BIOL214 Lecture Exam 1
Right-lower
A patient with appendicitis usually has pain in the _____________ quadrant of the abdomen.
Which of these statements concerning enzymes is correct?
Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts
Which of these descriptions of heat energy is NOT correct
Heat energy must be added to break apartt ATP molecules
List levels of human structure from most complex to simplest
Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle
The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the ______ structure of the protein.
Tertiary
Superficial and deep
Which of these directional terms are paired most appropriately as opposites?
Parietal Pleura, Parietal Peritoneum
Which of these membrane combinations are found on the surface of the diaphragm?
The breakdown of glycogen (an energy storage compound) is an example of a(n) _____ reaction.
exergonic
The fluid outside of a cell is called
extracellular fluid
Water
is composed of polar molecules into which ionic substances dissociate
Th formula of an amino group is _______; The formula of a carboxyl group is ________.
-NH2;-COOH
Given the following activities: (1) Repair (2) Growth(3) Gamete production(4) Differentiation Which activities is (are) result of mitosis
1,2
(1) Heart and pericardial cavity(2) Lungs and pleural cavity(3) Stomach and peritoneal cavity(4) Kidney and peritoneal cavity Which of the organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds that organ?
1,2,3
Given these characteristics:(1) Requires energy(2) Requires carrier proteins(3) Requires membrane channels (4) Requires vesicles Choose the characteristics that apply to exocytosis.
1,4
A solution with pH 4 has _____ the h+ concentration of a solution with pH 8
10,000 times
Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and atomic mass of 23. Sodium has
12 neutrons and 11 protons
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?
6
An element with 7 protons, 7 electrons and 7 neutrons has an atomic number of ------ and a mass number of _______.
7;14
Which of the following would not increase the rate of a reaction
A decrease in reactant concentrations
Frontal (coronal) plane
A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
Proximal
A term that means nearer the attached end of a limb is
Which of the following equations depicts an exchange reaction?
AB+CD→AC+BD
A conjugate acid-base pair
Acts as a buffer Can combine with H+ in a solution Can release H+ to combine with OH- Describes carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?
Age, Gender, Environment, Physical activity
Which of the following statements is NOT a tenet of modern cell theory?
All cells occupy space
Nervous system
Also regulates other organs
A cell that synthesizes large amounts of protein for use outside the cell has a large
Amount of rough ER
The prefix hypo means _____, whereas hyper means ______.
Below; above
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport
__________ account for 98.5% of the body's weight.
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus
Which of the following functioning proteins are found in the plasma membrane?
Channel proteins Marker molecules Receptor molecules Enzymes
Physiology:
Deals with the processes or functions of living things
The breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a(n) __________ reaction.
Decomposition
_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes, such as salts, through narrow clefts between capillary cells.
Filtration; hydrostatic pressure
__________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area.
Flagella; cilia; microvilli
1,2,3
Given these organ and cavity combinations: 1. heart and pericardial cavity 2. lungs and pleural cavity 3. stomach and peritoneal cavity 4. kidney and peritoneal cavity Which of the organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds that organ?
__________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a polysaccharide.
Glucose; starch
The basic units or building blocks of triglycerides are
Glycerol and fatty acids
The polysaccharide used for energy storage in the human body is
Glycogen
Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles?
Golgi complex
In the following reaction, what is/are the products CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3
H2CO3
The weak attractive forces between two water molecules forms a(n)
Hydrogen bond
Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
If a cell is placed in a(n) _________ solution, lysis of the cell may occur.
Hypotonic
Which of these statements about facilitated diffusion is true?
In facilitated diffusion, net movement is down the concentration gradient
Metabolism is the sum of all ________ _______ change
Internal; chemical
Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?
Interstitial fluid
When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water __________.
Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken
ATP
Is formed by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP Is formed with energy released during catabolic reactions Provides the energy for anabolic reactionsContains three phosphate groups
^12C and ^14C are
Isotopes
__________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass.
Isotopes
The vibration of an ear drum is an example of ____ energy.
Kinetic
Which of the following is a disaccharide?
Lactose
______ is the substrate of _____.
Lactose; lactase
In general, lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ___________; small, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the ___________
Lipid bilayer, carrier proteins
Which of the following is not considered an inclusion?
Lysosome
A buffer
Maintains a relatively constant pH
Negative-feedback mechanisms
Make deviations from the set point smaller, maintain homeostasis, and are associated with and increased sense of hunger the longer a person goes without eating.
Which of these elements of the cytoskeleton is composed of tubular and forms of essential components of centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella?
