BIOL1108 Sapling Learning Unit 2, Unit 8 and 9

Determine the time frame that is most appropriate for the following statements that describe events during the menstrual cycle. - In response to rising estrogen levels, LH promotes the release of an oocyte from the follicles in the ovary - The inner lining of the uterus is broken down and shed when fertilization failed to occur during the previous cycle - The inner lining of the uterus grows in response to increased levels of estrogen produced by the maturing follicles - The follicle becomes corpus luteum and begins production of progesterone

- In response to rising estrogen levels, LH promotes the release of an oocyte from the follicles in the ovary = day 14 - The inner lining of the uterus is broken down and shed when fertilization failed to occur during the previous cycle = days 1-5 - The inner lining of the uterus grows in response to increased levels of estrogen produced by the maturing follicles = days 6-13 - The follicle becomes corpus luteum and begins production of progesterone = days 15-28

Select the examples of sexual selection - A cat with short hair is preferred by cat breeders because they shed less. Therefore, a cat with short hair is more likely to be chosen to breed than a cat with long hair is. - A female peacock is more attracted to a male peacock if he has showy feathers. Therefore, a male peacock with showy feathers is more likely to reproduce than a male with smaller, less showy feathers is. - A male moose uses its antlers to fight other male moose to secure a female mate. Therefore, a male moose with large antlers is more likely to reproduce than a male with small antlers is. - A white moth is more visible to its predator than a black moth is because the black moth blends into its environment. Therefore, a black moth is more likely to reproduce than a white moth is.

A female peacock is more attracted to a male peacock if he has showy feathers. Therefore, a male peacock with showy feathers is more likely to reproduce than a male with smaller, less showy feathers is and a male moose uses its antlers to fight other male moose to secure a female mate. Therefore, a male moose with large antlers is more likely to reproduce than a male with small antlers is.

Select the scenarios in which genetic drift plays a major role: - A group of settlers from a large population inhabit a new land. Some settlers have different autosomal dominant diseases, and the frequency of dominant alleles increases generations later. - Allele m, at a locus involved in neuropathy, increases in frequency in a population because the mm genotype provides resistance to a parasitic disease. - The frequency of red-tipped feathers in blackbirds decreases after males, for multiple generations, preferentially mate with all black females in a population. - A random mutation in allele G reduces the reproductive fitness of finches in a harsh desert climate and becomes more prominent in the population over time. - A hurricane wipes out the majority of the population of native iguanas on an island. Over several generations, allele P is lost, as most of the remaining iguanas are homozygous for the p allele.

A group of settlers from a large population inhabit a new land. Some settlers have different autosomal dominant diseases, and the frequency of dominant alleles increases generations later. and A hurricane wipes out the majority of the population of native iguanas on an island. Over several generations, allele P is lost, as most of the remaining iguanas are homozygous for the p allele.

What is a pathogen? - A microorganism or virus that infects a host organism and is capable of causing a disease in the host organism - A protein produced by the immune system's B cells that is tailored to bind to a specific foreign substance - A substance that produces an exaggerated or inappropriate inflammatory response by the immune system - Any molecule that triggers the immune system's lymphocytes to mount a specific response to that molecule

A microorganism or virus that infects a host organism and is capable of causing a disease in the host organism

Which of the following scenarios would be considered microevolution? - A population is exposed to chemical cues causing its individuals to reproduce faster - A population's allele frequencies change slightly over the course of a generation - Incremental changes in a trait over millions of years leads to the formation of a new species - A population is found to be in Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium

A population's allele frequencies change slightly over the course of a generation

Why is it easier for a recessive deleterious allele to be eliminated from a small population than from a large one? Assume that initial frequencies of the deleterious allele are equal in the small and large populations. - Large populations have had greater success in their ecological niche and are thus more fit than small populations, so individuals with deleterious alleles in large populations are better able to withstand the negative effects of the allele. - A smaller population contains a lower number of alleles than a larger population with the same allele frequency. Chance events can more easily remove a few alleles than many. - Individuals in a small population have a more difficult time finding a mate than individuals in a large population. Therefore, reproductive success is lower in small populations, and rare alleles are less likely to persist. - Disease susceptibility decreases as population size increases, making individuals in a small population more likely to die and eliminate recessive alleles.

