Ecology Final Homework

T/F: Change in temperature has been the greatest in the tropics.

False

T/F: Herbivores are tracking phenological changes in their resource in response to climate change.

False

T/F: In terrestrial habitats, species richness is negatively correlated with primary productivity.

False

T/F: Patterns of species migrations, such as birds that nest in North America during the spring and in South America during the winter, do not alter seasonal patterns of regional diversity for a wide range of taxonomic groups.

False

T/F: The 1.4 million species identified are equally distributed across the Earth's surface.

False

T/F: The current warming trend on the Earth is due solely to natural fluctuations.

False

T/F: As the structural diversity of plant communities increases, the species richness of animals also increases.

True

T/F: On a geological timescale, changes in climate do not influence overall regional patterns of species diversity.

True

T/F: Species richness in both terrestrial and marine environments generally declines with latitude.

True

T/F: The "wobble" of the Earth's tilt is responsible for previous ice ages.

True

T/F: The diverse topography of mountainous regions generally supports more species of plants and animals than the consistent terrain of flatlands.

True

T/F: There is currently a drying trend due to global warming in the Southern Hemisphere.

True

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a) All of the major groups of plants have increased relatively continuously since their origin. b) The earliest vascular plants were replaced by ferns that dominated during the Carboniferous period. c) In general, there has been an increase in the number of species on the planet over the past 600 million years. d) Since their origin, there has been an almost continuous increase in the number of species of plants. e) Angiosperms are currently the dominant plant group.

a) All of the major groups of plants have increased relatively continuously since their origin.

In relation to the stability hypothesis of diversity, which area provides the best evidence that glaciation reduced temperate tree diversity? a) Europe b) Russia c) North America d) Asia

a) Europe

Overall, what is the net trend of NPP due to climate change? a) It is decreasing. b) It is not affected. c) It is increasing. d) It is decreasing currently, but will soon begin to increase.

a) It is decreasing

Which of the following statements about nitrogen deposition is FALSE? a) Nitrogen oxides remain in the atmosphere for some time, circulating globally, and can increase deposition far from their origin. b) As nitrogen deposition continues to increase in an area, water and other nutrients may become limited and the ecosystem may experience "nitrogen saturation." c) Human activities, such as combustion of fossil fuels, have increased the inputs of nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere far above normal levels. d) Initially nitrogen deposition acts as a fertilizer, increasing rates of net primary productivity. e) Deposition rates vary greatly among geographic regions.

a) Nitrogen oxides remain in the atmosphere for some time, circulating globally, and can increase deposition far from their origin.

How has climate change altered the mountain pine beetle? a) They now have two generations per year. b) Their abundance has increased through lack of predators due to mismatched phenology. c) They are being outcompeted by the prairie pine beetle. d) They have decreased the average elevation of their distribution.

a) They now have two generations per year.

Variation in species richness of terrestrial species in North America correlates most strongly with estimates of... a) actual or potential evaportranspiration b) precipitation c) annual temperature d) solar radiation

a) actual or potential evaportranspiration

How are the majority tree species responding to climate change in terms of distribution? a) contracting in range b) moving north c) moving south d) no change

a) contracting in range

Which of the following statements is true? a) elephants are major agents of disturbance in Africa. Even relatively small animals can be major agents of disturbance b) disturbance results in a static mosaic across the landscape c) clear-cutting favors reproduction of shade-tolerant species d) small animals, such as insects, are largely affected by landscape patterns, and they do little to alter those patterns e) human activities have minimal impacts of ecosystems

a) elephants are major agents of disturbance in Africa. Even relatively small animals can be major agents of disturbance

In tropical rain forests, high precipitation and consistently high temperatures result in __________. a) high rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling b) low rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling c) high rates of decomposition but low rates of nutrient cycling d) low rates of decomposition but high nutrient cycling e) low rates of decomposition and unpredictable nutrient cycling

a) high rates of decomposition and nutrient cycling

Which of the following would contribute to a negative feedback loop that would reduce atmospheric CO2? a) increased terrestrial NPP b) increased CO2 emissions c) decreased terrestrial NPP d) decreased oceanic NPP

a) increased terrestrial NPP

The end of the Pleistocene epoch was marked by a mass extinction of... a) large mammals b) small mammals c) shallow water marine invertebrates d) dinosaurs and other large repitles

a) large mammals

What is PET? a) potential evaportranspiration b) positive evaporative transport c) probable evapotranspiration d) probability of evaporation

a) potential evaportranspiration

Corridors are important for all of the following except? a) sessile species b) isolated populations c) highly mobile species d) species with large home ranges e) edge species

a) sessile species

In marine environments... a) species richness decreases and productivity increases with latitude. b) both species richness and productivity increase with latitude. c) both species richness and productivity decrease with latitude. d) species richness increases and productivity decreases with latitude.

a) species richness decreases and productivity increases with latitude.

