Biology 1001 Chapter 1

quanitative

numerical measurements

observational studies

"causation or correlation", cobatted by large cohorts

variables

"vary"

3 things a cell can do

- regulate internal environment -take in and use energy -respond to its environment

life's hiarchy of organization

1. biosphere 2. ecosystem 3. community 4. populaiton 5. organism 6. organs/ organ systems 7. tissue 8. cell 9. organelle 10. molecule

Darwin's observations

1. individual variations 2. overproduction of offspring

7 categories of life

1. order 2. reproduction 3. response to environment 4.growth and development 5.energy processing 6. regulation 7. evolutionary adaption

Darwin's Inferences

1. unequal reproductive success 2. accumulation of traits over time

due to artificial selection higher rates of extinction: ______

100- 1000 X

3 domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

cells

Basic unit of life

Which statement is not an example of evolution that has resulted from human activity?

Because of hunting, organisms such as bears and wolves are fewer in number.

gene expression

DNA --> RNA --> Protein

genetic information

DNA provides master instructions for all cell functions

Which statement about evolution is true?

Evolution can result in adaptations.

kingdoms of eukarya

Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

Scientists interested in knowing the best way to restore an area after a temporary road was built through it completed a study comparing two treatments: (1) restoring the contour of an area so that there was no longer a depression or cut-through where the road was previously and (2) simply abandoning the area to allow vegetation to return on its own. They wanted to know whether either or both of these treatments would return the aboveground vegetation and the belowground soil properties to their original state, as seen in a similar area where there had never been a road. The researchers concluded, "These findings support the prediction that recontouring accelerates the rehabilitation of key ecohydrologica properties toward reference dynamics." What does this mean?

Recontouring allows the water properties of the system to return to normal faster.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Watching salt crystals form as ocean water evaporates, a student says, "Look−−more and more crystals are appearing. The ocean water is alive!" Which statement is an accurate evaluation of the student's remark?The student is incorrect because all of the crystals reproduce the same kind of crystals with no variation to provide adaptation, so the ocean water is not alive.

The student is incorrect because all of the crystals reproduce the same kind of crystals with no variation to provide adaptation, so the ocean water is not alive.

discovery of DNA

Watson and crick, used x-ray crystalography

A hypothesis is

a proposed explanation for a set of observations

The teeth of grain-eating animals (such as horses) are usually broad and ridged. This makes the teeth suitable for grinding and chewing. Meat-eating animals (such as lions) have pointed teeth that are good for puncturing and ripping flesh. This illustrates

a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function

Genetic code

all life use it to translate DNA --> proteins

systems biology

analyzing interactions among their parts

descent with modification

ancestors are different

goal of technology

apply scientific knowledge

science

approach to understand the natural world

Which of the following statements is not consistent with Darwin's theory of natural selection? a-Factors in the environment result in some organisms having better reproductive success than others. b-Individual organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment. c-Natural selection can lead to the appearance of new species. d-Individuals in a population exhibit variations, some of which are passed from parents to offspring.

b

eukarya

complex cells

prospective study

enter at beginning, collect data over time

core theme of biology

evolution

controlled experiment

experimental vs. control group

A theory is a(n)

explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

2 processes of ecosystems

flow of energy and cycling of matter

theory of evolution supported by:

fossils experiements observations dna comparisons

Researchers set up a study to determine whether large doses of a nutritional supplement would shorten the length of time it takes to recover from a cold. Three thousand volunteers were split into two groups. For two weeks, members of group A took 3,000 mg of the supplement daily. Group B received 3,000 mg of a placebo (sugar pill). At the end of the two-week period, the researchers inserted live cold viruses directly into the noses of all the volunteers. The volunteers in both group A and group B continued to take their daily pills. All the volunteers got colds, and there was no significant difference in the length of time the colds lasted. Which was the experimental group?

group A only

artificial selection

humans agents of evolution

Which statement provides the best evidence that there is a common genetic code that demonstrates the unity of life?

hydrogen bonds

You notice that over the past month, many students on campus have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt. You think to yourself that perhaps the bookstore has recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This is an example of a(n)

hypothesis

theory

large body of evidence

independent variable

manipulated by researchers

natural selection

mechanism for evolution

bacteria

microscopic w/ simple cells

archea

microscopic w/ simple cells, live in extreme environments

Inference 2. accumulation of traits over time

more of population had advantageous traits over time

red panda's wrist holding bamboo, explained by ___

natural selection

DNA strands made of 4 kinds of building blocks called ___

nucleotides

genes

precise info in units of inheritance

Observation 2. overproduction of offspring

produce more than environment can support

hypothesis

proposed explanations

major player in building/ maintaining the cell

protein

2 types of data

qualitative and quantitative

qualitative data

recorded descriptions

data

recorded observations

retrospective study

records, interviews, etc.

goal of classification system

reflect evolutionary history and relationships of organisms

2 types of observational studies

retrospective, prospective

experiment

scientific test

DNA molecules made of 2 longs chains called ___ coiled into a _____

strands, double helix

___ and ____ are always related

structure / function

biology

the scientific study of life

Inference 1. unequal reproductive success

traits suited to environment more likely to survive

Observation 1. individual variations

traits vary, passed on from parents

goal of science

understand natural phenomena

dependent variables

used to judge the outcome