Biological Bases

studies of the spatial aggression phenomenon in rats suggest that it would be more appropriate to refer to it as

septal defensiveness

Decorticate cats display

sham rage

the muscle that pulls up the lip corners during a smile is the

zygomaticus major

in rats, boxing is

- a defensive behavior - directed at attacking conspecifics

the dominant male rat of a colony

- alpha male - usually moves sideways towards a male intruder -usually directs internal attacks at male intruders - usually directs bites at the back of a male intruder

which structures are apart of the limbic system

- amygdala - cingulate cortex - septum - mammillary body

gastric ulcers

- are leisons to the lining of the stomach and duodenum - are more common in people living in stressful situations - have been produced in experimental animals by exposure to stress

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, emotional experience and emotional expression

- are parallel processes. - have no direct causal relation. - are independently triggered by the same emotional stimuli.

Sham rage is displayed by

- decorticate cats. - cats whose cerebral hemispheres, excluding the hypothalamus, have been removed.

Darwin believed that

- expressions of emotion evolve from behaviors that indicate what an animal is likely to do next. - expressions of emotion evolve in ways that enhance their communicative function and that their original function may be lost. - opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures.

the evidence that testosterone affects the aggressive behavior of humans is inconsistent. The text suggests that this inconsistency may be attributable to the fact that

- hormones may have less effect on many human aggression than they do on aggression in other species - the tests that have been used to study testosterone and aggression in human are markedly different from those used in other species - testosterone can be synthesized and act locally in particular brain structures, but studies of testosterone and human aggression have been based on general blood levels of testosterone

The emotional experiences of patients with broken necks

- indicate that somatic and autonomic feedback from the body is not necessary for the experience of emotion. - are inconsistent with the James-Lange theory.

the fact that social aggression in many mammalian species occurs more frequently between males and between females is often attributed to the

- organizational effects of testosterone - activation effects of testosterone

lymphocytes are

- specialized white blood cells - produced in bone marrow - stored in the lymphatic system

on the basis of existing evidence the following conclusion about the ANS emotional specificity is warrented

- the and does not respond in the same way to all emotional stimuli - there is not enough evidence to conclude that there is a different pattern of and activity associated with each emotional state

disruptions in immune function do not necessarily increase the incidence of infectious disease because

- the immune system has many redundant components - disruptions in immune function may be too brief to affect susceptibility to infection - disruption in immune function may trigger compensatory improvements to other aspects of immune function

the defensive and aggressive behaviors of rats have been assigned to various categories on the basis of

- their topography - the situations in which they occur - their apparent function

Ekman and friesen (1975) analyzed hundreds of films and photographs of people experiencing various emotions. on the basis of their analysis, they conclude that

- there are six primary facial expressions of emotion - many facial expressions of emotional are mixtures of the six primary emotions

which of the following is a major finding of cognitive neuroscientific research on emotion

- there is usually activity in sensory and motor cortex when a person experiences an emotion - similar patterns of brain activity occur when a person experiences an emotion or emphasize with someone experiencing the same emotion

Stressed individuals are more likely than unstressed individuals to report being ill this is because

- they expect to be more ill - illness while stressed is more uncomfortable - stressed contributed to the illness

The first major book on the biopsychology of emotions

-was published in 1872. -was The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals. -introduced Darwin's theory of the evolution of emotional expression

The idea that opposite messages are often signaled by opposite movements and postures is called the principle of

Antithesis

microglia are phagocytes of the

CNS

the true smile, which involves the orbiculares could has been termed the

Duchenne smile

which of the following psychologists is well known for his research on facial expression

Ekman

The first major physiological theory of emotions was independently proposed in 1884 by James and

Lange

In the dog, ears back, back down, hair down, and tail down signals

Submission

each amygdala is

a cluster of many nuclei

what is not a symptom of the kluver-bucy syndrome?

aggression

correlations between aggressive behavior and testosterone levels do not necessarily mean the high testosterone levels cause aggressive behavior because

aggressive encounters often cause increases in testosterone level

Charles witman, the Texas tower sniper, had a tumor in his

amygdala

bilateral lesions to either the medial geniculate nucleus or the _____ bloc auditory fear conditioning

amygdala

the structure in which the emotional significance of sensory signals is learned and retained is believed to be the

amygdala

Bilateral lesions to which of the following structures produce the Kluver-Bucey syndrome?

anterior temporal lobe

the polygraph does not detect lies, it detects

arousal

lesions to which brain structure in rats disrupt auditory fear conditioning to complex sound but not simple sounds

auditory cortex

during a sequence of predatory attacks on a frog or a mouse, a rats target site is almost always the

back of the neck

in the rat, the target site for social aggression is the

back, near the base of the tail

Ronda was threatened by a robber so she kicked him. her response is an example of

defensive attack

fear is the motivating force for

defensive behaviors

an important feature of social aggression that distinguishes it from other forms of aggression are many mammalian species is that it is

dependent on testosterone

The James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories make __________ predictions about the effects of feedback from somatic and autonomic activity on emotional experience

different

according to James Lange theory different emotional stimuli induce _____ patterns of autonomic nervous system activity

different

A mirror like system is thought to be the neural mechanism of

empathy

memory B cells

enable antibody-mediated immune reactions to occur more quickly in a particular antigen is encountered a second time