Which part of the Earth is warming the most quickly? a) the Arctic b) the Northern Hemisphere c) the tropics d) all parts of the earth are warming equally

a) the Arctic

Imagine following a single carbon atom through the carbon cycle. Which of the following is a possible path for the carbon atom to take? a) the atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere b) The atmosphere; a plant; a higher-level consumer; then back to the atmosphere. c) The atmosphere; a plant; an herbivore; another plant; then back to the atmosphere. d) The atmosphere; a decomposer; a higher-level consumer; then back to the atmosphere e) The atmosphere; a decomposer; then back to the atmosphere.

a) the atmosphere, a plant, a herbivore, a decomposer, then back to the atmosphere

Which of the following is not thought to be accomplished by corridors? a) they decrease species diversity b) they have often been used in conservation biology c) they help to facilitate movement between connected patches of habitat d) they increase gene flow e) they promote the reestablishment of locally extinct species

a) they decrease species diveristy

Angiosperms emerged... a) 300 million years ago b) 100 million years ago c) 400 million years ago d) 200 million years ago

b) 100 million years ago

What percentage of carbon emissions remain in the atmosphere? a) 5% b) 50% c) 90% d) 15%

b) 50%

You have joined a fraternal ecological organization with an unusual initiation ritual. They drop you off in a distant biome with limited supplies and you must camp there for two days, study the biome and give a presentation at the first meeting of the organization. You find yourself in a warm area dominated by evergreen shrubs that seem to grow more in the wetter winter months than in the summer. You also notice evidence of fires in the area. The title of your presentation could be __________. a) Sweating It Out in the Tropical Rain Forest b) My Time in the Mediterranean Climate: Enjoying a Temperate Shrubland c) My Time in the Tundra d) Seas of Grass: My Time in a Temperate Grassland e) Leaves Aflame: My Time in the Temperate Deciduous Forest

b) My Time in the Mediterranean Climate: Enjoying a Temperate Shrubland

When studying forests undergoing secondary succession, your team was tasked with assessing the effect of distance from other, older forests on the number of species that became established in the patches. Which of the following would be a correct description of the graph of your likely results? Mean distance from older forests is on the x-axis, and number of species in the patch is on the y-axis. a) the graph would start with low values of species richness at low values for distance to the nearest older forest, and then it would follow a positive parabolic relationship, initially maintaining low values for species richness with a steep increase after a certain threshold distance. b) The graph would start with high values of species richness and low values for distance to the nearest older forest, and follow an inverse relationship with higher distances to the nearest forest having lower species richness. c) A flat line beginning with the species richness that was set by the successional stage.

b) The graph would start with high values of species richness and low values for distance to the nearest older forest, and follow an inverse relationship with higher distances to the nearest forest having lower species richness.

In which group of organisms has the timing of spring events changed the most in response to climate change? a) birds b) amphibians c) butterflies d) trees

b) amphibians

Which of the following represents the largest anthropogenic source of sulfur released to the atmosphere? a) trash-burning incinerators b) burning of fossil fuels c) fixation for agricultural fertilizer d) biomass burning

b) burning of fossil fuels

What time period has the greatest richness of fossilized invertebrates? a) carboniferous b) cenozoic c) cretaceous d) cambrian

b) cenozoic

Which of these is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth? a) tundra b) coniferous forest c) temperate broadleaf forest d) temperate grassland e) desert

b) coniferous forest

Dry seasons in the tropics are analogous to temperate winters because __________. a) the temperatures decline during the winter and dry seasons b) deciduous trees in both locations lose their leaves and cease photosynthetic activity c) the trees flower during this period and increase the strength of the visual display d) productivity is unpredictable during this time e) the precipitation declines during the winter and dry seasons

b) deciduous trees in both locations lose their leaves and cease photosynthetic activity

Through geological time, global species richness has _____ a) increased and decreased cyclically b) increased with several rapid declines followed by renewed continuous increases c) decreased after an initial flurry of diversification d) changed erratically e) increased continuously

b) increased with several rapid declines followed by renewed continuous increases

