Biological Bases
studies of the spatial aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as
septal defensiveness
Decorticate cats display
sham rage
the muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the
zygomaticus major
in rats, boxing is
- a defensive behavior - directed at attacking conspecifics
the dominant male rat of a colony
- alpha male - usually moves sideways towards a male intruder -usually directs internal attacks at male intruders - usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder
which structures are apart of the limbic system
- amygdala - cingulate cortex - septum - mammillary body
gastric ulcers
- are leisons to the lining of the stomach and duodenum - are more common in people living in stressful situations - have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression
- are parallel processes. - have no direct causal relation. - are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli.
Sham rage is displayed by
- decorticate cats. - cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed.
Darwin believed that
- expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. - expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. - opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures.
the evidence that testosterone affects the aggressive behavior of humans is inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that
- hormones may have less effect on many human aggression than they do on aggression in other species - the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in human are markedly different from those used in other species - testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone
The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks
- indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. - are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory.
the fact that social aggression in many mammalian species occurs more frequently between males and between females is often attributed to the
- organizational effects of testosterone - activation effects of testosterone
lymphocytes are
- specialized white blood cells - produced in bone marrow - stored in the lymphatic system
on the basis of existing evidence the following conclusion about the ANS emotional specificity is warrented
- the and does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli - there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of and activity associated with each emotional state
disruptions in immune function do not necessarily increase the incidence of infectious disease because
- the immune system has many redundant components - disruptions in immune function may be too brief to affect susceptibility to infection - disruption in immune function may trigger compensatory improvements to other aspects of immune function
the defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of
- their topography - the situations in which they occur - their apparent function
Ekman and friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. on the basis of their analysis, they conclude that
- there are six primary facial expressions of emotion - many facial expressions of emotional are mixtures of the six primary emotions
which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion
- there is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion - similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or emphasize with someone experiencing the same emotion
Stressed individuals are more likely than unstressed individuals to report being ill this is because
- they expect to be more ill - illness while stressed is more uncomfortable - stressed contributed to the illness
The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions
-was published in 1872. -was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. -introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression
The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of
Antithesis
microglia are phagocytes of the
CNS
the true smile, which involves the orbiculares could has been termed the
Duchenne smile
which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression
Ekman
The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and
Lange
In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals
Submission
each amygdala is
a cluster of many nuclei
what is not a symptom of the kluver-bucy syndrome?
aggression
correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean the high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because
aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone level
Charles witman, the Texas tower sniper, had a tumor in his
amygdala
bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the _____ bloc auditory fear conditioning
amygdala
the structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the
amygdala
Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produce the Kluver-Bucey syndrome?
anterior temporal lobe
the polygraph does not detect lies, it detects
arousal
lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sound but not simple sounds
auditory cortex
during a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rats target site is almost always the
back of the neck
in the rat, the target site for social aggression is the
back, near the base of the tail
Ronda was threatened by a robber so she kicked him. her response is an example of
defensive attack
fear is the motivating force for
defensive behaviors
an important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression are many mammalian species is that it is
dependent on testosterone
The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience
different
according to James Lange theory different emotional stimuli induce _____ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity
different
A mirror like system is thought to be the neural mechanism of
empathy
memory B cells
enable antibody-mediated immune reactions to occur more quickly in a particular antigen is encountered a second time
Stress that improves health has been termed
eustress
patients with gastric ulcers are often helped by
- antibiotics - psychological treatment, even if they dont reduce h. pylori infection
the belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the
facial feedback hypothesis
the theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the
facial feedback hypothesis
h pylori has been implicated as a casual factor in
gastric ulcers
because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence the
guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible
the clever-bucy syndrome
- was first demonstrated by clever and bucy - was first demonstrated in monkeys -has been observed in humans
in order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique the polygraphed needs to
have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any other suspect
Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context
hippocampus
which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors
hippocampus
Paper believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other structures of the limbic system on the
hypothalamus
The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral response to threat via the _____, respectively
hypothalamus and PAG
antibody cells are manufactured by a class of lymphocytes called
B cells
Bard's research on sham rage led him to conclude that the
hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression
Limbic
Border
Brief stressors usually
improve immune function
the Duchenne smile
involves the orbiculares oculi
Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning, this part is the
lateral nucleus
polygraphs is commonly referred to as
lie detection
Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the
limbic system.
Which of the following is not one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?
lust
t cells and b cells are
lymphocytes
each t cell has 2 ids of receptors on its membrane: one for molecules normally found on the surface of ____ and one for a specific ______
macrophages: antigen
in most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between
male conspecifics
Most patients with gastric ulcers display signs of h pylori infection, however, too put this observation in perspective it is important to understand that
many healthy people are similarly infected
le doux and hsi colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the _______ blocked auditory fear condition but that bilateral lesions to the ______ did not
medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex
Phineas Gage had damage to his
medial prefrontal lobe
understanding of the bidirectional effects of stress on immune function improve substantially following the ____ of sergestrom and miller
meta-analysis
The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called
microexpressions
because of it is difficult to determine for each whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty many studies of lie detection use the
mock-crime procedure
Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an anti anxiety drug tends to increase the efficiency of their
mouse killing
According to the James-Lange theory, the
experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are
parallel processes
the human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in
perception of fear in others
Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by
pointing their beaks away from one another.
body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in singling
pride
separating rat pups from their mothers
produces increase in behavioral and endocrine stress response in adulthood
the field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called
psychoneuroimmunology
Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called
psychosomatic disorders
in rats later attack is a component of
social aggression
which of the following is testorone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species
social aggression
Subordination strss is most readily investigated by species that form
stable dominance hierarchies
the adult neurogenesis of hippocampal cells is reduced by
stress
the relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing
suboridination stress
stress disrupts the performance of
tasks mediated by the hippocampus
The lambic system rings the
thalamus
the pattern of behavior is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called
the Kluver-Bucy syndrome
vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because
the adaptive immune system has a memory
blanchard and blanchard drives rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using
the colony intruder model of aggression and defense
the results of ekman and friesen (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested that
the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all culture
handling rat pups for a minutes per day during the first few weeks of their lives has beneficial effects on their hippocampus , this efffect occurs because
the handled rats receive extra grooming from their mothers
the immune system has 2 components
the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system
according to cannon-bard theory different emotional stimuli induce _______ patterns of the autonomic nervous system
the same
fear is the emotional reaction to
threat
the results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact,
vacillating between attacks and defense