A smaller population contains a lower number of alleles than a larger population with the same allele frequency. Chance events can more easily remove a few alleles than many.

Which of the following is the definition of a vaccine? - The replacement of a defective, disease-causing gene with a functional version of the gene - A chemical substance taken in order to treat the symptoms of a cold - A substance that kills bacteria when applied directly to an infection - A substance made from a pathogen that increases immunity against that pathogen

A substance made from a pathogen that increases immunity against that pathogen

Which of the following statements best describes how natural selection affects the genetic equilibrium of a population? - Due to chance, allele frequencies fluctuate from one generation to the next - Allele frequencies are altered due to differences in the survival and reproductive success of individuals carrying different genotypes - The deletion or modification of alleles alters the gene pool of a population - When alleles move into or out of populations as individuals that carry them migrate, allele frequencies are altered

Allele frequencies are altered due to differences in the survival and reproductive success of individuals carrying different genotypes

Select the definition of adaptation from the phrases below - The process of finding a new habitat due to an environmental stressor - A molecular change that alters the gene pool of a population - An inherited trait that increases the survival and reproduction of organisms that bear it - A learned behavior that increases a species' survival or reproduction

An inherited trait that increases the survival and reproduction of organisms that bear it

What is an antigen? - A microorganism or virus that infects a host organism and is capable of causing a disease in the host organism - A protein produced by the immune system's B cells that is tailored to bind to a specific foreign substance - A substance that produces an exaggerated or inappropriate inflammatory response by the immune system - Any molecule that triggers the immune system's lymphocytes to mount a specific response to that molecule

Any molecule that triggers the immune system's lymphocytes to mount a specific response to that molecule

Place the stages of follicle development in the diagram of the ovarian cycle below: - Growing follicle - Ovulation - Egg cell (given) - Corpus luteum - Empty follicle - Primary follicle - Egg (given) - Mature follicle - Corpus luteum degradation

As time goes on clockwise in the diagram, Primary follicle > growing follicle > egg cell > mature follicle > ovulation > egg > empty follicle > corpus luteum > corpus luteum degradation

Determine whether the following are characteristics of autoimmune or immunodeficiency diseases - Immune system is under active - Individual is unable to fight off infections - Can be treated using immunosuppression - Can occur when there are not enough T cells in the body - Immune system is overactive - Immune cells recognize and attack the body's own cells and tissues

Autoimmune diseases - Immune system is overactive - Immune cells recognize and attack the body's own cells and tissues - Can be treated using immunosuppression Immunodeficiency diseases - Immune system is underactive - Can occur when there are not enough T cells in the body - Individual is unable to fight off infections

Determine whether the following statements describe B or T cells - Named because they are produced in the bone marrow - Named because they mature in the thymus - Can recognize and destroy virus-infected cells - Can differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells - Produce antibodies against a specific antigen - Can activate antibody-producing cells

B cells - Named because they are produced in the bone marrow - Produce antibodies against a specific antigen - Can differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells T cells - Can recognize and destroy virus-infected cells - Named because they mature in the thymus - Can activate antibody-producing cells

Determine whether the following statements describe B or T cells - Recognize and bind to intact antigens - Recognize fragments of an antigen bound to an MHC molecule - Produce antibodies against a specific antigen - Activate antibody-mediated immunity - Can differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells - Can recognize and destroy virus-infected cells

B cells - Recognize and bind to intact antigens - Produce antibodies against a specific antigen - Can differentiate into plasma cells or memory cells T Cells - Can recognize and destroy virus-infected cells - Recognize fragments of an antigen bound to an MHC molecule - Activate antibody-mediated immunity