When was the largest extinction in Earth's history? a) cambrian b) permian c) cretaceous d) the current time

b) permian

Terrestrial vertebrate richness is most strongly tied to... a) primary productivity b) potential evapotranspiration c) sea surface temperatures d) altitude

b) potential evaportranspiration

An organism gets carbon by using carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to make sugar molecules. This organism is a... a) primary consumer b) producer c) decomposer d) higher-level consumer e) none of the above

b) producer

Which of the following shows the correct chronological order (old to recent) of near or total extinctions? a) marine invertebrates, dinosaurs, psilopsids, large mammals b) psilopsids, marine invertebrates, dinosaurs, large mammals c) large mammals, marine invertebrates, dinosaurs, psilopsids d) dinosaurs, psilopsids, marine invertebrates, large mammals

b) psilopsids, marine invertebrates, dinosaurs, large mammals

What are the two major factors determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes? a) temperature and light b) temperature and rainfall c) light and rainfall d) plants and animals e) temperature and plants

b) temperature and rainfall

Researchers added labeled nitrogen to the soil around a population of trees. They analyzed the ratio of labeled to unlabeled nitrogen in the leaves, in the herbivore consumers, and in the soil in the subsequent season. What are possible hypotheses they are testing in their experiment? a) respiration rates will increase with supplemental nitrogen b) the inputs of nitrogen are exceeded by the amount of nitrogen re-cycled in a system c) leaf litter removal due to heavy storms will alter nitrogen cycling in plants d) light availability improves nitrogen acquisition in plants e) humidity affects the cycling time in nitrogen cycles

b) the inputs of nitrogen are exceeded by the amount of nitrogen re-cycled in a system

Which region has seen the largest increase in ectotherm metabolic rate? a) north temperate b) tropical c) south temperate d) arctic

b) tropical

Which size forest fragment would be most affected by habitat fragmentation over the longest period of time? a) 100 hectares b) 1000 hectares c) 1 hectare d) 10 hectars

c) 1 hectare

The wobble of the Earth is not causing the current warming trend because it takes place on a scale of... a) 4100 years b) 410 years c) 41,000 years d) 410,000 years

c) 41,000 years

What effect is warming predicted to have on migration behavior? a) Birds will depart for migration later and return later. b) Birds will depart for migration later and return earlier. c) Birds will depart for migration earlier and return earlier. d) Birds will depart for migration earlier and return later.

c) Birds will depart for migration earlier and return earlier.

Which of the following is not a greenhouse gas? a) N2O b) CH4 c) N2 d) CO2

c) N2

Why is the Arctic fox declining in numbers? a) They are up against their thermal maximum with increased global temperatures. b) Melting ice reduces suitable habitat. c) Red fox are outcompeting them as they expand north. d) Resource availability is lacking.

c) Red fox are outcompeting them as they expand north.

A map of estimated inorganic nitrogen deposition from nitrate and ammonium shows the highest levels of nitrogen deposition in the Midwest (Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, and Iowa) as well as high deposition rates in the northeastern Atlantic coast, with the exception of Maine. Deposition rates are lowest west of the Rocky mountains, except in California where they are moderate. Why do we see this general pattern? a) The moderate and high levels are explained by increased levels of agriculture leading to higher nitrogen oxide emissions. The low levels are because there is not much agriculture in those regions. b) Deforestation in the moderate to high regions results in soil acidification and increased nitrogen deposition. c) The high level of agriculture or emissions from the burning of fossil fuels lead to high nitrogen oxide emissions. These are then deposited as nitrate or ammonium close to where they are emitted.

c) The high level of agriculture or emissions from the burning of fossil fuels lead to high nitrogen oxide emissions. These are then deposited as nitrate or ammonium close to where they are emitted.

When one examines the global distribution of tundra ecosystems, there are inconsistencies with the expected latitudinal distribution of the tundra biome. In South America there is a thin strip where these biomes are found from close to the equator almost to the southern tip of the continent. How are these found in these very different latitudes? a) The line observed on the map corresponds to a rain shadow created by the Andes. b) The band of tundra in South America is due to special weather patterns in which the moist air coming off the coast deposits excess precipitation along this band. c) The line observed on the map corresponds to the Andes, a very tall mountain range. d) The distribution of tundra correlates with longitude more than latitude. e) These areas are far inland, so the temperatures are not buffered by the water off the coast.

c) The line observed on the map corresponds to the Andes, a very tall mountain range.

