynx are the __________ tonsils.
pharyngeal
The Blank______ folds are the primary source of sound production. vestibular vocal
vocal
Within the larynx, the most inferior pair of ligaments are Blank______ folds. vestibular vocal
vocal
Within the larynx, the inferior pair of ligaments running from the anterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage to the posterior thyroid cartilage are the ___________ folds or _____________ vocal cords.
vocal, true
When red blood cells metabolize glucose for energy, they produce a by-product called Blank______. BPG AMP GABA
BPG
Name the paired horn-shaped cartilages that articulate with the arytenoid cartilages. Corniculate cartilages Thyroid cartilages Cuneiform cartilages Cricoid cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Which of the paired cartilages are attached to and support the vocal folds and lateral aspects of the epiglottis? Cricoid Corneiform Arytenoid Cuneiform Thyroid
Cuneiform
Select all that apply Indicate the means by which oxygen is carried in the blood. Dissolved in plasma Bound to hemoglobin Converted to bicarbonate ion Bound to albumin
Dissolved in plasma Bound to hemoglobin
Select all that apply Indicate the two primary reasons for alveolar recoil. Smooth muscle within alveolar walls Elastic fibers within alveolar walls Surface tension of the fluid lining alveoli
Elastic fibers within alveolar walls Surface tension of the fluid lining alveoli
True or False: At a pulmonary venous PO2 of 104 mm Hg, hemoglobin is 100% saturated. True False
False
True or false: A thickened respiratory membrane will increase the rate of gas exchange at the alveoli. True False
False
True or false: Alveolar recoil leads to a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure. True False
False
True or false: Foreign particles, trapped by the mucus layer lining the trachea, remain in position in the trachea where they are phagocytized by macrophages. True False
False
True or false: The source of carbon dioxide in the blood is the air within the alveoli. True False
False
Select all that apply Which are organs or parts of the respiratory system? Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavity Lungs Heart
Larynx Pharynx Nasal cavity Lungs
______ rotation of the arytenoid cartilages abducts the vocal folds, allowing movement of air during breathing (without speaking). Medial Lateral
Lateral
Each lung is subdivided into progressively smaller units. List, from largest to smallest, these subdivisions. Lungs Bronchopulmonary Segments Lobules Lobes
Lungs Lobes Bronchopulmonary Segments Lobules
Select all that apply Identify three structures that enter each lung at the hilum. Diaphragm Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels Bronchioles Nerves
Lymphatic vessels Blood vessels Nerves
Air flows from the trachea into which sequence of airways? Main bronchus to segmental bronchus to lobar bronchus Lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus to main bronchus Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus
Main bronchus to lobar bronchus to segmental bronchus
Select all that apply Indicate the bones found contributing to the bridge of the nose. Temporal bone Maxillary bone Nasal bones Frontal bone
Maxillary bone Nasal bones Frontal bone
Blank______ rotation of the arytenoid cartilages adducts the vocal cords, allowing sound production. Lateral Medial
Medial
What two areas does the hard palate separate? Oral cavity and oropharynx Oral cavity and nasal cavity Nasal cavity and nasopharynx Right nasal cavity and left nasal cavity
Oral cavity and nasal cavity
Select all that apply Which tonsils are located near the fauces of the oropharynx? Pharyngeal tonsils Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils
Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils
Indicate factors that influence the rate of gas exchange between the alveolar air and blood in pulmonary capillaries. Select all that apply. Partial pressures of gas Blood/plasma volume Solubility of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane
Partial pressures of gas Solubility of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane
Select all that apply Indicate the factors that influence gas exchange at the respiratory membrane. Respiratory rate Surface area of respiratory membrane Pulmonary blood pressure and rate of pulmonary blood flow Partial pressures of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane
Surface area of respiratory membrane Partial pressures of gases Thickness of respiratory membrane
Which involves the movement of oxygen from the blood into cell and the movement of carbon dioxide from cells into the blood? Tissue gas exchange Pulmonary gas exchange Pulmonary ventilation
Tissue gas exchange
A tracheostomy may be defined as: an obstruction occurring between the inferior end of the larynx and the carina the removal of the palatine and pharyngeal tonsils a procedure in which an opening is made into the trachea
a procedure in which an opening is made into the trachea
The role of smooth muscle found within airway walls is to Blank______. aid in removal of dust and debris from airways prevent collapse of airways as thoracic pressure changes allow dilation and constriction of airways
allow dilation and constriction of airways
Chambers connected to two or more alveoli at the end of an alveolar duct are Blank______. alveolar sacs terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs
The nasal vestibule is located in the _____________ portion of the nasal cavity.