Which scenario is an example of natural selection? - A volcanic lava flow kills plants in low-lying areas, sparing plants on hilltops and changing the allele frequencies within the plant population - Peahens preferentially mate with peacocks with large tail feathers, though large tail feathers make peacocks easier targets for predators - A farmer crosses two strains of corn plants with sweet tastes with one another to produce sweet tasting offspring - Birds with long, thin beaks are able to better hunt termites and thus survive, passing on their beak traits to their offspring

Birds with long, thin beaks are able to better hunt termites and thus survive, passing on their beak traits to their offspring

Each of the following observations provide evidence that support the idea of common ancestry and evolution. Which one is from the field of molecular biology? - The embryos of both birds and mammals divide in a radical cleavage pattern instead of a spiral cleavage pattern present in insects - Mammals have two openings in the skull behind each eye socket while reptiles and birds only have one opening - The great diversity of marsupials in Australia compared to the marsupial diversity in South America - DNA analysis shows that the DNA of Neanderthals is more similar to the DNA of non-African humans than that of Africans

DNA analysis shows that the DNA of Neanderthals is more similar to the DNA of non-African humans than that of Africans

Recombinant DNA is formed when DNA from one individual is inserted into the genome of another individual, often a different species. Which of the following statements describes how recombinant DNA can be used to develop vaccines? - DNA from harmful viruses can be inserted into the genome of a yeast cell, which is then injected into the host organism to evoke an immune response. - Recombinant DNA that contains segments of both rabbit DNA and viral DNA is injected into a chick embryo to produce antibodies that are collected for a vaccine. - Viral proteins are expressed in bacteria using recombinant DNA to test the ability of vaccines to identify and eradicate viruses with the viral protein. - Vaccines are composed of recombinant DNA that is harmless to humans but invades viral particles to destroy the viral DNA and systematically destroy virus particles.

DNA from harmful viruses can be inserted into the genome of a yeast cell, which is then injected into the host organism to evoke an immune response.

Individuals of a fish species living in a river have varying oxygen level requirements. A nearby factory accidentally releases pollutants into the river, causing oxygen levels in the water to decrease. Within a few generations, the percentage of fish with lower oxygen requirements has increased in the river. Conversely, the percentage of fish with higher oxygen requirements has decreased. What form of selection has taken place in this population? - Directional selection - Frequency-dependent selection - Disruptive/diversifying selection - Stabilizing selection

Directional selection

Classify the following statements as examples of directional selection, stabilizing selection or disruptive selection: - Individuals of a tree snake species vary from light to dark coloration. There are a greater proportion of snakes with a medium coloration after several generations. - Individual plants of a flower species produce various levels of poison in their leaves. In future generations, the average amount of poison in the leaves increases. - Individuals of a rabbit species have body masses ranging from 1 kg to 3 kg. In future generations, most rabbits have either a small body mass or a large body mass.

Directional selection - Individual plants of a flower species produce various levels of poison in their leaves. In future generations, the average amount of poison in the leaves increases. Stabilizing selection - Individuals of a tree snake species vary from light to dark coloration. There are a greater proportion of snakes with a medium coloration after several generations. Disruptive selection - Individuals of a rabbit species have body masses ranging from 1 kg to 3 kg. In future generations, most rabbits have either a small body mass or a large body mass.

Most of the mice in a population living in a forest clearing eat grass seed. However, a few mice climb the aquatic plants growing along a nearby creek and eat aquatic plant seeds, whereas a few larger mice forage for larger tree seeds in the forest. A beaver dams the creek, which causes the forest clearing to flood. Over time, the proportion of mice that eat aquatic plant seeds, and larger mice that eat forest tree seeds, increase in the population. Conversely, the proportion of mice that only eat grass seed decrease in the population. What form of selection has taken place in this population? - Disruptive selection - Frequency - dependent selection - Directional selection - Stabilizing selection

Disruptive selection

Select the structures that store sperm prior to ejaculation - Prostate - Ejaculatory ducts - Ductus (vas) deferens - Epididymis

