Biology 102 final test 2 & 3
which set of symbols represents the stages of interphase
G1, S, and G2
the goal of mitosis is to
form two equal daughter nuclei
the three stages of aerobic respiration are
glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
an individual with the genotype Aa mates with an individual with the genotype AA, which of the following is true
half of the offspring will be Aa
with of the following is true about enzymes
in a human cell, nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes
hydrophilic signaling molecules can affect a cell from the outside by interacting with specific receptors that are located
in the plasma membrane
tumor suppressor proteins ____ cell division
inhibit
as a biological process, osmosis
is a type of passive transport
plant cells perform cytokinesis differently that animal cells because
the plant cell's rigid cell wall prevents the plasma membrane from pinching inward as it does in animal cells
non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes undergo crossing-over. what is the significance of this process
the resulting gametes will have different gene combinations the those of their parent cells
complex molecules rebuilt from smaller organic compounds by using energy to drive ___ reactions
anabolic
animal calls are attached to neighboring cells by all of the following
anchoring junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions.
Cancers are groups of cells that divide uncontrollably because they
are unable to respond to the negative internal or external signals that keep the cell from dividing
a women who has already had children develops skin cancer from overexposure to the sun. is it likely that her children have inherited this cancer from her
no because somatic mutations are not passed on to the next generation
which of the following statements about the chromosomes in a homologous pair if true
one chromosome came from the organism's mother and the other came from the organisms father
what is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants
photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they eat either plants or organisms that eat plants
when two individuals who are heterozygous for a gene are mated, we would predict a dominant to recessive phenotypic ratio of ____ in the offspring
3:1
which of the following would directly supply energy to an active carrier protein
ATP
which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism
BbCCdd
heat speeds up chemical reactions by
Causing reactants to collide more often
the completion of the physical division of the parent cell cytoplasm that usually occurs during the last stage of mitosis is known as
Cytokinesis
cell division, which is the climate of the cell cycle, consists of
Cytokinesis plus mitosis or meiosis
which of the fooling process must occur before cell division begins
DNA synthesis
You observe a vesicle moving toward the plasma membrane from the inside of a cell. Once it reaches and fuses with the plasma membrane, you will most likely see an example of
Exocytosis
HeLa cells display a variety of abnormalities. Which is most associated with their ability to divide repeatedly?
HeLa cells express the telomerase gene and are able to reconstruct the ends of their chromosomes after each round of cell division
the individuals Mendel observed in the F1 generation were always
Heterozygous
which of the following molecules carries electrons that will be used to reduce other molecules in an electron transport chain
NADH
multicellular organisms have various specialized cells because
Specialized cells ensure that processes necessary for life occur efficiently
which of the fooling symbols correctly represents a person who has a homozygous genotype
WW
which of the following is NOT true of cell division
a cell has no control over how often it divides
which type of molecule will diffuse through the plasma membrane most quickly
a small non polar molecule like carbon dioxide
an allele is
a version of a gene
what feature distinguishes a developing embryo from a zygote
a zygote consists of a single cell, whereas and embryo is multicellular
the concentration of glucose inside a cell is higher that the concentration outside that cell, yet glucose continues to enter the cell, this is an example of
active transport
what is the most likely explanation for why colon cancer frequently metastasizes to the liver
blood flows from the colon to the liver
which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis with cellular respiration is true
both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chain
cancer in humans is caused
by both environmental and genetic factors
in the chemical reaction H2O+CO2+carbonic anhydrase -- H+HCO3-+ carbonic anhydrase, the carbonic anhydrase is an
enzyme
the enzyme rubisco is important to the process of
carbon fixation
a physical, chemical, or biological agent that causes cancer is called a
carcinogen
active transport requires
cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP
the two sister chromatids of a single chromosome are held together by a
centromere
during the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the kinetic energy of moving photons and transform it into potential energy in the form of
chemical (carbon) bonds
The leaf color of a certain plant is controlled by one gene. For that gene, the allele G = orange and g = green. You have a plant with orange leaves, but do not know whether that plant's genotype is GG or Gg. Which of the following would help you determine the plant's genotype?
