BIOL3307 Unit 4
Which region of the uterine tube captures the ovum?
infundibulum
What is the hormone that directly stimulates testosterone production?
LH
Define oocyte.
Oocyte is an immature female gamete.
Which of the following best matches the term endometrium?
consists of a basilar layer and a functional layer
What is the lowest, or most distal, part of the uterus?
Cervix
Which of the following is the term for the developmental events events that occur between the ninth week and birth?
Fetal development
What triggers the activation of the secondary oocyte?
Fusion of the sperm and secondary oocyte membranes
What structure releases the secondary oocyte during ovulation?
Graafian follicle
What is the fate of the cluster of cells in the blastocyst known as the inner cell mass?
The cells will develop into the embryo.
Which is the resulting event if fertilization does not occur?
The corpus albicans is formed.
Which of the following does NOT happen during oocyte activation?
The first cleavage is completed.
What happens in the process of hatching?
The zona pellucida is shed from the blastocyst.
Which of the following statements about the uterine tubes is not true?
They are passageways for the elimination of menstrual fluids.
Which of the following statements about the bulbourethral glands is incorrect?
They contribute approximately 25 percent of the semen volume.
Interstitial cells produce
androgens
A hollow ball of cells created by cleavage is called a __________.
blastocyst
When sperm become motile and fully functional, they have undergone __________.
capacitation
The extra-embryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the
chorion
A sequence of cell divisions that begin after fertilization is called __________.
cleavage
What process involves a series of mitotic cell divisions without an increase in the size of the daughter cells?
cleavage
Name the layers of the endometrium.
deeper basal layer and superficial functional layer
The secretions of the seminal vesicles are discharged into the _________________.
ejaculatory duct
The histological composition of the uterine wall consists of the __________.
endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium
The granulosa cells of developing follicles work with thecal cells to produce
estrogens
Starting at the superior end, the uterus in the female is divided into __________.
fundus, body, and cervix
The term for what occurs when the blastocyst touches and grows into the endometrium is __________.
implantation
Where in the male reproductive system would you expect to find the most mature spermatozoa?
in the ductus deferens and ejaculatory duct
The portion of the uterine tube that ends in fingerlike fimbriae is the
infundibulum
Which structure, exposed to the blastocoel, will form the embryo?
inner cell mass
The hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis during pregnancy is
relaxin
Exchange between the embryonic and the maternal circulations occurs by diffusion across the syncytial and cellular trophoblast layers via __________.
the chorionic blood vessels
The extra-embryonic membrane that forms blood cells is the
yolk sac
Which of the following forms the placenta?
Chorion
What is formed from the remaining follicle cells that are not ovulated with the secondary oocyte?
Corpus luteum
What hormone produced by the nurse cells depresses the formation of FSH and provides a negative feedback mechanism for the control of spermatogenesis?
Inhibin
Which hormone acts to reduce the rate at which the anterior pituitary produces FSH?
Inhibin
What is the function of interstitial endocrine cells?
Interstitial endocrine cells produce androgens, such as testosterone.
Which of the following is not true of the epididymis?
It connects the ductus deferens with the seminal vesicle.
Which of the following statements about the uterine cycle is false?
It continues during pregnancy.
Which of the following is true of the epididymis?
It monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluids produced by the seminiferous tubules, It stores and protects sperm and facilitates their functional maturation, It acts as a recycling center for damaged sperm.
Which reproductive gland encircles the urethra as it leaves the bladder and produces an acidic fluid that contributes to semen?
Prostate gland
What is the function of the ducts of the reproductive systems?
Receiving and transporting gametes
Which of the following is not true of testosterone?
Testosterone is a protein (it is a lipid-derived steroid hormone)
Describe the three layers of the uterine wall.
The endometrium is the inner, glandular layer; the myometrium is the middle, muscular layer; the perimetrium is the outer, incomplete serosal layer.