Every carbon atom in the organic molecules that make up your body MUST recently have been part of... a) a sugar molecule made in one of your chloroplasts b) a higher-level consumer c) a producer d) a decomposer e) a primary consumer

c) a producer

The largest natural emission of sulfur is __________. a) forest fires b) marine plants c) dimethylsulfide [(CH3) 2S] gas from oceans d) anaerobic oxidation of organic matter e) volcanic activity

c) anaerobic oxidation of organic matter

Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers? a) the burning of fossil fuels by factories and cars b) animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by cars c) animal wastes and fertilizers d) fertilizer runoff and the burning of fossil fuels by cars e) animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by factories

c) animal wastes and fertilizers

In some regions, butterflies are emerging earlier than the flowering of herbaceous plants. This is an issue because... a) butterflies rely on the flowers for shelter. b) butterflies rely on the flowers to deposit eggs. c) butterflies rely on the flowers for food. d) herbaceous plants rely on butterflies for food.

c) butterflies rely on the flowers for food.

Which of these biomes is characterized by little rainfall? a) temperature broadleaf forest b) coniferous forest c) desert d) temperature grassland e) tropical rain forest

c) desert

In great tits, increased warming has resulted in... a) larger body size b) greater mortality c) earlier egg laying d) earlier migration schedules

c) earlier egg laying

What is a GCM? a) geothermal climate model b) geographic climate model c) general circulation model d) general climate model

c) general circulation model

Which group of plants emerged first? a) angiosperms b) gymnosperms c) pteridophytes d) conifers

c) pteridophytes

The end of the Permian period was characterized by a mass extinction of a) large mammals b) small mammals c) shallow water marine invertebrates d) dinosaurs and other large repitles

c) shallow water marine invertebrates

Which of the following cycles has no gaseous component? a) the oxygen cycle b) the sulfur cycle c) the phosphorous cycle d) the nitrogen cycle e) the carbon cycle

c) the phosphorous cycle

The International Tundra Experiment provides evidence that... a) the Arctic has risen in temperature by 1-3°C. b) species diversity will increase in the Arctic due to climate change. c) there will be less cover by lichens and mosses due to climate change. d) shrubs in the Arctic will have decreased height due to climate change.

c) there will be less cover by lichens and mosses due to climate change.

Which biome is characterized by an extensive canopy that allows little light to penetrate to the ground and by the presence of epiphytes? a) temperate grassland b) coniferous forest c) tropical rain forest d) desert e) tundra

c) tropical rain forest

Which biome is characterized by the presence of permafrost? a) taiga b) tropical forest c) tundra d) coniferous forest e) desert

c) tundra

The number of species of living organisms on the planet is probably closest too... a) 100,000 b) 100,000,000 c) 1,000,000 d) 10,000,000

d) 10,000,000

How far has the global sea level risen over the past 100 years? a) 0 mm b) 15 mm c) 15 cm d) 150 mm

d) 150 mm

In 2004, the IUCN declared how many hotspot regions? a) 86 b) 10 c) 25 d) 35

d) 35

Which state is most likely to be a hotspot for biodiversity? a) North Carolina b) South Dakota c) West Virginia d) California

d) California

Gaps are small scale disturbances in a forest caused by a few or many trees falling. Which of the following statements about gaps is FALSE? a) Small-scale disturbances change the biological and physical composition of the forest. b) Unlike large-scale disturbances, gap formation does not result in a complete change in a patch. c) Gaps in forests are quickly colonized by shade-intolerant, early successional species. d) Gaps in forests decrease diversity. e) The microclimates of gaps differ from the forest surrounding them

d) Gaps in forests decrease diversity.

Which of the following was seen as a significant predictor of diversity in the oceans? a) NPP b) PET c) IUCN d) SST

d) SST

Which of the following statements about forest management is FALSE? a) Selection cutting produces only small openings or gaps in the forest canopy. b) Clear-cut areas can be badly disturbed by erosion that affects subsequent recovery of the site as well as adjacent aquatic communities. c) One problem with sustained-yield forestry is that it is focused on the sustained yield of the timber products. d) Sustained yield in a forest management system allows for rapid rotation and turnover rates of 10 years or less. e) The uncut trees in the seed-tree, or shelterwood, system are intended to be the main source of seed for establishing natural regeneration after harvest.

d) Sustained yield in a forest management system allows for rapid rotation and turnover rates of 10 years or less

What is the evidence that exists to support the idea that the greater area of the tropics is the reason for higher diversity? a) There are more mountainous areas in the tropics, creating more surface area. b) The land mass is greater at the equator than elsewhere on Earth. c) The area of the Atlantic Ocean is greater at the equator. d) The area between 0° and 10° is greater than between 60° and 70° latitude.

d) The area between 0° and 10° is greater than between 60° and 70° latitude.