Ductus (vas) deferens and epididymis

Identify the descriptions of endometriosis and its resulting symptoms - Endometriosis is a condition where the endometrium sloughs off excessively during menstruation, resulting in bleeding and infertility - Endometriosis is a condition in which uterine cells grow outside the uterine walls, causing pelvic pain and infertility - Endometriosis occurs when synthesis of the hormone receptors in uterine cells steeply decreases, leading to bleeding and pelvic pain - Endometriosis occurs when the uterine lining is engorged with corpus lutea that fail to degrade, causing pelvic pain and infertility

Endometriosis is a condition in which uterine cells grow outside the uterine walls, causing pelvic pain and infertility

Select the examples of chemical barriers to infection in the human body - Hairs located in the ears and nose block pathogens - Enzymes in saliva break down pathogens entering the mouth - The low pH in the stomach kills pathogens entering the digestive system - Macrophages phagocytize pathogens in the body - Antibodies recognize pathogens and attack infected cells - Sticky mucus traps pathogens entering the respiratory system - The acidic surface of the skin prevents bacterial growth

Enzymes in saliva break down pathogens entering the mouth and The low pH in the stomach kills pathogens entering the digestive system and The acidic surface of the skin prevents bacterial growth

Classify each function as primarily controlled by estrogen, progesterone, FSH or LH - Maintains uterine lining for pregnancy - Triggers initial follicle growth - Decline in production induces menopause - High levels increase LH secretion during follicular phase - Stops ovarian cycle when pregnant - Increases follicle maturation - Stimulates formation of the corpus luteum - Triggers secondary sex characteristics

Estrogen - Triggers secondary sex characteristics - Decline in production induces menopause - High levels increase LH secretion during follicular phase Progesterone - Maintains uterine lining for pregnancy - Stops ovarian cycle when pregnant FSH - Triggers initial follicle growth LH - Induces follicle maturation - Stimulates formation of the corpus luteum

Where is the oxytocin necessary for uterine contractions that lead to childbirth FIRST secreted? - Placenta - Maternal pituitary gland - Hypothalamus - Fetal pituitary gland

Fetal pituitary gland

Rank the order of events for an antibody-mediated immune response by occurrence - A T cell identifies the B cell-antigen complex and activates - Plasma cells secrete antibodies - B lymphocytes (B cells) bind to antigen - B cells divide to form plasma cells - Antibody binds to a specific antigen - Antigen becomes inactive

First B lymphocytes (B cells) bind to antigen A T cell identifies the B cell-antigen complex and activates it B cells divide to form plasma cells Plasma cells secrete antibodies Antibody binds to a specific antigen Antigen becomes inactive Last

Arrange the processes of oogenesis, fertilization, and implantation in the order they occur through the female reproductive process. - Oocyte is swept into uterine tube by fimbriae and cilia that line the uterine tube - Mature follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte - Developing embryo propelled towards uterus by cilia and tubular muscle contractions - Embryo embeds into the endometrium of the uterus - Fertilization occurs in the first one-third of the uterine tube - Oogonium develops into an oocyte surrounded by a follicle

First process - Oogonium develops into an oocyte surrounded by a follicle - Mature follicle ruptures and releases the oocyte - Oocyte is swept into uterine tube by fimbriae and cilia that line the uterine tube - Fertilization occurs in the first one-third of the uterine tube - Developing embryo propelled towards uterus by cilia and tubular muscle contractions - Embryo embeds into the endometrium of the uterus Final process

Order the steps of sperm transit through the male reproductive organs: - Sperm travel through the vas deferens - Semen is ejaculated through the urethra - Sperm mature in the epididymis - Sperm are produced in the testes - Sperm enter the ejaculatory duct and mix with seminal fluid

First step - Sperm are produced in the testes - Sperm mature in the epididymis - Sperm travel through the vas deferens - Sperm enter the ejaculatory duct and mix with seminal fluid - Semen is ejaculated through the urethra Last step

Imagine a population of beetles. By chance, three white beetles are killed before they reproduce. Meanwhile, two black beetles have four offspring, all of which survive to reproduce. Due to the chance event that killed the white beetles, the next generation has more alleles for black coloration than the previous generation. Which of the following evolutionary processes does this scenario describe? - Mutation - Genetic drift - Migration - Natural selection

