Biology 102 final test 2 & 3

which set of symbols represents the stages of interphase

G1, S, and G2

the goal of mitosis is to

form two equal daughter nuclei

the three stages of aerobic respiration are

glycolysis, krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation

an individual with the genotype Aa mates with an individual with the genotype AA, which of the following is true

half of the offspring will be Aa

with of the following is true about enzymes

in a human cell, nearly all chemical reactions are catalyzed by enzymes

hydrophilic signaling molecules can affect a cell from the outside by interacting with specific receptors that are located

in the plasma membrane

tumor suppressor proteins ____ cell division

inhibit

as a biological process, osmosis

is a type of passive transport

plant cells perform cytokinesis differently that animal cells because

the plant cell's rigid cell wall prevents the plasma membrane from pinching inward as it does in animal cells

non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes undergo crossing-over. what is the significance of this process

the resulting gametes will have different gene combinations the those of their parent cells

complex molecules rebuilt from smaller organic compounds by using energy to drive ___ reactions

anabolic

animal calls are attached to neighboring cells by all of the following

anchoring junctions, tight junctions, gap junctions.

Cancers are groups of cells that divide uncontrollably because they

are unable to respond to the negative internal or external signals that keep the cell from dividing

a women who has already had children develops skin cancer from overexposure to the sun. is it likely that her children have inherited this cancer from her

no because somatic mutations are not passed on to the next generation

which of the following statements about the chromosomes in a homologous pair if true

one chromosome came from the organism's mother and the other came from the organisms father

what is the importance of photosynthesis to organisms other than plants

photosynthesis captures energy that other organisms access when they eat either plants or organisms that eat plants

when two individuals who are heterozygous for a gene are mated, we would predict a dominant to recessive phenotypic ratio of ____ in the offspring

3:1

which of the following would directly supply energy to an active carrier protein

ATP

which of the following choices represents the genotype of an individual diploid organism

BbCCdd

heat speeds up chemical reactions by

Causing reactants to collide more often

the completion of the physical division of the parent cell cytoplasm that usually occurs during the last stage of mitosis is known as

Cytokinesis

cell division, which is the climate of the cell cycle, consists of

Cytokinesis plus mitosis or meiosis

which of the fooling process must occur before cell division begins

DNA synthesis

You observe a vesicle moving toward the plasma membrane from the inside of a cell. Once it reaches and fuses with the plasma membrane, you will most likely see an example of

Exocytosis

HeLa cells display a variety of abnormalities. Which is most associated with their ability to divide repeatedly?

HeLa cells express the telomerase gene and are able to reconstruct the ends of their chromosomes after each round of cell division

the individuals Mendel observed in the F1 generation were always

Heterozygous

which of the following molecules carries electrons that will be used to reduce other molecules in an electron transport chain

NADH

multicellular organisms have various specialized cells because

Specialized cells ensure that processes necessary for life occur efficiently

which of the fooling symbols correctly represents a person who has a homozygous genotype

WW

which of the following is NOT true of cell division

a cell has no control over how often it divides

which type of molecule will diffuse through the plasma membrane most quickly

a small non polar molecule like carbon dioxide

an allele is

a version of a gene

what feature distinguishes a developing embryo from a zygote

a zygote consists of a single cell, whereas and embryo is multicellular

the concentration of glucose inside a cell is higher that the concentration outside that cell, yet glucose continues to enter the cell, this is an example of

active transport

what is the most likely explanation for why colon cancer frequently metastasizes to the liver

blood flows from the colon to the liver

which of the following statements comparing photosynthesis with cellular respiration is true

both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require electron transport chain

cancer in humans is caused

by both environmental and genetic factors

in the chemical reaction H2O+CO2+carbonic anhydrase -- H+HCO3-+ carbonic anhydrase, the carbonic anhydrase is an

enzyme

the enzyme rubisco is important to the process of

carbon fixation

a physical, chemical, or biological agent that causes cancer is called a

carcinogen

active transport requires

cellular energy, usually in the form of ATP

the two sister chromatids of a single chromosome are held together by a

centromere

during the process of photosynthesis, plants capture the kinetic energy of moving photons and transform it into potential energy in the form of

chemical (carbon) bonds

The leaf color of a certain plant is controlled by one gene. For that gene, the allele G = orange and g = green. You have a plant with orange leaves, but do not know whether that plant's genotype is GG or Gg. Which of the following would help you determine the plant's genotype?