Microtubules
During the cell life cycle, DNA replication occurs during the
S phase
Cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma membrane that do not move, are supported by actin filaments, and may function in absorption or as sensory receptors are
Microvilli
Which of these organelles produces large amounts of ATP
Mitochondria
Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae?
Mitochondrion
Which of the following is not an organic compound?
Na2HPO3(H2O)5
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.
Negative feedback
A large structure, normally visible in the nucleus of a cell, where ribosomal subunits are produced is called a(n)
Nucleolus
In which of these organelles is mRNA synthesized?
Nucleus
A polar covalent bond between two atoms occurs when
One atom attracts shared electrons more strongly than another atom
Cytoplasm is found
Outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane
A white blood cell ingests solid particles by forming vesicles. This describes the process of
Phagocytosis
In the plasma membrane, ____________ form(s) the lipid bilayer, ____________ determine(s) the fluid of the membrane, and ___________ mainly determine(s) the function of the membrane.
Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins
_____ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be ______
Phospholipids; amphiphilic
Which of the following is most likely to cause disease
Positive feedback
Muscular system
Produces movement; maintains posture; produces body heat
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simples to the most complex?
Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide
RNA
According to the lock-and-key model of an enzyme action,
Reactants must bind to an active site on the enzyme
Three common components of a feedback loop are _____, ______, and _____.
Receptor; integrating (control) center; Effector
Which of these is an example of suspension
Red blood cells in plasma
Endocrine system
Regulates other organs
Integumentary system
Regulates temperature; reduces water loss; provides protection
Lymphatic system
Removes foreign substances from the blood; combats disease; maintains tissue fluid balance
Urinary system
Removes waste products from the blood; maintains water balance
Cells were first discovered when a scientist named ____ observed cell walls in a cork under a microscope
Robert Hooke
Suppose that a woman runs a long-distance race in the summer. During the race, she loses a large amount of hypoosmotic sweat. You would expect her cells to
Shrink
The ___________ structure of a protein results from the folding of the pleated sheets of helices.
Tertiary
__________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________.
The Golgi complex; roughER
metabolism
The characteristic of life that is defined as "all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism".
Which of these statements concerning the symport of glucose into cells is true?
The concentration of glucose can be greater inside cells that outside cells
2,1,6,3,4,5
The following are the organizational levels for considering the body. 1. Cell 2. Chemical 3. Organ 4. Organ system 5. Organism 6. Tissue Choose the correct order for these organizational levels, from simplest to most complex.
4,2,3,1
The following events are part of a negative-feedback mechanism. 1. Blood pressure increases. 2. Control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood pressure set point. 3. The heart beats faster. 4. Receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure. Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur.
Found within the thoracic cavity
The lungs are:
Concerning the process of diffusion, at equilibrium
The net movement of solutes stopsb. Random molecular motion continuesc. There is an equal movement of solute in opposite directions d. The concentration of solute is equal throughout the solution
Forearm
The part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist
Most human cells range from 10-15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can get?
The relationship between its volume and surface area
A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.
Tissue
Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?
Tissue
Which of these is an example of active transport?
Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Na+ -K+ pump?
Transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell
The rate of diffusion increases if the
Viscosity of a solution decreases
Stomach
Which of the following organs is not retroperitoneal?
Birth is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism
Which of these statements concerning positive feedback is correct?
NaCl is
a compound
An enzyme is a substrate-specific because of the shape of its ______.
active site
Which of the following processes could occur only through a cellular membrane?
active transport
A solution with a pH of 5 is ____ and contains ___ H+ than (as) a neutral solution
an acid, more
Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
an increase in reactant concentration
Metabolism is the sum of _____ and _____.
anabolism; catabolism
The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of ____________ variation among organisms.
anatomical
A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of _____.
anatomical variation
The study of normal body structures is called
anatomy
The smallest particle of an element that still has the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n)
atom
An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrals, and 11 protons is a(n)
both an anion and an isotope
A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a
buffer
Oxidation-reduction reactions
can be synthesis or decomposition, have one reactant gaining and one losing electrons, can create ionic or covalent bonds
In general, ______ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
carbohydrates
Proteoglycans are composed of _______.
carbohydrates and proteins
The breakdown of glucose to yield CO2, O, and ATP can be described as
catabolic and exergonic
Electrolytes are
cations and anions the dissociate in water
_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.
cells
__________ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of __________.
centrioles; microtubules
Potential energy stored in bonds is released as _____ energy.
chemical
Which of these molecules are hydrophobic
cholesterol
Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton?