Genetic drift

Species evolve traits that allow them to survive and thrive in certain habitats. Classify each trait in the habitat where it would be most favorable. Habitats - Hot desert - Tropical rainforest Traits - Active at dusk to avoid extreme daytime heat - Short wings to maneuver through trees - Beak that can crack large nuts and seeds - A strong prehensile tail - Many plants have spines or thorns for protections - Burrows beneath sand to minimize sun exposure

Hot desert habitat - Active at dusk to avoid extreme daytime heat - Burrows beneath sand to minimize sun exposure - Many plants have spines or thorns for protection Tropical rainforest habitat - A strong prehensile tail - Short wings to maneuver through trees - Beak that can crack large nuts and seeds

In biology, fitness describes an organism's ability to survive and reproduce. Classify the following examples of inherited variations as acting to increase or decrease an organism's fitness - A dark-colored moth is able to avoid predation on black-barked trees - Bright orange beetles are more likely to be seen by birds that eat the beetles - Small-beaked finches are less capable of eating large seeds - Red male beetles are preferred by females over other color variants - A mouse with certain kidney adaptations requires less water in the desert

Increases fitness - A dark-colored moth is able to avoid predation on black-barked trees - Red male beetles are preferred by females over other color variants - A mouse with certain kidney adaptations requires less water in the desert Decreases fitness - Small-baked finches are less capable of eating large seeds - Bright orange beetles are more likely to be seen by the birds that eat the beetles

Classify the following traits as inherited or acquired: - Blue eyes - Language fluency - Fetal alcohol syndrome - Nose shape - Small stature due to malnourishment - Muscle mass gained from strength training - Detached earlobes - Cystic fibrosis

Inherited - Blue eyes - Detached earlobes - Cystic fibrosis - Nose shape Acquired - Language fluency - Muscle mass gained from strength training - Small stature due to malnourishment - Fetal alcohol syndrome

Classify the following components of the immune system into either innate immunity or adaptive immunity - B cells - Helper T cells - Natural killer cells - Interferons - Complement proteins - Antibodies

Innate immunity - Interferons - Complement proteins - Natural killer cells Adaptive immunity - Helper T cells - B cells - Antibodies

Select the description of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) - Irregular ovulation with fluid-filled cysts found in the ovaries - Impaired ovulation due to low levels of progesterone - Overgrowth of the endometrium leading to uterine polyps - Tumor growth in the ovary that releases testosterone

Irregular ovulation with fluid-filled cysts found in the ovaries

Identify attributes of the skin that makes it an effective barrier against pathogens. - Is home to beneficial microorganisms competing with pathogens for space - Production of antibiotic chemical agents by the sweat glands - Has epidermal white blood cells that deter microbial colonization - Ongoing regeneration of tough elastic keratin-rich epidermal layer - Has permanent, armor-like cells layered about 200 cells think

Is home to beneficial microorganisms competing with pathogens for space and Production of antibiotic chemical agents by the sweat glands and Ongoing regeneration of tough elastic keratin-rich epidermal layer

How does the presence of hCG maintain pregnancy until the placenta produces the appropriate hormones? - It helps to promote the implantation of the embryo in the uterine wall, preventing menstruation - It prevents the sloughing off of the uterine wall by signaling the pituitary to release hormones - It maintains the corpus luteum, preventing the sloughing off of the uterine lining - It inhibits the production of progesterone, therefore maintaining the thickened endometrium

It maintains the corpus luteum, preventing the sloughing off of the uterine lining

What is the name of the extracellular fluid in the body that is important for the absorption of dietary lipids and that circulates in specialized vessels where it is filtered by localized nodes throughout the body? - Plasma - Cerebrospinal fluid - Lymph - Interstitial fluid

Lymph

Identify the scenario that best describes parthenogenesis: - A prokaryotic cell divides to form two identical cells - A female wrasse fish changes to a male - A wolf pup develops from a fertilized egg - Male bees develop from unfertilized eggs