cross the plant to a plant with a green leaves
glycolysis occurs in a cell's
cytosol
the ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that
degrades carbon dioxide
hikers can detect a dead skunk along a trail long before they actually see it. what process allows the scent of the skunk to be so widely dispersed
diffusion
which of the following sequences correctly represents the level of DNA packing, from simplest to most dense
dna strand-chromatin-chromosome
which of the following pairs of words would be used correctly to describe alleles
dominate or recessive
during the S phase, the cell
duplicates its DNA
when ATP breaks apart into ADP and a free phosphate group, which of the following processes occurs
energy is released and can be used to power cellular activities
the energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's
environment
a tumor that has gained the ability to spread throughout the body, generally with life-threading consequences, is know as ____ tumor
malignant
gametes are produced by meiosis rather that mitosis because
meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes so that the zygotes resulting from fertilization will have one full genome consisting of a diploid number of chromosomes
Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the phase of cell division called
metaphase
which of the following components contribute to the structure of the cytoskeleton of a cell
microtubules and actin filaments
a single cells zygote grows into a multicellular organism by the process of
mitosis
Microtubules are responsible for
moving and positioning organelles inside the cell
a mutation that occurs in a diploid cell can be inherited only if the
mutation occurs in a cell that produces gametes
a pungent square is used to
predict the outcome of a genetic cross
in the chemical reaction C6H12O6+6H20 the 6CO2 molecules are some of the
products
Most cell surface receptors of chemical messages are made of
proteins
most enzymes are members of a special class of
proteins
in photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is
provided by carbon dioxide
after glycolysis, the 6-carbon glucose molecule has been split into 2 molecules of the 3- carbon sugar ____ that will then move inside the mitochondrion for completion of aerobic
pyruvate
in what way does a human cell differ from a human gamete
somatic cells differentiate into at least 220 cell types, whereas there are only two types of gametes
as an individual ages, cancer risk increases over the course of a life because
somatic mutations accumulate
in animals, one meiosis can lead to the production of new
sperm
Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming
sugars
the outcome of the Calvin cycle is the
synthesis of sugars like glucose, fructose, and sucrose
the second law of thermodynamics
systems tent to become more disorderly over time
most of the reactions that allow NADH to pick up electrons in a cell and carry them tot ETC take place in
the Krebs cycle
If exposure to sunlight causes a mutation in a single proto-oncogene in a diploid cell so that it becomes hyperactive, then
the cell might produce a protein that pushed it into rapid cell division
the inner membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts are folded into various arrangements. what is the advantage of having a folded membrane rather than a simple interior membrane that follows the same oval shape as the exterior membrane
the folds allow for more surface area for the chemical reactions that occur across the inner membranes
Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if
they encounter a substrate that fits their active site
during anaphase, daughter chromosomes do which of the following things
they move toward opposite spindle poles
the light capturing pigment of photosynthesis like chlorophyll are contained in the membrane of a structure known as a
thylakoid
the photosynthetic reactions that re dependent on light occur in the
thylakoid membrane
a tall plant mates with itself and produced all tall offspring. this cross is repeated for many generations with the same results. the parental plant is most likely
true-breeding
which of the following expresses menders law of segregation
two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up win different gametes
Imagine two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane that is impermeable to glucose. on one side of the membrane, solution a contains 10 percent of glucose and on the other side, solution b contains 25 percent glucose
water will move from solution a to solution b
a recessive allele can only appear in the phenotype of an individual
who is homozygous for the recessive allele
is it possible for two organisms with the same genotype to have different phenotypes
yes; the expression of the genotype can be affected by the environment
the successful union of one male gamete and one female gamete forms a new single cell known as
zygote