Which of the following statements about the nitrogen cycle is FALSE? a) Nitrogen can be added to the biosphere through volcanic activity and the weathering of volcanic rocks. b) Small amounts of nitrogen are lost into sedimentary rocks and sediments of the deep ocean. c) The application of chemical fertilizers to agricultural fields leads to large outflows of nitrates to groundwater and streams. d) The majority of nitrogen flows through ecosystems, and relatively little recycling occurs. e) Soil pH has a large impact on the rates of nitrogen fixation and nitrification.

d) The majority of nitrogen flows through ecosystems, and relatively little recycling occurs.

Which process or processes return carbon to the atmosphere? a) photosynthesis only b) breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller organic molecules by decomposers c) cellular respiration and photosynthesis d) cellular respiration only e) Cellular respiration and the breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller organic molecules by decomposers

d) cellular respiration only

Which taxa contain the largest number of known species? a) plants (embryophytes) b) crustaceans c) fungi d) coleoptera

d) coleoptera

Conservation efforts for the Florida panther face challenges common to many large predators, particularly that the amount of space needed for adequate habitat for recovery and conservation of the species is quite large. Which of the following is a way that conservationists could solve this problem in the somewhat densely populated state of Florida? a) collect the panthers from the wild and preserve them in one or more zoos b) establish fenced areas to protect the panthers c) use traps to remove potential competitors of the Florida panthers d) create wildlife overpasses and underpasses across highways in the panthers' territories e) establish many small parks or reserves

d) create wildlife overpasses and underpasses across highways in the panthers' territories

The dinosaurs and many other animals became extinct at the end of the... a) cambrian period b) permian period c) pleistocene epoch d) cretaceous period

d) cretaceous period

You are examining the distribution of pollination behavior of bees in different landscapes. You note that in some landscapes with many close patches of forest connected by wooded fence lines, the bees move readily from forest to forest, harvesting pollen in multiple patches, and they produce a much greater yield of honey. In other areas where there are large open tracts of farmland between forests, the bees must fly along a single corridor of riparian forest in order to reach the different forests, and they produce far less honey. Which of the following is an appropriate conclusion from your study? a) patches that are closer together seem to increase competition, thus reducing honey production by the bees b) open tracts of farmland provide important flyways for the bees c) bees foraging behavior is not affected by habitat connectivity d) foraging success (as measured by honey production) is positively correlated with patch connectivity e) honey production depends on access to rivers

d) foraging success (as measured by honey production) is positively correlated with patch connectivity

Because most key nutrients have gaseous pools, their biogeochemical cycling must be considered on a(n) __________ scale. a) individual b) regional c) ecosystem d) global e) local

d) global

Plant species in California's Santa Rosa Mountains are seen to be... a) unaffected by climate change b) moving southward c) growing larger in size d) moving to higher elevation

d) moving to higher elevation

During what period did one of the greatest extinctions of mammals occur? a) carboniferous b) permian c) cretaceous d) pleistocene

d) pleistocene

Which of the following is seen as a significant predictor of increased diversity in trees? a) wind patterns b) decreased temperatures c) decreased precipitation d) primary producitivity

d) primary productivity

Which of the following is the correct order of plant evolutionary appearance (geologically oldest to present date)? a) pteriodophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms, psilopsids b) gymnosperms, angiosperms, psilopsids, pteriodophytes c) angiosperms, gymnosperms, psilopsids, pteriodophytes d) psilopsids, pteriodophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

d) psilopsids, pteriodophytes, gymnosperms, angiosperms

In North America, what is the greatest risk of warming to trees? a) less variable precipitation b) reduced growing season c) Most species live near their thermal maximum. d) reduced water availability

d) reduced water availability

What is the great risk of warming to tropical marine species? a) less variable precipitation b) reduced growing season c) Most species live near their thermal maximum. d) reduced water availability

d) reduced water availability

As temperatures increase during seasonal fluctuations in marine environments... a) species richness increases and species dominance decreases. b) both species richness and species dominance increase. c) both species richness and species dominance decrease. d) species richness decreases and species dominance increases.

d) species richness decreases and species dominance increases.