Male bees develop from unfertilized eggs

Classify each of the following components as part of the male or female reproductive system - Testes - Vagina - Prostate - Uterus - Ovaries - Epididymis

Male reproductive system - Testes - Epididymis - Prostate Female reproductive system - Ovaries - Vagina - Uterus

Identify which type of white blood cell each of the statements describes Types of white blood cells: - Neutrophil - Eosinophil - Basophil - Lymphocyte - Monocyte Statements: - Most abundant white blood cell in mammals - Agranular cells that include T cells - Agranular cells that can differentiate into dendrites - Main type of cell found in lymph - Granular cells that produce heparin and histamine - Granular cells that destroy antibody-coated parasites - Granular cells that amplify the inflammatory response

Neutrophil - Most abundant white blood cell in mammals - Granular cells that amplify the inflammatory response Eosinophil - Granular cells that destroy antibody-coated parasites Basophil - Granular cells that produce heparin and histamine Lymphocyte - Agranular cells that include T cells - Main type of cell found in lymph Monocyte - Agranular cells that can differentiate into dendrites

Imagine a population of moths. Yellow moths are easier for birds to see and eat. Black moths blend into their surroundings, so they are less visible to birds than yellow moths are. As a result, black moths are more likely to survive and reproduce, enabling the gene for black coloration to be passed on to the next generation. This increases the frequency of genes for black coloration in the population. Which of the following evolutionary processes does this scenario describe? - Natural selection - Genetic drift - Migration - Mutation

Natural selection

Match each characteristic to the appropriate gametogenesis category Categories: - Oogenesis - Spermatogenesis - Both Characteristics: - Process begins at puberty - One gametes matures each month - Haploid daughter cells are produced - Process begins before birth - Meiosis is involved - Each daughter cell develops into a gamete

Oogenesis: - Process begins before birth - One gamete matures each month Spermatogenesis: - Process begins at puberty - Each daughter cell develops into a gamete Both: - Meiosis is involved - Haploid daughter cells are produced

One way that the innate immune system helps protect the body is with an inflammatory response. Match the following inflammatory responses with the appropriate description of how it helps protect the body _____________ signals to the brain to use caution around the wound and to care for the wound ______________ increase permeability of capillaries to allow white blood cells, antimicrobial peptides, and other signaling molecules to enter tissues _______________ increases rate of phagocytosis and chemical reactions that lead to tissue repair - Pain - Swelling - Fever

Pain signals to the brain to use caution around the wound and to care for the wound Swelling increases permeability of capillaries to allow white blood cells, antimicrobial peptides and other signaling molecules to enter tissues Fever increases rate of phagocytosis and chemical reactions that lead to tissue repair

Complete the following sentences by identifying the structure in which sperm are produced and the structure in which sperm are stored in the male reproductive system. Sperm and produced in the _________________________________. - Epididymis - Bulbourethral gland - Seminiferous tubules - Ejaculatory duct Sperm are stored in the __________________________________. - Epididymis - Bulbourethral gland - Seminiferous tubules - Ejaculatory duct

Part 1 - seminiferous tubules Part 2 - epididymis

Why are plasma cells much larger than other B cells? - Plasma cells are specialized B cells that carry out phagocytosis of whole microbes - Plasma cells have extensive rough ER for mass production and secretion of antibodies - Plasma cells require more membrane surface area because they have many antigen receptors on their surface - Plasma cells live much longer than other B cells and therefore grow much larger What type of immune response are plasma cells involved in? - Cell-mediated - Innate - Humoral - Phagocytic

Part 1 = plasma cells have extensive rough ER for mass production and secretion of antibodies Part 2 = humoral

What is effective population size? - The number of polymorphic loci in a population - The projected population size of the next generation, based on current reproductive and survival rates - The total number of offspring born into a particular age class in a population - The number of reproductively mature individuals in a population that pass genes to the next generation - The average number of offspring produced per individual in a population How does effective population size influence the effect of genetic drift on allele frequencies? - Consistent population sizes over many generations increase the effects of genetic drift on allele frequencies - An increase in effective population size decreases the effect of genetic drift on allele frequencies - Genetic drift has the least effect in a population with low effective size - Frequent fluctuations in effective population size decrease the effect of genetic drift on allele frequencies