anterior
Epithelium of alveoli Blank______ ciliated. are not are
are not
Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure Blank______. Multiple choice question. during expiration during inspiration at the end of inspiration
at the end of inspiration
In the chloride shift, a chloride ion is exchanged with Blank______. hydrogen carbon dioxide bicarbonate carbonic acid
bicarbonate
In the pulmonary capillaries, oxygen Blank______ hemoglobin. is converted to unbinds from binds to
binds to
When carbonic acid dissociates, the resulting hydrogen ion Blank______. binds to a bicarbonate ion combines with chloride to form HCl binds to hemoglobin binds to oxygen
binds to hemoglobin
The enzyme produced by the lungs called angiotensin-converting enzyme is important in regulating Blank______. heart rate oxygen levels in blood blood pressure
blood pressure
Most oxygen is carried in the blood Blank______. dissolved in plasma bound to hemoglobin
bound to hemoglobin
Respiratory centers are located in the Blank______. cerebral cortex brainstem cerebellum hypothalamus
brainstem
Pulmonary ventilation is more commonly called Blank______. internal respiration breathing coughing
breathing
Hemoglobin serves as a(n) Blank______ with red blood cell cytoplasm. buffer acid base
buffer
At the tissues, Blank______ diffuses from tissue fluid into the blood. oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
In the blood, the blood gas that is found dissolved in plasma, bound to globin of hemoglobin, and part of a bicarbonate ion is Blank______. oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
In the lungs, Blank______ diffuses from plasma into the alveoli. carbon dioxide oxygen (O2)
carbon dioxide
The globin chains of the hemoglobin molecules serve as binding sites for Blank______. oxygen carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
The regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of Blank______. hydrogen ion oxygen carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
The regulation of respiratory rate and depth is most influenced by the blood levels of Blank______. oxygen hydrogen ion carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
The respiratory system can influence blood pH by changing blood Blank______ levels. oxygen carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
The enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water is Blank______. carbonic anhydrase acetylcholinesterase carbon peptidase
carbonic anhydrase
A cough will be triggered by presence of materials within the pharynx down to the ________________. Any material deeper than this does not trigger a cough.
carina
The most inferior ridge of tracheal cartilage is the Blank______. uvula carina epiglottis glottis
carina
As the airways progress, the amount of Blank______ decreases until, at the terminal bronchioles, there is none. cartilage epithelial lining smooth muscle
cartilage
The wall of the larynx is composed of Blank______. reticular connective tissue cartilage bone
cartilage
The anterior portion of the nasal septum is composed of Blank______, while the posterior part is composed of Blank______. cartilage, dense connective tissue cartilage, bone bone, cartilage epithelium, cartilage
cartilage, bone
Chemoreceptors located in the medulla oblongata are called _______________ chemoreceptors.
central
The opening between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx is called the _____________.
choana
A pneumothorax will cause Blank______ the alveoli. collapse of expansion of
collapse of
The surface tension of the fluid lining a hollow space such as alveoli can lead to the Blank______. collapse of alveoli expansion of alveoli
collapse of alveoli
In the nasal cavity, the bony ridges extending from the lateral walls are called ____________.
conchae
The nose is part of the Blank______ zone. conducting respiratory
conducting
The inferior portion of the larynx is formed by the _____________ cartilage.
