Biology 1001 Chapter 1
quanitative
numerical measurements
observational studies
"causation or correlation", cobatted by large cohorts
variables
"vary"
3 things a cell can do
- regulate internal environment -take in and use energy -respond to its environment
life's hiarchy of organization
1. biosphere 2. ecosystem 3. community 4. populaiton 5. organism 6. organs/ organ systems 7. tissue 8. cell 9. organelle 10. molecule
Darwin's observations
1. individual variations 2. overproduction of offspring
7 categories of life
1. order 2. reproduction 3. response to environment 4.growth and development 5.energy processing 6. regulation 7. evolutionary adaption
Darwin's Inferences
1. unequal reproductive success 2. accumulation of traits over time
due to artificial selection higher rates of extinction: ______
100- 1000 X
3 domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
cells
Basic unit of life
Which statement is not an example of evolution that has resulted from human activity?
Because of hunting, organisms such as bears and wolves are fewer in number.
gene expression
DNA --> RNA --> Protein
genetic information
DNA provides master instructions for all cell functions
Which statement about evolution is true?
Evolution can result in adaptations.
kingdoms of eukarya
Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia
Scientists interested in knowing the best way to restore an area after a temporary road was built through it completed a study comparing two treatments: (1) restoring the contour of an area so that there was no longer a depression or cut-through where the road was previously and (2) simply abandoning the area to allow vegetation to return on its own. They wanted to know whether either or both of these treatments would return the aboveground vegetation and the belowground soil properties to their original state, as seen in a similar area where there had never been a road. The researchers concluded, "These findings support the prediction that recontouring accelerates the rehabilitation of key ecohydrologica properties toward reference dynamics." What does this mean?
Recontouring allows the water properties of the system to return to normal faster.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms
Watching salt crystals form as ocean water evaporates, a student says, "Look−−more and more crystals are appearing. The ocean water is alive!" Which statement is an accurate evaluation of the student's remark?The student is incorrect because all of the crystals reproduce the same kind of crystals with no variation to provide adaptation, so the ocean water is not alive.
The student is incorrect because all of the crystals reproduce the same kind of crystals with no variation to provide adaptation, so the ocean water is not alive.
discovery of DNA
Watson and crick, used x-ray crystalography
A hypothesis is
a proposed explanation for a set of observations
The teeth of grain-eating animals (such as horses) are usually broad and ridged. This makes the teeth suitable for grinding and chewing. Meat-eating animals (such as lions) have pointed teeth that are good for puncturing and ripping flesh. This illustrates
a result of natural selection as well as the connection between form and function
Genetic code
all life use it to translate DNA --> proteins
systems biology
analyzing interactions among their parts
descent with modification
ancestors are different
goal of technology
apply scientific knowledge
science
approach to understand the natural world
Which of the following statements is not consistent with Darwin's theory of natural selection? a-Factors in the environment result in some organisms having better reproductive success than others. b-Individual organisms experience genetic change during their life spans to better fit their environment. c-Natural selection can lead to the appearance of new species. d-Individuals in a population exhibit variations, some of which are passed from parents to offspring.
b
eukarya
complex cells
prospective study
enter at beginning, collect data over time
core theme of biology
evolution
controlled experiment
experimental vs. control group
A theory is a(n)
explanation of an idea that is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.
2 processes of ecosystems
flow of energy and cycling of matter
theory of evolution supported by:
fossils experiements observations dna comparisons
Researchers set up a study to determine whether large doses of a nutritional supplement would shorten the length of time it takes to recover from a cold. Three thousand volunteers were split into two groups. For two weeks, members of group A took 3,000 mg of the supplement daily. Group B received 3,000 mg of a placebo (sugar pill). At the end of the two-week period, the researchers inserted live cold viruses directly into the noses of all the volunteers. The volunteers in both group A and group B continued to take their daily pills. All the volunteers got colds, and there was no significant difference in the length of time the colds lasted. Which was the experimental group?
group A only
artificial selection
humans agents of evolution
Which statement provides the best evidence that there is a common genetic code that demonstrates the unity of life?
hydrogen bonds
You notice that over the past month, many students on campus have started wearing a new style of school sweatshirt. You think to yourself that perhaps the bookstore has recently started selling this new sweatshirt style. This is an example of a(n)
hypothesis
theory
large body of evidence
independent variable
manipulated by researchers
natural selection
mechanism for evolution
bacteria
microscopic w/ simple cells
archea
microscopic w/ simple cells, live in extreme environments
Inference 2. accumulation of traits over time
more of population had advantageous traits over time
red panda's wrist holding bamboo, explained by ___
natural selection
DNA strands made of 4 kinds of building blocks called ___
nucleotides
genes
precise info in units of inheritance
Observation 2. overproduction of offspring
produce more than environment can support
hypothesis
proposed explanations
major player in building/ maintaining the cell
protein
2 types of data
qualitative and quantitative
qualitative data
recorded descriptions
data
recorded observations
retrospective study
records, interviews, etc.
goal of classification system
reflect evolutionary history and relationships of organisms
2 types of observational studies
retrospective, prospective
experiment
scientific test
DNA molecules made of 2 longs chains called ___ coiled into a _____
strands, double helix
___ and ____ are always related
structure / function
biology
the scientific study of life
Inference 1. unequal reproductive success
traits suited to environment more likely to survive
Observation 1. individual variations
traits vary, passed on from parents
goal of science
understand natural phenomena
dependent variables
used to judge the outcome
