Biology 101 (for Leslie)

List 6 Kingdoms of life

1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

Name the 13 Hierarchical levels of the organization of life.

1. Atoms 2 Molecules 3. Macromolecules 4. Organelles 5. Cells 6. Tissues 7. Organs 8. Organ systems 9. Organism 10. Population 11. Species 12 Community 13. Ecosystem

Name the 5 Cellular level

1. Atoms 2. Molecules 3. Macromolecules 4. Organelles 5. Cells

Name the 5 basic properties shared by all living things

1. Cellular organization 2. Metabolism 3. Homeostasis 4. Growth and reproduction 5. Heredity

List the 5 general themes that define biology as a science

1. Evolution 2. The Flow of Energy 3. Cooperation 4. Structure Determines Function 5. Homeostasis

Name the 4 Populational Level

1. Population 2. Species 3. Community 4. Ecosystem

Name the 4 Organismal Level

1. Tissues 2. Organs 3. Organ systems 4. Organism

Cellular organization

All living things are composed of one or more cells. A cell is a tiny compartment with a thin covering called a membrane. Some cells have simple interiors, while others are complexly organized, but all are able to grow and reproduce. A human body contains about 10-100 trillion cells (depending on how big you are) - that is a lot, a string 100 trillion centimeters long could wrap around the world 1,600 times!

Growth and reproduction

All living things grow and reproduce. Bacteria increases in size and simply split in two, as often as every 15 minutes. More complex organisms grow by increasing the number of cells and reproduce sexually by producing gametes that combine giving rise to offspring.

Metabolism

All living things use energy. Moving, growing,thinking- everything you do requires energy. Where does all this energy come from? It is captured from sunlight by plants, algae, and certain bacteria through photosynthesis. To get the energy that powers our lives, we extract it from plans or from animals that eat plans or that eat plant-eating animals. The transfer of energy from one form to another in cells is an example of Metabolism.

Heredity

All organisms posses a genetic system that is based on a long molecule call DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The information that determines what an individual organism will be like to contained in a code that is dictated by the order of the subunits making up the DNA molecule, just as the order of letters on this page determines the sense of what you are reading. Each set of instructions within the DNA is called a gene. DNA is faithfully copied from one generation to the next, and so any change in a gene is preserved and passed on to future generations. The transmission of characteristics form parent to offspring is a process called heredity.

Flow of Energy

All organisms require energy to carry out the activities of living---- to build bodies and do work and think thoughts.

Species

All the populations of a particular kind of organism together form a species, its members similar in appearances and able to interbreed. All Canada geese are members of the species Branta Canadesis Sandhill cranes are a different species

Community

At a higher level of biological organization, a community consists of all the populations of different species living together in one place. Geese, for example, may share their pond with ducks, fish, grasses, and many kinds of insects

Explain the origin of emergent properties

At each higher level in the living hierarchy, novel properties emerge, properties that were not present at simpler levels. These emergent properties result from the way in which components interact and are the natural consequence of the hierarchy and structural organization of life. Functional properties emerge from more complex organization. Metabolism is an emergent property of life. The chemical reactions within a cell arise from interactions between molecules that are orchestrated by the orderly environment of the cell's interior. Consciousness is an emergent property of the brain that results from the interactions of many neurons in different parts of the brain.

Ecosystems

At the highest tier of biological organization, a biological community and the soil and water within which it lives together constitute an ecological system, or ecosystem.

Organ Systems

At the third level of organization, organs are grouped into organ systems. The nervous system, for example, consists of sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, neurons that convey signals throughout the body, and supporting cells

Molecules

Atoms are joined together into complex clusters called molecules

Organelles

Complex biological molecules are assembled into tiny compartments with cells called organelles, such as the nucleus within which the cell's DNA is stored.

Macromolecules

Large complex molecules are called macromolecules, such as DNA that stores hereditary information

Protista

Most of the unicellular eukaryotes (those whose cells contain a nucleus) are grouped into kingdom, and so are the multicellular algae pictured here.

Organism

Organ systems function together to form an organism

Cells

Organelles and other elements are assembled into membrane -bounded units we call cells. Cells are the smallest level of organization that can be considered alive.

Animalia

Organism in this kingdom are nonphotosynthetic multicellular organisms that digest their food internally, such as this ram.

Atom

The fundamental elements of matter are atoms

Tissues

The most basic level is that of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit. Nerve tissue is one ind of tissue, composed of cells call neurons that carry electrical signals.

Population

The most basic of these is the population, which is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same place. A flock of geese living together on a pond is a population.

Bacteria

This group is the second of the two prokaryotic kingdoms. Shown here as a purple sulfur bacteria, which are able to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Fungi

This kingdom contains nonphotosynthetic organisms, mostly multicellular, that digest their food externally such as those mushrooms.

Plantae

This kingdom contains photosynthetic multicellular organisms that are primarily terrestrial, such as the flowering planet pictured here.

Archaea

This kingdom of prokaryotes (simple cells that do not have nuclei) includes this methanogen, which manufactures methane.

Organs

Tissue, in turn, are grouped into organs, which are body structures composed of several different tissues that form a structural and functional unit. Your brain is an organ composed of nerve cells and a variety of tissues that form protective coverings and distribute blood.

Homeostasis

While the environment often varies a lot, organisms act to keep their interior conditions relatively constant using a process called homeostasis. For example, your body acts to maintain an internal temperature of about 37* C (98.6* F), regardless of how hot or cold the weather might be. Stable internal conditions allow other complex body processes to be better coordinated.

Evolution

is genetic change in a species over time. (natural selection)