cricoid
A decrease in the surface area of the respiratory membrane will result in a(n) Blank______ in gas exchange. decrease increase
decrease
Emphysema causes a(n) Blank______ in the surface area of the respiratory membrane. Multiple choice question. decrease increase
decrease
High carbon dioxide levels and low pH levels would Blank______ the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. decrease increase have opposite effects on
decrease
The function of surfactant is to Blank______ the surface tension of fluid lining the alveoli. decrease increase
decrease
The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is Blank______ by BPG. decreased increased
decreased
An increase in temperature Blank______ oxygen's tendency to remain bound to hemoglobin. decreases increases
decreases
As plasma CO2 levels increase, the pH of the plasma Blank______. decreases increases
decreases
The Blank______ lymphatic vessels follow the bronchi, draining the bronchial tissues. The Blank______ lymphatic vessels drain lymph from the visceral pleura and the tissues just beneath it. superficial, deep deep, superficial
deep, superficial
A partial pressure gradient is a Blank______. difference in gas molecule concentration between two locations difference in force generated by contraction of inspiratory muscles and expiratory muscles difference in air volume between two locations
difference in gas molecule concentration between two locations
-7 mm Hg
during normal, quiet inspiration
What type of fiber surrounds alveoli and allows them to recoil and expand during breathing? reticular alveolar collagen elastic
elastic
Expansion and recoil of the lung tissue during inhalation (expansion) and exhalation (recoil) can occur because the alveolar walls contain Blank______. cartilage elastic fibers adipose tissue collagen fibers
elastic fibers
A condition that involves progressively enlarging alveoli as the alveolar walls are destroyed is Blank______. pneumonia lung cancer bronchitis emphysema
emphysema
The condition in which lung alveoli enlarge and the walls between them are destroyed is called _______________.
emphysema
-4mm Hg
end of normal expiration
Identify the function of the alveoli. They allow for the Blank______. exchange of gas between the blood and cells transport of oxygen to the systemic capillaries exchange of gas between the air and the blood
exchange of gas between the air and the blood
Pleural pressure aids in alveolar Blank______. collapse expansion
expansion
oropharynx
extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
extends from tip of epiglottis to the esophagus
Vestibular folds are called Blank______ vocal cords. true false
false
Carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin at the Blank______. globin chains heme groups
globin chains
The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood as it arrives in the tissues is Blank______ than the partial pressure of oxygen of interstitial fluid. greater lower
greater
At maximal exercise, minute ventilation in a trained athlete would be Blank______ that of an untrained person. the same as greater than less than
greater than
The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the Blank______. hard palate nasal conchae epiglottis nasal septum
hard palate
As alveoli recoil, intra-alveolar pressure Blank______. increases decreases
increases
As lungs are inflated, their tendency to recoil Blank______. increases decreases
increases
As the binding of O2 to hemoglobin decreases, the binding of CO2 to the globin chains Blank______. decreases increases
increases
When a person expires, the intra-alveolar pressure Blank______. decreases increases
increases
Expiration occurs as intra-alveolar pressure Blank______. increases 1 mm Hg above barometric pressure drops 1 mm Hg below barometric pressure
increases 1 mm Hg above barometric pressure
Pleural pressure Blank______ during expiration and Blank______ during inspiration. decreases, increases increases, decreases decreases, remains the same increases, remains the same
increases, decreases
A decrease of intra-alveolar pressure to 1 mm Hg below atmospheric pressure would be found during Blank______. expiration inspiration
inspiration
Carbon dioxide's ability to bind to hemoglobin Blank______ by the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin. is not affected is affected
is affected
Increasing alveolar ventilation will increase gas exchange because the increased ventilation causes Blank______. drop in blood levels of oxygen and increased blood levels of CO2 decreased blood flow to alveolar capillaries larger partial pressure gradients
larger partial pressure gradients
The inferior portion of the pharynx which begins at the level of the hyoid bone and opens into the esophagus and the larynx is the _____________.
laryngopharynx
The inferior portion of the pharynx which extends from the epiglottis to the esophagus is the Blank______. oropharynx laryngopharynx nasopharynx
laryngopharynx
The Blank______ is the main structure located between the laryngopharynx and the trachea. bronchi pharynx larynx tongue
larynx
The thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, epiglottis vestibular folds, and vocal folds are associated with the Blank______. trachea larynx pharynx bronchi
larynx
The upper respiratory tracts extends from the nose to the Blank______. larynx bronchi trachea
larynx
In less metabolically active tissues, Blank______ oxygen is released from hemoglobin. less more
less
The Haldane effect describes the tendency that with more oxygen binding to the heme portion of hemoglobin, Blank______ carbon dioxide binds to the globin chains. more less
less
When pleural pressure is Blank______ than intra-alveolar pressure, alveoli expand. less more
less
The trachea, primary bronchi, and the alveolar sacs all belong to the Blank______. conducting division upper respiratory tract lower respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
The spongy organs consisting of progressively smaller airways that are involved in ventilation and gas exchange are the _______________.