During the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle, __________.
progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum stimulates endometrial growth and secretion
The placenta is not a source of which of the following hormones?
prolactin
The prostate, seminal vesicle, and bulbourethral glands do NOT __________.
provide chemicals to make the female's vagina more acidic
Which of the following statements is most accurate in explaining the value of the large numbers of sperm ejaculated to cause fertilization?
A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself.
Nurse cells are not
precursors to gametes.
What is the function of gonads?
produce gametes and produce hormones
Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except
producing spermatozoa.
Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of
progesterone
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
progesterone
Deoxygenated blood is carried to the placenta by the
umbilical arteries
Which of the following is not one of the extra-embryonic membranes?
umbilical cord
Oxygenated blood is carried away from the placenta by the
umbilical vein
Fertilization usually occurs in the __________.
uterine tube
Where does fertilization normally occur?
uterine tube
Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally occur?
uterine tube
What is the proper arrangement of the four structures listed below into the order in which sperm pass from the testis to the urethral meatus? 1. ductus deferens 2. urethra 3. ejaculatory duct 4. epididymis
4, 1, 3, 2
Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false?
About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.
Which of the following is the term for the events that occur during the first two months of development after fertilization?
Embryological development
Which statement about oogenesis mentions the one characteristic that is the same in spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
Meiosis in oogenesis reduces the chromosome number by half.
Which of the following is the muscular layer of the uterus?
Myometrium
During oogenesis, meiosis produces how many functional gametes?
One
What is the combination of a primary oocyte and a single layer of follicle cells called?
Primordial follicle
What hormone does the corpus luteum primarily produce?
Progesterone
What female reproductive structure receives the ovum from the ovary during ovulation?
Uterine tube
All of the following occur during pregnancy except
a woman's bladder capacity increases.
A space opens within the inner cell mass that will form the
amniotic cavity
The fusion of male and female pronuclei is termed __________.
amphimixis
A secondary oocyte, not a mature ovum, is ejected from the ovary during ovulation. Oocyte activation brings about all of the following changes except:
an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte
Throughout embryonic and fetal development, metabolic wastes generated by the fetus are eliminated by their transfer to the __________.
maternal circulation
The chorion develops from the __________.
mesoderm and the trophoblast
Stretching of the cervix causes an increase in the blood levels of
oxytocin
After 3 days, a pre-embryo becomes a solid ball of cells known as a
morula
The thick muscular layer of the uterus is the
myometrium
The female gonad is the __________.
ovary
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
ovulation
Which of the following is not a function of the ovaries?
responding directly to GnRH
The seminal vesicles __________.
secrete a fructose-rich, mucoid substance
The accessory organs in the male that secrete into the ejaculatory ducts and the urethra are the __________.
seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbo-urethral glands
When spermatogonia divide, the two daughter cells produced are a spermatogonium and a
spermatocyte
Sperm develop from stem cells called
spermatogonia
The process of spermiogenesis produces
spermatozoa
Spermatids mature into spermatozoa by the process of
spermiogenesis
Which fertilization event occurs immediately after the formation of the male and female pronuclei?
spindle formation and cleavage begins
The prostaglandins produced in the endometrium
stimulate smooth muscle contractions.
The ________ ligament extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall.
suspensory
The male gonad is called a(n)
testis
In a mature human spermatozoan,
the acrosome is next to the nucleus, and the head contains 23 chromosomes.
Which of the following hormones is not properly matched with its source and primary effects?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is produced by the anterior pituitary and stimulates the interstitial cells of the testes to produce testosterone. (FSH stimulates nurse cells to regulate spermatogenesis)
The mesentery that encloses the ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus is the __________.
broad ligament
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that secrete a thick, alkaline mucus are the
bulbourethral glands.
Transport of oocytes toward the uterus occurs in the uterine tubes by a combination of __________.
ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
Which of the following is not part of fertilization?
completion of meiosis I
A rise in the blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone at the beginning of the ovarian cycle is responsible for
follicle maturation.