Part 1 = the number of reproductively mature individuals in a population that pass genes on to the next generation Part 2 = an increase in effective population size decreases the effect on genetic drift on allele frequencies

During an Ebola virus outbreak, some new patients are treated with whole blood or plasma from surviving patients. The immunity that the person receiving this transfusion acquires is an example of which of the following? - Inflammatory response - Clonal selection - Active immunity - Passive immunity

Passive immunity

What gland is responsible for producing both FSH and LH? - Testes - Hypothalamus - Pituitary gland - Thyroid gland

Pituitary gland

Determine whether the following statements pertain to a population or to an organism - It can change through evolution - Natural selection acts on a phenotype to change reproductive success - A new phenotype results from a novel mutation - Natural selection can cause allele frequencies to change over time

Population - Natural selection can cause allele frequencies to change over time - It can change through evolution Organism - Natural selection acts on a phenotype to change reproductive success - A new phenotype results from a novel mutation

Select the option that best completes the following sentence. Evolution by natural selection happens to _________________________. - Genes, not populations - Individual organisms, not populations - Genes, not individual organisms - Populations, not individual organisms

Populations, not individual organisms

During pregnancy, the placenta produces progesterone and estrogen. What functions do these hormones serve? - Promotes maintenance of the corpus luteum - Soften and widen the cervix - Prevent new follicles from maturing - Maintain the lining of the uterine wall

Prevent new follicles from maturing and maintain the lining of the uterine wall

Which statement best describes ovulation? - Formation of the corpus luteum, which begins production of progesterone - Binding of a zygote to the inner lining of the uterus - Release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle - Maturation of a single zygote in response to FSH - An increase in the levels of estrogens during the proliferative phase

Release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle

Natural selection alters the likelihood of an organism passing on its genes to subsequent generations. The evolutionary effects of natural selection are only apparent when looking at an entire population over time. Why are the evolutionary effects of natural selection only apparent when looking at populations? - Selection changes the natural variance of phenotypes - During their lifetime, individuals become adapted to their environments - Only beneficial traits are passed on to the next generation - The accumulation of beneficial alleles requires multiple generations - Phenotypes with an underlying genetic component are inherited

Selection changes the natural variance of phenotypes, the accumulation of beneficial alleles requires multiple generations, and phenotypes with an underlying genetic component are inherited

During ejaculation, sperm combine with secretions from glands in the male reproductive system to form semen. Which of the following glands provide secretions for semen? - Seminal vesicle - Bulbourethral gland - Vestibular gland - Prostate gland

Seminal vesicle, bulbourethral gland, prostate gland

Classify each statement as describing either sexual or asexual reproduction. - A sperm cell from a male rabbit fertilizes the egg of a female rabbit - Fertilization occurs when two fish release their gametes into the water - An amoeba produces two identical daughter cells via mitosis - A gecko produces eggs that do not need to be fertilized to produce offspring - Two earthworms exchange sperm, resulting in both earthworms' eggs being fertilized - A coral produces buds via mitosis

Sexual reproduction: - A sperm cell from a male rabbit fertilizes the egg of a female rabbit - Fertilization occurs when two fish release their gametes into the water - Two earthworms exchange sperm, resulting in both earthworms' eggs being fertilized Asexual reproduction: - An amoeba produces two identical daughter cells via mitosis - A gecko produces eggs that do not need to be fertilized to produce offspring - A coral produces buds via mitosis

Complete the following sentence. Homologous structures are _____________________________. - Different structures which do not share a common ancestry and have differences in functions. - Different structures which do not share a common ancestry, despite their similarities in function. - Similar structures which share a common ancestry, despite their differences in function. - Small structures which appear to have no role due to the loss of their ancestral function.

Similar structures which share a common ancestry, despite their differences in function.