lungs
A lung receives air from a(n) _______________ bronchus. Each of this bronchi divide to supply air to a lobe of the lung. These are called ______________ bronchi. Then ________________ bronchi supply air to a bronchopulmonary segment.
main, lobar, segmental
A tunnel created by chonchae are called a Blank______. meatus vestibule naris
meatus
The hilum of a lung is on its Blank______ surface. medial superior lateral inferior
medial
The dorsal and ventral respiratory groups are located in the Blank______. medulla oblongata pons hypothalamus
medulla oblongata
breathing
movement of air into and out of the lungs
pulmonary gas exchange
movement of gases between air in the lungs and the blood
tissue gas exchange
movement of gases between blood and tissues
Movement of arytenoid cartilages is controlled by Blank______. breathing muscles pressure changes
muscles
Terminal bronchioles have Blank______ cartilage. no some
no
The nares are also referred to as Blank______. nostrils conchae tonsils external nose
nostrils
The glottis is a(n) Blank______. opening cartilage bone
opening
Choanae are Blank______. openings bones mucous membranes cartilage
openings
The portion of the pharynx that extends from the soft palate to the epiglottis is the ___________.
oropharynx
Pleural pressure pulls the lungs Blank______. outward inward
outward
The arytenoid cartilage is a(n) Blank______ cartilage. paired unpaired
paired
The corniculate cartilage is a(n) Blank______ cartilage. paired unpaired
paired
The serous membrane that covers the inner thoracic wall is the Blank______ pleura. visceral parietal
parietal
The pressure exerted by each gas in a mixture of gases (such as in air) is referred to as the Blank______ of that gas. solubility partial pressure degree of saturation
partial pressure
The difference in gas molecule concentration in alveolar air compared to pulmonary capillary blood is the definition of Blank______. pulmonary blood pressure transpulmonary pressure partial pressure gradient intra-alveolar pressure
partial pressure gradient
The blood flow rate through pulmonary capillaries is referred to as pulmonary capillary _________________.
perfusion
Carotid and aortic bodies are examples of Blank______ chemoreceptors. peripheral central
peripheral
Chemoreceptors found in the carotid and aortic bodies are called Blank______ chemoreceptors. peripheral central
peripheral
The segment of the respiratory system that extends from the choanae to the larynx and functions as a passageway for air, food, and drink, but is also important in sound production, is called the _______________.
pharynx
The pressure in the pleural cavity is called Blank______ pressure. thoracic pulmonary pleural transpulmonary
pleural
When air enters the pleural cavity through an opening in the thoracic wall, the resulting condition is called a _____________.
pneumothorax
Movement of the arytenoid cartilages Blank______ increases tension on the vocal cords, Blank______ the pitch of sound produced. anteriorly, raising anteriorly, lowering posteriorly, lowering posteriorly, raising
posteriorly, raising
The trachea divides into two _____________ bronchi.
primary/main
The nasopharynx is lined with Blank______ epithelium and the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined with Blank______ epithelium to prevent abrasion. pseudostratified columnar; simple squamous pseudostratified columnar; stratified squamous simple squamous; pseudostratified columnar simple squamous; stratified squamous
pseudostratified columnar; stratified squamous
The most common cause of increased respiratory membrane thickness is Blank______. emphysema pulmonary edema chronic bronchitis
pulmonary edema
A spirometer measures Blank______. pulmonary volumes gas concentrations blood pressure
pulmonary volumes
Carbon dioxide combines with water to form carbonic acid. This reaction occurs within the Blank______. alveoli of lungs red blood cells plasma of blood
red blood cells
Reduced surface tension Blank______ the tendency of lungs to collapse. increases has no effect on reduces
reduces
For gas exchange to occur at the alveoli, oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse through the Blank______ membrane. Multiple choice question. pleural respiratory visceral
respiratory
As air moves down through the tracheobronchial tree, the FIRST segment that will contain alveoli will be the ______________ ________________.
respiratory bronchioles
At the alveoli, the layers through which oxygen and carbon dioxide must diffuse are, as a group, called the Blank______. terminal membrane respiratory membrane glomerulus
respiratory membrane
The alveolar cell layer, the capillary endothelial layer and the interstitial space between the alveolar layer and the capillary layer form a unit referred to as the Blank______. respiratory epithelium endothelium respiratory membrane
respiratory membrane
The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of air is the ____________ system.
