BIOL214 Lecture Exam 1

Right-lower

A patient with appendicitis usually has pain in the _____________ quadrant of the abdomen.

Which of these statements concerning enzymes is correct?

Enzymes are proteins that function as catalysts

Which of these descriptions of heat energy is NOT correct

Heat energy must be added to break apartt ATP molecules

List levels of human structure from most complex to simplest

Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organelle

The folding and coiling of a protein into a globular shape is the ______ structure of the protein.

Tertiary

Superficial and deep

Which of these directional terms are paired most appropriately as opposites?

Parietal Pleura, Parietal Peritoneum

Which of these membrane combinations are found on the surface of the diaphragm?

The breakdown of glycogen (an energy storage compound) is an example of a(n) _____ reaction.

exergonic

The fluid outside of a cell is called

extracellular fluid

Water

is composed of polar molecules into which ionic substances dissociate

Th formula of an amino group is _______; The formula of a carboxyl group is ________.

-NH2;-COOH

Given the following activities: (1) Repair (2) Growth(3) Gamete production(4) Differentiation Which activities is (are) result of mitosis

1,2

(1) Heart and pericardial cavity(2) Lungs and pleural cavity(3) Stomach and peritoneal cavity(4) Kidney and peritoneal cavity Which of the organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds that organ?

1,2,3

Given these characteristics:(1) Requires energy(2) Requires carrier proteins(3) Requires membrane channels (4) Requires vesicles Choose the characteristics that apply to exocytosis.

1,4

A solution with pH 4 has _____ the h+ concentration of a solution with pH 8

10,000 times

Sodium has an atomic number of 11 and atomic mass of 23. Sodium has

12 neutrons and 11 protons

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have?

6

An element with 7 protons, 7 electrons and 7 neutrons has an atomic number of ------ and a mass number of _______.

7;14

Which of the following would not increase the rate of a reaction

A decrease in reactant concentrations

Frontal (coronal) plane

A plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Proximal

A term that means nearer the attached end of a limb is

Which of the following equations depicts an exchange reaction?

AB+CD→AC+BD

A conjugate acid-base pair

Acts as a buffer Can combine with H+ in a solution Can release H+ to combine with OH- Describes carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)

Which of the following is not an aspect that could result in physiological variation?

Age, Gender, Environment, Physical activity

Which of the following statements is NOT a tenet of modern cell theory?

All cells occupy space

Nervous system

Also regulates other organs

A cell that synthesizes large amounts of protein for use outside the cell has a large

Amount of rough ER

The prefix hypo means _____, whereas hyper means ______.

Below; above

What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?

Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport

__________ account for 98.5% of the body's weight.

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus

Which of the following functioning proteins are found in the plasma membrane?

Channel proteins Marker molecules Receptor molecules Enzymes

Physiology:

Deals with the processes or functions of living things

The breakdown of starch by digestive enzymes into glucose molecules is a(n) __________ reaction.

Decomposition

_____________ is the process in which ____________ forces water and small solutes, such as salts, through narrow clefts between capillary cells.

Filtration; hydrostatic pressure

__________ provide motility to a sperm cell, __________ act as sensory "antennae" in many cells, and ____________ increase a cell's surface area.

Flagella; cilia; microvilli

1,2,3

Given these organ and cavity combinations: 1. heart and pericardial cavity 2. lungs and pleural cavity 3. stomach and peritoneal cavity 4. kidney and peritoneal cavity Which of the organs is correctly paired with a space that surrounds that organ?

__________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a polysaccharide.

Glucose; starch

The basic units or building blocks of triglycerides are

Glycerol and fatty acids

The polysaccharide used for energy storage in the human body is

Glycogen

Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles?

Golgi complex

In the following reaction, what is/are the products CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3

H2CO3

The weak attractive forces between two water molecules forms a(n)

Hydrogen bond

Most transmembrane proteins have ___________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and __________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer.

Hydrophilic; hydrophobic

If a cell is placed in a(n) _________ solution, lysis of the cell may occur.

Hypotonic

Which of these statements about facilitated diffusion is true?

In facilitated diffusion, net movement is down the concentration gradient

Metabolism is the sum of all ________ _______ change

Internal; chemical

Which of the following is not one of the three basic components of a cell?