cilia
A portion of an mRNA molecule that determines one amino acid in a polypeptide chain is called a
codon
When jumping into water you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's __________.
cohesiveness
DNA molecules
contain genes
Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell?
cytoskeleton
A drastic conformational change in a protein in response to extreme heat or pH is called _______.
denaturation
What type of gradient cause the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?
electrochemical gradient
The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________.
electrons
The chemical properties of an atom re determined by its
electrons
The study of how hormones function is called
endocrinology
All of the following are human organ systems except ___________
epidermal
Which of these is hydrophobic
fat
The lungs are
found within the thoracic cavity
Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has ____ valence electrons
four
A(n) ______ is a group of atoms that determines many of the properties of an organic molecule.
functional group
Cells that are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end are called _____ cells.
fusiform
Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will ____________, while Cl will ____________.
give up one electron; accept one electron
Triglycerides consist of a 3-Carbon compound called ______ bound to three ___
glycerol; fatty acids
The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________.
glycocalyx
A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a _________.
glycoprotein
In glycocalyx, _____ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells.
glycoproteins
A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.
gradient
The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________.
growth; differentiation
Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.
high; low
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ______________.
higher; shrink
We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.
homeostasis
Negative feedback loops are
homeostatic mechanisms
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through _____ reactions
hydrolysis
A _____ reaction breaks a _____ down into its monomers
hydrolysis; polymer
Potential energy
includes energy within chemical bonds
Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called ____________.
inclusions
A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl.
isotonic; 0.9%
In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called ______, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.
kinases
in decomposition reaction
large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones
Which of these has the highest H+ concentration
lemon juice, pH = 2.3
ATP ____ endergonic and exergonic reactions
links
What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?
lysosome
Which of the following terms encompasses all the other ones?
metabolism
The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has __________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.
microvilli
Muscle cells contain numerous _____ to serve their high demand for ATP.
mitochondria
Which of these is the most appropriate to express the number of molecules per volume
molarity
Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the
molecule
A __________ fatty acid has one double covalent bond between carbo atoms.
monounsaturated
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.
negative feedback
Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a(n) __________ bond.
non polar covalent
Cellular membranes are permeable to ____, but impermeable to______.
nutrients; proteins
An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.
organ; organelles
The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ____________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its __________.
osmolarity; tonicity
Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.
osmosis;aquaporins
A chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom is called a(n) reaction
oxidation
The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is
oxygen
The concentration of a solution may be expressed by all of the following except
pH
The study of mechanism of disease is called
pathophysiology
Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.
peripheral proteins
_________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.
peroxisomes
White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of
phagocytosis
The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are _____.
phospholipids
The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________.
phospholipids
A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. This is an example of _____.
physiological variation
The study of how the body functions is called
physiology
Which of the following is not a method by which particles can leave a cell?
pinocytosis
Which of these brings nonspecific material into a cell
pinocytosis
ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other
pumps
Proteins are ______ built from ______ different amino acids.
polymers; 20
Nucleic acids are ______ of _____.
polymers; nucleotides
a cation is
positively charged ion
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.
postitive feedback
Although transmission electron microscope (TEM) can magnify much more than a light microscope, even at identical magnifications the TEM has the advantage of _____.
producing higher resolution
What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?
protein synthesis
All enzymes are ______
proteins
Membrane proteins that bind signals by which cells communicate are called _____.
receptors
Which of the following is not a membranous organelle?
ribosome
The term ______ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others
selectively permeable
Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________.
smooth ER
Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis?
smooth ER
Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?
smooth ER
Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a(n) __________, the protein is in a(n) __________, and the cells are in a __________.
solution; colloid; suspension
When sugar is dissolved in water the water is called the
solvent
A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _____.
specificity
The flat shaped cells found covering the skin are ____ in shape.
squamous
Proteins perform all of the following functions except
store hereditary information
Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ and is made up of the monomer(s) __________.
sucrose; glucose and fructose
Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________
symport; cotransport
In a workout, your muscle cells produce lactate, yet you maintain a constant blood pH because
the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH
The most relevant free energy in Hyman physiology is the energy stored in _______.
the chemical bonds of organic molecules
All of the following are organs except _______
the digestive system
Insulin is taken up, via endocytosis, by the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries. Then, it's transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called __________.
transcytosis
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________.
up; active transport
Smaller pieces of matter, and even whole cells, can be transported across the plasma membrane in
vesicles
Minerals are found in all of the following except
vitamins
Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except
water in extracellular fluid
Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________.
waterwillpassdownitsconcentrationgradientfromsolutionBtoA