respiratory/pulmonary
A child who has accidentally inhaled a marble into their lower respiratory tract most likely has the marble lodged in their __________ main bronchus.
right
During exercise, temperature increases and the oxygen-hemoglobin curve shifts to the Blank______. left right
right
The Blank______ main bronchus is larger and more in line with the trachea, meaning that swallowed objects are Blank______ likely to lodge here. left, more right, less left, less right, more
right, more
Bronchioles are direct branches of Blank______ bronchi. segmental primary lobar
segmental
Each bronchopulmonary segment is served by one Blank______ bronchus. lobar main segmental
segmental
During inspiration, air flows from lobar bronchi directly into Blank______. alveoli the trachea segmental bronchi bronchioles
segmental bronchi
The left and right halves of the nasal cavity are divided by the nasal ____________.
septum
The pleural cavity is lined with a Blank______ membrane. synovial mucous serous
serous
A sinus infection is also called Blank______. sinusitis a common cold laryngitis
sinusitis
The inflammation of one or more of the paranasal sinuses is called ______________.
sinusitis
Decreases in the partial pressure of oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries have a Blank______ effect on the hemoglobin saturation with oxygen. large small
small
main (primary) bronchi
supply right and left lungs
segmental (tertiary) bronchi
supply subdivided areas within each lobe of each lung
lobar (secondary) bronchi
supply the lobes of the lungs
The more oxygen that binds to the heme portion of hemoglobin, the less carbon dioxide that can bind to the globin chains. This is called Blank______. Boyle's law the Haldane effect the Bohr effect
the Haldane effect
The partial pressure of a gas in a mixture represents Blank______. the size of the gas molecules relative to other molecules in the mixture the solubility of that gas within the mixture the amount of pressure exerted by that gas
the amount of pressure exerted by that gas
Alveolar pressure equals atmospheric pressure at Blank______. during expiration during inspiration the end of expiration
the end of expiration
The glottis may be described as Blank______. the extension of the soft palate the hangs down from its posterior edge the vocal folds and the space between them the elastic cartilage flap positioned above the larynx which protects the airways during swallowing
the vocal folds and the space between them
Infant respiratory distress syndrome can develop in premature infants because Blank______. they produce too much surfactant their lungs are too small they do not produce enough surfactant
they do not produce enough surfactant
In order to allow adequate gas exchange, the respiratory membrane needs to be Blank______. thick thin
thin
The space enclosed by the thoracic wall (rib cage, costal cartilages, sternum) and the diaphragm is the ______________ cavity.
thoracic
The space enclosed by the rib cage, sternum and diaphragm is the Blank______. pleural cavity intercostal cavity thoracic cavity
thoracic cavity
The pharynx is more commonly called the Blank______. throat voice box windpipe
throat
The cartilage of the larynx that forms the anterior wall of the larynx and the largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the Blank______ cartilage. cricoid thyroid epiglottis
thyroid
The exchange of gases between the blood and the tissues is Blank______ gas exchange. pulmonary tissue
tissue
Carbon dioxide diffuses into the blood at the Blank______. tissues alveoli
tissues
Air is conducted from the larynx to the main (primary) bronchi by the ________________.
trachea
The lower respiratory tract extends from the Blank______ to the alveoli of the lungs. oral cavity trachea larynx pharynx
trachea
A surgical procedure that makes an opening in the trachea is called a _________________.
tracheostomy
Most of the alveolar surface is formed from Blank______ pneumocytes. type I type II cuboidal
type I
In the tissue spaces, oxygen Blank______ hemoglobin. binds to is converted to unbinds from
unbinds from
The two divisions of the respiratory tract are Blank______. nasal and bronchial tracts anterior and posterior tracts upper and lower respiratory tracts
upper and lower respiratory tracts
The structure that prevents swallowed food from entering into the nasopharynx is the _____________.
uvula
Oxygenated blood leaves the lungs through pulmonary Blank______. arteries veins
veins
The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called Blank______. external respiration internal respiration ventilation
ventilation
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs is specifically referred to as ______________.
ventilation
The anterior portion of the nasal cavity is the Blank______. palate vestibule choanae
vestibule
Sound is produced as air moves past the ____________ folds.
vocal