Interstitial fluid

When table salt, sodium chloride (NaCl), is placed in water __________.

Ionic bonds between Na+ and Cl- are broken

ATP

Is formed by the addition of a phosphate group to ADP Is formed with energy released during catabolic reactions Provides the energy for anabolic reactionsContains three phosphate groups

^12C and ^14C are

Isotopes

__________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass.

Isotopes

The vibration of an ear drum is an example of ____ energy.

Kinetic

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Lactose

______ is the substrate of _____.

Lactose; lactase

In general, lipid-soluble molecules diffuse through the ___________; small, water-soluble molecules diffuse through the ___________

Lipid bilayer, carrier proteins

Which of the following is not considered an inclusion?

Lysosome

A buffer

Maintains a relatively constant pH

Negative-feedback mechanisms

Make deviations from the set point smaller, maintain homeostasis, and are associated with and increased sense of hunger the longer a person goes without eating.

Which of these elements of the cytoskeleton is composed of tubular and forms of essential components of centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, and flagella?

Microtubules

During the cell life cycle, DNA replication occurs during the

S phase

Cylindrically shaped extensions of the plasma membrane that do not move, are supported by actin filaments, and may function in absorption or as sensory receptors are

Microvilli

Which of these organelles produces large amounts of ATP

Mitochondria

Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae?

Mitochondrion

Which of the following is not an organic compound?

Na2HPO3(H2O)5

Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.

Negative feedback

A large structure, normally visible in the nucleus of a cell, where ribosomal subunits are produced is called a(n)

Nucleolus

In which of these organelles is mRNA synthesized?

Nucleus

A polar covalent bond between two atoms occurs when

One atom attracts shared electrons more strongly than another atom

Cytoplasm is found

Outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

A white blood cell ingests solid particles by forming vesicles. This describes the process of

Phagocytosis

In the plasma membrane, ____________ form(s) the lipid bilayer, ____________ determine(s) the fluid of the membrane, and ___________ mainly determine(s) the function of the membrane.

Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins

_____ are major components of cell membranes, and are said to be ______

Phospholipids; amphiphilic

Which of the following is most likely to cause disease

Positive feedback

Muscular system

Produces movement; maintains posture; produces body heat

Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simples to the most complex?

Protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach

Which of the following is NOT a nucleotide

RNA

According to the lock-and-key model of an enzyme action,

Reactants must bind to an active site on the enzyme

Three common components of a feedback loop are _____, ______, and _____.

Receptor; integrating (control) center; Effector

Which of these is an example of suspension

Red blood cells in plasma

Endocrine system

Regulates other organs

Integumentary system

Regulates temperature; reduces water loss; provides protection

Lymphatic system

Removes foreign substances from the blood; combats disease; maintains tissue fluid balance

Urinary system

Removes waste products from the blood; maintains water balance

Cells were first discovered when a scientist named ____ observed cell walls in a cork under a microscope

Robert Hooke

Suppose that a woman runs a long-distance race in the summer. During the race, she loses a large amount of hypoosmotic sweat. You would expect her cells to

Shrink

The ___________ structure of a protein results from the folding of the pleated sheets of helices.

Tertiary

__________ synthesize(s) carbohydrates and put(s) finishing touches on proteins synthesized at __________.

The Golgi complex; roughER

metabolism

The characteristic of life that is defined as "all the chemical reactions taking place in an organism".

Which of these statements concerning the symport of glucose into cells is true?

The concentration of glucose can be greater inside cells that outside cells

2,1,6,3,4,5

The following are the organizational levels for considering the body. 1. Cell 2. Chemical 3. Organ 4. Organ system 5. Organism 6. Tissue Choose the correct order for these organizational levels, from simplest to most complex.

4,2,3,1

The following events are part of a negative-feedback mechanism. 1. Blood pressure increases. 2. Control center compares actual blood pressure to the blood pressure set point. 3. The heart beats faster. 4. Receptors detect a decrease in blood pressure. Choose the arrangement that lists the events in the order they occur.

Found within the thoracic cavity

The lungs are:

Concerning the process of diffusion, at equilibrium

The net movement of solutes stopsb. Random molecular motion continuesc. There is an equal movement of solute in opposite directions d. The concentration of solute is equal throughout the solution

Forearm

The part of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

Most human cells range from 10-15 micrometers in diameter. What limits how large a cell can get?

