BIOL3307 Unit 4

Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?

infundibulum

What is the hormone that directly stimulates testosterone production?

LH

Define oocyte.

Oocyte is an immature female gamete.

Which of the following best matches the term endometrium?

consists of a basilar layer and a functional layer

What is the lowest, or most distal, part of the uterus?

Cervix

Which of the following is the term for the developmental events events that occur between the ninth week and birth?

Fetal development

What triggers the activation of the secondary oocyte?

Fusion of the sperm and secondary oocyte membranes

What structure releases the secondary oocyte during ovulation?

Graafian follicle

What is the fate of the cluster of cells in the blastocyst known as the inner cell mass?

The cells will develop into the embryo.

Which is the resulting event if fertilization does not occur?

The corpus albicans is formed.

Which of the following does NOT happen during oocyte activation?

The first cleavage is completed.

What happens in the process of hatching?

The zona pellucida is shed from the blastocyst.

Which of the following statements about the uterine tubes is not true?

They are passageways for the elimination of menstrual fluids.

Which of the following statements about the bulbourethral glands is incorrect?

They contribute approximately 25 percent of the semen volume.

Interstitial cells produce

androgens

A hollow ball of cells created by cleavage is called a __________.

blastocyst

When sperm become motile and fully functional, they have undergone __________.

capacitation

The extra-embryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the

chorion

A sequence of cell divisions that begin after fertilization is called __________.

cleavage

What process involves a series of mitotic cell divisions without an increase in the size of the daughter cells?

cleavage

Name the layers of the endometrium.

deeper basal layer and superficial functional layer

The secretions of the seminal vesicles are discharged into the _________________.

ejaculatory duct

The histological composition of the uterine wall consists of the __________.

endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium

The granulosa cells of developing follicles work with thecal cells to produce

estrogens

Starting at the superior end, the uterus in the female is divided into __________.

fundus, body, and cervix

The term for what occurs when the blastocyst touches and grows into the endometrium is __________.

implantation

Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find the most mature spermatozoa?

in the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct

The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the

infundibulum

Which structure, exposed to the blastocoel, will form the embryo?

inner cell mass

The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is

relaxin

Exchange between the embryonic and the maternal circulations occurs by diffusion across the syncytial and cellular trophoblast layers via __________.

the chorionic blood vessels

The extra-embryonic membrane that forms blood cells is the

yolk sac

Which of the following forms the placenta?

Chorion

What is formed from the remaining follicle cells that are not ovulated with the secondary oocyte?

Corpus luteum

What hormone produced by the nurse cells depresses the formation of FSH and provides a negative feedback mechanism for the control of spermatogenesis?

Inhibin

Which hormone acts to reduce the rate at which the anterior pituitary produces FSH?

Inhibin

What is the function of interstitial endocrine cells?

Interstitial endocrine cells produce androgens, such as testosterone.

Which of the following is not true of the epididymis?

It connects the ductus deferens with the seminal vesicle.

Which of the following statements about the uterine cycle is false?

It continues during pregnancy.

Which of the following is true of the epididymis?

It monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluids produced by the seminiferous tubules, It stores and protects sperm and facilitates their functional maturation, It acts as a recycling center for damaged sperm.

Which reproductive gland encircles the urethra as it leaves the bladder and produces an acidic fluid that contributes to semen?

Prostate gland

What is the function of the ducts of the reproductive systems?

Receiving and transporting gametes

Which of the following is not true of testosterone?

Testosterone is a protein (it is a lipid-derived steroid hormone)

Describe the three layers of the uterine wall.

The endometrium is the inner, glandular layer; the myometrium is the middle, muscular layer; the perimetrium is the outer, incomplete serosal layer.

During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, __________.

progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion

The placenta is not a source of which of the following hormones?

prolactin

The prostate, seminal vesicle, and bulbourethral glands do NOT __________.

provide chemicals to make the female's vagina more acidic

Which of the following statements is most accurate in explaining the value of the large numbers of sperm ejaculated to cause fertilization?

A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself.

Nurse cells are not

precursors to gametes.

What is the function of gonads?

produce gametes and produce hormones

Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except

producing spermatozoa.

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of

progesterone

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is

progesterone

Deoxygenated blood is carried to the placenta by the

umbilical arteries

Which of the following is not one of the extra-embryonic membranes?

umbilical cord

Oxygenated blood is carried away from the placenta by the

umbilical vein

Fertilization usually occurs in the __________.

uterine tube

Where does fertilization normally occur?

uterine tube

Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally occur?

uterine tube

What is the proper arrangement of the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus? 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis

4, 1, 3, 2

Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false?

About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.

Which of the following is the term for the events that occur during the first two months of development after fertilization?

Embryological development

Which statement about oogenesis mentions the one characteristic that is the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

Meiosis in oogenesis reduces the chromosome number by half.

Which of the following is the muscular layer of the uterus?

Myometrium

During oogenesis, meiosis produces how many functional gametes?

One

What is the combination of a primary oocyte and a single layer of follicle cells called?

Primordial follicle

What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily produce?

Progesterone

What female reproductive structure receives the ovum from the ovary during ovulation?

Uterine tube

All of the following occur during pregnancy except

a woman's bladder capacity increases.

A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the

amniotic cavity

The fusion of male and female pronuclei is termed __________.

amphimixis

A secondary oocyte, not a mature ovum, is ejected from the ovary during ovulation. Oocyte activation brings about all of the following changes except:

an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte

Throughout embryonic and fetal development, metabolic wastes generated by the fetus are eliminated by their transfer to the __________.

maternal circulation

The chorion develops from the __________.

mesoderm and the trophoblast

Stretching of the cervix causes an increase in the blood levels of

oxytocin

After 3 days, a pre-embryo becomes a solid ball of cells known as a

morula

The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the

myometrium

The female gonad is the __________.

ovary

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

ovulation

Which of the following is not a function of the ovaries?

responding directly to GnRH

The seminal vesicles __________.

secrete a fructose-rich, mucoid substance

The accessory organs in the male that secrete into the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra are the __________.

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbo-urethral glands

When spermatogonia divide, the two daughter cells produced are a spermatogonium and a

spermatocyte

Sperm develop from stem cells called

spermatogonia

The process of spermiogenesis produces

spermatozoa

Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by the process of

spermiogenesis

Which fertilization event occurs immediately after the formation of the male and female pronuclei?

spindle formation and cleavage begins

The prostaglandins produced in the endometrium

stimulate smooth muscle contractions.

The ________ ligament extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall.

suspensory

The male gonad is called a(n)

testis

In a mature human spermatozoan,

the acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes.

Which of the following hormones is not properly matched with its source and primary effects?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone. (FSH stimulates nurse cells to regulate spermatogenesis)

The mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus is the __________.

broad ligament

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the

bulbourethral glands.

Transport of oocytes toward the uterus occurs in the uterine tubes by a combination of __________.

ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions

Which of the following is not part of fertilization?

completion of meiosis I

A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for

follicle maturation.