Stress that improves health has been termed

eustress

patients with gastric ulcers are often helped by

- antibiotics - psychological treatment, even if they dont reduce h. pylori infection

the belief that putting on a happy face makes one feel happier is an example of the

facial feedback hypothesis

the theory that facial expressions can influence emotional experience is called the

facial feedback hypothesis

h pylori has been implicated as a casual factor in

gastric ulcers

because even innocent people undergoing a lie-detector test are likely to be aroused by questions about their guilt or innocence the

guilty-knowledge technique should be employed when possible

the clever-bucy syndrome

- was first demonstrated by clever and bucy - was first demonstrated in monkeys -has been observed in humans

in order to employ the guilty-knowledge technique the polygraphed needs to

have a piece of information about the crime that is known by the guilty party but not by any other suspect

Lesions to which structure specifically block the conditioning of fear to a context

hippocampus

which neural structure has a particularly dense population of glucocorticoid receptors

hippocampus

Paper believed that emotional states were expressed through the action of the other structures of the limbic system on the

hypothalamus

The amygdala is thought to activate the appropriate sympathetic and behavioral response to threat via the _____, respectively

hypothalamus and PAG

antibody cells are manufactured by a class of lymphocytes called

B cells

Bard's research on sham rage led him to conclude that the

hypothalamus plays a critical role in the expression of aggression

Limbic

Border

Brief stressors usually

improve immune function

the Duchenne smile

involves the orbiculares oculi

Evidence suggests that only one part of the amygdala plays a major role in fear conditioning, this part is the

lateral nucleus

polygraphs is commonly referred to as

lie detection

Papez attributed emotion to activity in what became known as the

limbic system.

Which of the following is not one of Ekman and Friesen's primary emotional expressions?

lust

t cells and b cells are

lymphocytes

each t cell has 2 ids of receptors on its membrane: one for molecules normally found on the surface of ____ and one for a specific ______

macrophages: antigen

in most mammalian species, social aggression usually occurs between

male conspecifics

Most patients with gastric ulcers display signs of h pylori infection, however, too put this observation in perspective it is important to understand that

many healthy people are similarly infected

le doux and hsi colleagues found that bilateral lesions to the _______ blocked auditory fear condition but that bilateral lesions to the ______ did not

medial geniculate nucleus; auditory cortex

Phineas Gage had damage to his

medial prefrontal lobe

understanding of the bidirectional effects of stress on immune function improve substantially following the ____ of sergestrom and miller

meta-analysis

The true expressions that momentarily break through false expressions are called

microexpressions

because of it is difficult to determine for each whether a person who has been accused of breaking the law is innocent or guilty many studies of lie detection use the

mock-crime procedure

Pellis and his colleagues found that giving cats an anti anxiety drug tends to increase the efficiency of their

mouse killing

According to the James-Lange theory, the

experience of emotion is produced by the brain's perception of the body's reactions to emotional stimuli.

According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the feeling of emotion by the cortex and the expression of emotion by the autonomic and somatic nervous systems are

parallel processes

the human amygdala seems to be specifically involved in

perception of fear in others

Gulls signal aggression by pointing their beaks at one another and submission by

pointing their beaks away from one another.

body cues, in addition to facial expression, play a particularly important role in singling

pride

separating rat pups from their mothers

produces increase in behavioral and endocrine stress response in adulthood

the field that focuses on the effect of stress on immune function is called

psychoneuroimmunology

Disorders whose symptoms are primarily physical but whose development is greatly influenced by psychological factors are called

psychosomatic disorders

in rats later attack is a component of

social aggression

which of the following is testorone dependent in mice and many other mammalian species

social aggression

Subordination strss is most readily investigated by species that form

stable dominance hierarchies

the adult neurogenesis of hippocampal cells is reduced by

stress

the relation among chronic fear, stress, and ill health is apparent in animals undergoing

suboridination stress

stress disrupts the performance of

tasks mediated by the hippocampus

The lambic system rings the

thalamus

the pattern of behavior is observed in monkeys after their anterior temporal lobes have been removed is called

the Kluver-Bucy syndrome

vaccination is often an effective preventive measure because

the adaptive immune system has a memory

blanchard and blanchard drives rich descriptions of rat intraspecific aggression and defense by using

the colony intruder model of aggression and defense

the results of ekman and friesen (1971) study of an isolated New Guinea tribe suggested that

the facial expressions that are associated with particular human emotions are the same in all culture

handling rat pups for a minutes per day during the first few weeks of their lives has beneficial effects on their hippocampus , this efffect occurs because

the handled rats receive extra grooming from their mothers

the immune system has 2 components

the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system

according to cannon-bard theory different emotional stimuli induce _______ patterns of the autonomic nervous system

the same

fear is the emotional reaction to

threat

the results of a study by Pellis and his colleagues suggest that cats that appear to be playing with mice are, in fact,

vacillating between attacks and defense