The relationship between its volume and surface area

A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.

Tissue

Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient?

Tissue

Which of these is an example of active transport?

Transport of Na+ from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Na+ -K+ pump?

Transport of Na+ into the cell and K+ out of the cell

The rate of diffusion increases if the

Viscosity of a solution decreases

Stomach

Which of the following organs is not retroperitoneal?

Birth is an example of a normally occurring positive-feedback mechanism

Which of these statements concerning positive feedback is correct?

NaCl is

a compound

An enzyme is a substrate-specific because of the shape of its ______.

active site

Which of the following processes could occur only through a cellular membrane?

active transport

A solution with a pH of 5 is ____ and contains ___ H+ than (as) a neutral solution

an acid, more

Which of the following will increase the rate of a chemical reaction?

an increase in reactant concentration

Metabolism is the sum of _____ and _____.

anabolism; catabolism

The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of ____________ variation among organisms.

anatomical

A surgeon needs to be familiar with different versions of anatomy. This is because of the phenomenon of _____.

anatomical variation

The study of normal body structures is called

anatomy

The smallest particle of an element that still has the chemical characteristics of that element is a(n)

atom

An atom with 12 electrons, 13 neutrals, and 11 protons is a(n)

both an anion and an isotope

A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a

buffer

Oxidation-reduction reactions

can be synthesis or decomposition, have one reactant gaining and one losing electrons, can create ionic or covalent bonds

In general, ______ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

carbohydrates

Proteoglycans are composed of _______.

carbohydrates and proteins

The breakdown of glucose to yield CO2, O, and ATP can be described as

catabolic and exergonic

Electrolytes are

cations and anions the dissociate in water

_________________ are the simplest body structures considered alive.

cells

__________ play an important role in cell division, and they are made of __________.

centrioles; microtubules

Potential energy stored in bonds is released as _____ energy.

chemical

Which of these molecules are hydrophobic

cholesterol

Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton?

cilia

A portion of an mRNA molecule that determines one amino acid in a polypeptide chain is called a

codon

When jumping into water you notice resistance. This resistance is caused by water's __________.

cohesiveness

DNA molecules

contain genes

Which of the following gives a cell structural support, determines the shape of a cell, and directs the movement of substances through a cell?

cytoskeleton

A drastic conformational change in a protein in response to extreme heat or pH is called _______.

denaturation

What type of gradient cause the movement of ions due to both charge and concentration differences?

electrochemical gradient

The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its __________.

electrons

The chemical properties of an atom re determined by its

electrons

The study of how hormones function is called

endocrinology

All of the following are human organ systems except ___________

epidermal

Which of these is hydrophobic

fat

The lungs are

found within the thoracic cavity

Carbon is very versatile in forming bonds with other atoms because it has ____ valence electrons

four

A(n) ______ is a group of atoms that determines many of the properties of an organic molecule.

functional group

Cells that are thick in the middle and tapered toward the end are called _____ cells.

fusiform

Na (atomic no. 11) reacts with Cl (atomic no. 17) to become stable. In the reaction, Na will ____________, while Cl will ____________.

give up one electron; accept one electron

Triglycerides consist of a 3-Carbon compound called ______ bound to three ___

glycerol; fatty acids

The fuzzy coat of carbohydrates on the outer surface of the plasma membrane that functions in cell identification is called the __________.

glycocalyx

A protein that is bound to a carbohydrate is called a _________.

glycoprotein

In glycocalyx, _____ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cells.

glycoproteins

A physiological __________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another.

gradient

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of __________, whereas the transformation of blood stem cells into white blood cells is an example of __________.

growth; differentiation

Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of __________ concentration to the area of _________ concentration.

high; low

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ______________.

higher; shrink

We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.

homeostasis

Negative feedback loops are

homeostatic mechanisms

Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into sugars through _____ reactions

hydrolysis

A _____ reaction breaks a _____ down into its monomers

hydrolysis; polymer

Potential energy

includes energy within chemical bonds

Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called ____________.

inclusions

A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is ________ to your blood cells and is about __________ NaCl.