cross the plant to a plant with a green leaves

glycolysis occurs in a cell's

cytosol

the ultimate source of the oxygen used by all aerobic organisms comes from a reaction that

degrades carbon dioxide

hikers can detect a dead skunk along a trail long before they actually see it. what process allows the scent of the skunk to be so widely dispersed

diffusion

which of the following sequences correctly represents the level of DNA packing, from simplest to most dense

dna strand-chromatin-chromosome

which of the following pairs of words would be used correctly to describe alleles

dominate or recessive

during the S phase, the cell

duplicates its DNA

when ATP breaks apart into ADP and a free phosphate group, which of the following processes occurs

energy is released and can be used to power cellular activities

the energy required for life processes must be extracted from an organism's

environment

a tumor that has gained the ability to spread throughout the body, generally with life-threading consequences, is know as ____ tumor

malignant

gametes are produced by meiosis rather that mitosis because

meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes so that the zygotes resulting from fertilization will have one full genome consisting of a diploid number of chromosomes

Chromosomes are lined up at the middle of the cell during the phase of cell division called

metaphase

which of the following components contribute to the structure of the cytoskeleton of a cell

microtubules and actin filaments

a single cells zygote grows into a multicellular organism by the process of

mitosis

Microtubules are responsible for

moving and positioning organelles inside the cell

a mutation that occurs in a diploid cell can be inherited only if the

mutation occurs in a cell that produces gametes

a pungent square is used to

predict the outcome of a genetic cross

in the chemical reaction C6H12O6+6H20 the 6CO2 molecules are some of the

products

Most cell surface receptors of chemical messages are made of

proteins

most enzymes are members of a special class of

proteins

in photosynthesis, the carbon used to make sugars is

provided by carbon dioxide

after glycolysis, the 6-carbon glucose molecule has been split into 2 molecules of the 3- carbon sugar ____ that will then move inside the mitochondrion for completion of aerobic

pyruvate

in what way does a human cell differ from a human gamete

somatic cells differentiate into at least 220 cell types, whereas there are only two types of gametes

as an individual ages, cancer risk increases over the course of a life because

somatic mutations accumulate

in animals, one meiosis can lead to the production of new

sperm

Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming

sugars

the outcome of the Calvin cycle is the

synthesis of sugars like glucose, fructose, and sucrose

the second law of thermodynamics

systems tent to become more disorderly over time

most of the reactions that allow NADH to pick up electrons in a cell and carry them tot ETC take place in

the Krebs cycle

If exposure to sunlight causes a mutation in a single proto-oncogene in a diploid cell so that it becomes hyperactive, then

the cell might produce a protein that pushed it into rapid cell division

the inner membranes of both mitochondria and chloroplasts are folded into various arrangements. what is the advantage of having a folded membrane rather than a simple interior membrane that follows the same oval shape as the exterior membrane

the folds allow for more surface area for the chemical reactions that occur across the inner membranes

Enzymes can catalyze a reaction only if

they encounter a substrate that fits their active site

during anaphase, daughter chromosomes do which of the following things

they move toward opposite spindle poles

the light capturing pigment of photosynthesis like chlorophyll are contained in the membrane of a structure known as a

thylakoid

the photosynthetic reactions that re dependent on light occur in the

thylakoid membrane

a tall plant mates with itself and produced all tall offspring. this cross is repeated for many generations with the same results. the parental plant is most likely

true-breeding

which of the following expresses menders law of segregation

two copies of a gene separate during meiosis and end up win different gametes

Imagine two solutions separated by a selectively permeable membrane that is impermeable to glucose. on one side of the membrane, solution a contains 10 percent of glucose and on the other side, solution b contains 25 percent glucose

water will move from solution a to solution b

a recessive allele can only appear in the phenotype of an individual

who is homozygous for the recessive allele

is it possible for two organisms with the same genotype to have different phenotypes

yes; the expression of the genotype can be affected by the environment

the successful union of one male gamete and one female gamete forms a new single cell known as

zygote