What is the role of the thymus in human immunity? - Location of B-cell maturation - Site of T-cell maturation - Filters pathogens from blood - Houses hematopoietic stem cells

Site of T-cell maturation

Several different types of predators hunt a population of rabbits. The smallest rabbits cannot run as fast as the larger rabbits and are often caught. The largest rabbits must spend more time foraging for food in the open and are also often caught. As a result, the majority of rabbits have an intermediate body size. What form of selection has taken place in this population? - Frequency-dependent selection - Directional selection - Stabilizing selection - Disruptive/diversifying selection

Stabilizing selection

Match each description or form of birth control to the appropriate birth control category Category: - Sterilization - Hormone Therapy - Barrier Method - Rhythm Method Characteristics: - Usually contain synthetic progesterone - Tubal ligation - Often used in conjunction with spermicides - Woman takes temperature regularly - Abstain from intercourse during ovulation - Vaginal sponge - Birth control shot - Reversal is possible but often unsuccessful

Sterilization - Tubal ligation - Reversal is possible but often unsuccessful Hormone Therapy - Birth control shot - Usually contain synthetic progesterone Barrier Method - Vaginal sponge - Often used in conjunction with spermicides Rhythm Method - Abstain from intercourse during ovulation - Woman takes temperature regularly

What is the function of Sertoli cells found within the seminiferous tubules located within the testes? - Maintain the appropriate temperature for spermatogenesis - Secrete androgens during spermatogenesis - Differentiate into mature sperm cells - Support, nourish, and regulate the production of sperm

Support, nourish and regulate the production of sperm

Match each function or characteristic to the hormone that is primarily responsible for its control in the male reproductive system Categories: - Testosterone - FSH - LH Characteristics: - Growth of facial hair - Stimulation of Sertoli cells - Production of testosterone - Stimulation of Leydig cells - Spermatogenesis - Inhibition of GnRH secretion - Increased bone mass

Testosterone - Growth of facial hair - Inhibition of GnRH secretion - Increased bone mass FSH - Spermatogenesis - Stimulation of Sertoli cells LH - Stimulation of Leydig cells - Production of testosterone

The forearms of a human, a horse and a bat are all very similar. How do these structures provide evidence for common ancestry? - The mammals do not share a common ancestor. The similar bone structures of independent lineages have evolved to produce different forearm functions - The mammals share a common ancestor. The same ancestral bone structure has evolved to produce different forearm functions. - The mammals do not share a common ancestor. The different bone structures of independent lineages have evolved to produce similar forearm functions. - The mammals share a common ancestor. The forearms of each mammal share a similar ancestral functions, despite having evolved differences in bone structures.

The mammals share a common ancestor. The same ancestral bone structure has evolved to produce different forearm functions.

Menopause is the cessation of ovulation and menstruation. Which of the following hormonal changes occur during the onset of menopause? - The ovaries become less responsive to LH, and estrogen production increases. - The ovaries produce increasing amounts of testosterone and other androgens - The ovaries become less responsive to FSH and estrogen production decreases - The endometrium becomes less responsive to progesterone, and the uterine lining doesn't thicken - The corpus luteum becomes more responsive to LH, and progesterone production increases

The ovaries become less responsive to FSH and estrogen production decreases

Which of the following conditions are necessary in order for natural selection to occur on a given trait in a population? - Variations of the trait exists in the population - Individuals experience no infraspecific competition - A version of the trait provides a fitness advantage - The population must be extremely large - The trait must be heritable

Variations of the trait exist in the population, a version of the trait provides a fitness advantage and the trait must be heritable

Identify the examples of physical barriers in the immune system - Waxy secretions - White blood cells - Cilia in upper respiratory tract - Lymphocytes - Skin

Waxy secretions, cilia in upper respiratory tract and skin

What are antibodies? - Y-shaped proteins that recognize and help destroy foreign substances - Proteins on cell surfaces that identify the cell as self - Cells that cause an inflammatory response by releasing histamine - Foreign substances whose presence triggers an immune response

Y-shaped proteins that recognize and help destroy foreign substances

A home pregnancy test detects the presence or absence of which of the following hormones in urine? - Estrogen - FSH - hCG - EPF

hCG