isotonic; 0.9%

In its second-messenger role, cAMP activates enzymes called ______, whose job is to regulate other enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them.

kinases

in decomposition reaction

large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones

Which of these has the highest H+ concentration

lemon juice, pH = 2.3

ATP ____ endergonic and exergonic reactions

links

What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death?

lysosome

Which of the following terms encompasses all the other ones?

metabolism

The plasma membrane of cells lining the small intestine has __________, which are specialized for absorption of nutrients.

microvilli

Muscle cells contain numerous _____ to serve their high demand for ATP.

mitochondria

Which of these is the most appropriate to express the number of molecules per volume

molarity

Ultrastructure refers to the detailed structure to the level of the

molecule

A __________ fatty acid has one double covalent bond between carbo atoms.

monounsaturated

During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of __________.

negative feedback

Oxygen has an atomic number of eight. When two oxygen atoms come together, they form a(n) __________ bond.

non polar covalent

Cellular membranes are permeable to ____, but impermeable to______.

nutrients; proteins

An _______________ is composed of two or more tissues types, whereas ____________ are microscopic structures in a cell.

organ; organelles

The number of particles of a solute in a solution is described by its ____________. The ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume in a cell is referred to as its __________.

osmolarity; tonicity

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called __________, but water molecules cross the membrane more easily through channels of transmembrane proteins called __________.

osmosis;aquaporins

A chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom is called a(n) reaction

oxidation

The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is

oxygen

The concentration of a solution may be expressed by all of the following except

pH

The study of mechanism of disease is called

pathophysiology

Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.

peripheral proteins

_________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs.

peroxisomes

White blood cells engulf bacteria by means of

phagocytosis

The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are _____.

phospholipids

The plasma membrane is mostly made of molecules that have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. These molecules are called _________.

phospholipids

A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. This is an example of _____.

physiological variation

The study of how the body functions is called

physiology

Which of the following is not a method by which particles can leave a cell?

pinocytosis

Which of these brings nonspecific material into a cell

pinocytosis

ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other

pumps

Proteins are ______ built from ______ different amino acids.

polymers; 20

Nucleic acids are ______ of _____.

polymers; nucleotides

a cation is

positively charged ion

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates the release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of __________.

postitive feedback

Although transmission electron microscope (TEM) can magnify much more than a light microscope, even at identical magnifications the TEM has the advantage of _____.

producing higher resolution

What function would immediately cease if the ribosomes of a cell were destroyed?

protein synthesis

All enzymes are ______

proteins

Membrane proteins that bind signals by which cells communicate are called _____.

receptors

Which of the following is not a membranous organelle?

ribosome

The term ______ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others

selectively permeable

Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________.

smooth ER

Which of the following organelles is not involved in protein synthesis?

smooth ER

Which organelle synthesizes steroids in the ovary and stores calcium in muscle cells?

smooth ER

Blood contains NaCl, protein, and cells. The NaCl is in a(n) __________, the protein is in a(n) __________, and the cells are in a __________.

solution; colloid; suspension

When sugar is dissolved in water the water is called the

solvent

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane will not bind to just any chemical in the extracellular fluid, but only to certain ones. This property is called _____.

specificity

The flat shaped cells found covering the skin are ____ in shape.

squamous

Proteins perform all of the following functions except

store hereditary information

Table sugar is a disaccharide called __________ and is made up of the monomer(s) __________.

sucrose; glucose and fructose

Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________

symport; cotransport

In a workout, your muscle cells produce lactate, yet you maintain a constant blood pH because

the body contains chemicals called buffers that resist changes in pH

The most relevant free energy in Hyman physiology is the energy stored in _______.

the chemical bonds of organic molecules

All of the following are organs except _______

the digestive system

Insulin is taken up, via endocytosis, by the endothelial cells that line blood capillaries. Then, it's transported across the cell to the other side, where it is released. This transport is called __________.

transcytosis

The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium __________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________.

up; active transport

Smaller pieces of matter, and even whole cells, can be transported across the plasma membrane in

vesicles

Minerals are found in all of the following except

vitamins

Channel protein gates respond to all these stimuli except

water in extracellular fluid

Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________.

waterwillpassdownitsconcentrationgradientfromsolutionBtoA