What is the main cause of sea level rise? a) sinking land b) reduced summer sea ice c) reduced snow cover d) warm water expanding

d) warm water expanding

This is the driest biome, where many plants have water-conserving features such as thick leaves and needles

desert

Which of the following statements about the habitats of temperate climates is FALSE? a) Broadleaf deciduous forests dominate large portions of the humid regions of the temperate zone, especially in the Northern Hemisphere. b) In the Southern Hemisphere, temperate evergreen forests predominate in mild, moist climates. c) Deciduous forests show vertical stratification. d) Animal diversity is tied to vertical strata of temperate forests e) Herbaceous species of the temperate forests tend to flower just after the canopy regrows in the spring.

e) Herbaceous species of the temperate forests tend to flower just after the canopy regrows in the spring.

Which of the following statements about metacommunities is FALSE? a) Metacommunities involve the dispersal by at least some of the species to link interactions among the sites. b) The basic focus in metacommunity theory is to examine what regulates the co-existence of multiple species in that same system of connected habitat patches. c) Metacommunities involve multiple potentially interacting species. d) Metacommunities involve multiple patches at which interaction might occur. e) Metacommunity dynamics will not affect individual populations' extinction or colonization probability, rather they will affect the community as a whole.

e) Metacommunity dynamics will not affect individual populations' extinction or colonization probability, rather they will affect the community as a whole.

Which of the following statements about tropical savannas is FALSE? a) Temperature has a relatively small impact on the vegetation present in savannas. b) Savannas are characterized by grasses and occasional shrubs or trees. c) Water availability limits the density of woody plants. d) The dominant vegetation is fire-adapted in savannas. e) Savannas show little interannual variation in total precipitation

e) Savannas show little interannual variation in total precipitation

Which of the following statements about temperate grasslands is true? a) Grasslands thrive where temperatures are highest. b) Ungulates are the dominant grazers of Australian grasslands. c) The temperate grasslands of Africa are called steppes. d) Grasslands of North America are divided into only two types. e) The vegetation of temperate grasslands depends on the predictability and amount of rainfall.

e) The vegetation of temperate grasslands depends on the predictability and amount of rainfall.

Aquatic nitrate pollution can result in ____. a) algal bloom b) oxygen depletion c) fish kills d) hypoxia e) an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

e) an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

At the regional, or metapopulation, scale, population growth and regulation is determined by __________. a) demographic processes b) emigration c) environmental fluctuation d) stochastic processes e) dispersal, extinction and colonization

e) dispersal, extinction and colonization

The two types of biogeochemical cycles are ___ and ___. a) endothermic, exothermic b) atmospheric, oceanic c) atmospheric, geological d) terrestrial, aquatic e) gaseous, sedimentary

e) gaseous, sedimentary

Photosynthesis in a forest ecosystem represents a(n) __________ of carbon and an __________ of oxygen. a) output, output b) input, input c) output, input d) cycling, immobilization e) input, output

e) input, output

Which organisms play a role in returning carbon to the atmosphere? a) producers only b) consumers and decomposers c) consumers only d) decomposers only e) producers, consumers and decomposers

e) producers, consumers and decomposers

Which of the following statements about habitat borders and transitions is FALSE? a) borders can create difficulties for some species that inhabit them b) species found only in edge habitats are called edge species c) border habitats are unique habitats that offer easy access to adjacent habitat types d) species diversity in edges is influenced by the degree of contrast between adjacent habitats e) species diversity tends to be lower in edge habitats

e) species diversity tends to be lower in edge habitats

In this hot, dry biome, populations of zebras, gazelles, and giraffes are concentrated around widely spaced watering holes

savanna

Regions where the climate is ___ are known as steppe

semiarid

This biome is characterized by broad-leaved trees that lose their leaves each fall and remain dormant during winter

temperate deciduous forest

Also called steppe or prairie, this biome has been extensively developed for agricultural use due to its nutrient-rich soils

temperate grassland

Despite having lush vegetation and diverse biological communities, the soil in this biome has low nutrient content and cannot support long-term agriculture

tropical rainforest

T/F: Habitat destruction generally progresses along the borders of a forest, which are the most accessible to new colonists

true

This cold, dry biome is populated by lichens and shrubs that can survive great seasonal variations in sunlight and temperature.

tundra