Biology 103

Know the term chromosome

A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell

How does NAD+ function during fermentation?

NAD+ allows glycolysis to continue

Know the role of: NADH, O2, FADH2 in electron transport system.

NADH deposits electrons at Complex I, turning into NAD+ and releasing a proton into the matrix. FADH2 in the matrix deposits electrons at Complex II, turning into FAD and releasing 2 H+

How do proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes function?

Normal function of proto-oncogene : Regulate stimulatory pathway normal genes that slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or tell cells when to die (a process known as apoptosis or programmed cell death). When tumor suppressor genes don't work properly, cells can grow out of control, which can lead to cancer

Know the components of a cell membrane and how they are arranged.

Phospholipids : Hydrophobic Tail & Hydrophobic Head Proteins : Integral & Peripheral

What are gap junctions?

Small tunnels that connect cells, facilitating the movement of small molecules and ions between the cells; They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells

Know how tonicity can influence osmosis. What happens to cells placed in the following solutions: isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic?

Tonicity describes how an extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis. ... A solution with low osmolarity has a greater number of water molecules relative to the number of solute particles; a solution with high osmolarity has fewer water molecules with respect to solute particles

Know the term diploid

a cell or an organism that has two sets of chromosomes

Know term chromatin

a complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

What is cyclin?

a family of regulatory proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle

What is a cytochrome?

a protein that transfers electrons and that also contains a heme prosthetic group; serve a vital function in the transfer of energy within cells.

What is an antigen?

a toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies; molecule or molecular structure that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.

What is the role of carbon dioxide in photosynthesis?

make sugar molecules and oxygen

What are plasmodesmata?

microscopic channels which traverse the cell walls of plant cells and some algal cells, enabling transport and communication between them.

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

Contrast cleavage furrow vs. cell plate formation

Animal cells use cleavage furrow Plant cells use cell plate formation

What is an autotroph? What is a heterotroph?

Autotrophs make food : Organisms that use photosynthesis to make food Heterotrophs consume preformed molecules : Can't use photosynthesis or related process; MUST consume food from molecules

Know the difference in a cell membrane and cell wall's construction.

Cell membrane helps to enclose the cell organelles and cytosol inside a cell. A cell wall is a ridgid, protective layer and it covers the cell membrane.

Have definitions for diffusion, passive transport and active transport.

Diffusion: molecules will move from areas of high concentration to low concentration Passive Transport: movement of a solute from a region of high electrochemical potential on one side of the cell membrane to a region of lower electrochemical potential on the opposite side. Active Transport: Opposite of diffusion; movement of molecules from lower to higher concentration with the input of energy

Be able draw, or label, or describe the activities that occur in a cell which is in interphase or in a stage of mitosis.

During interphase, the cell grows and DNA is replicated.

Explain the difference in endocytosis and exocytosis.

Exocytosis : movement of materials outside of a cell membrane; Vesicle aids; secretes outside of membrane Endocytosis : Materials are being brought into the cell membrane

What is the preparatory step and give products?

Glycolysis

Know term haploid

Haploid cells contain a single set of chromosomes. Gametes are an example of haploid cells

Be able to describe the cell in various stages of mitosis

Interphase - Preparation period Prophase - Recognized that genetic material is becoming visible Metaphase - Will show completed chromosomes a equator of cell Anaphase - Spindles are becoming shorter and pulling chromosomes Telophase - Reverse of Prophase

Know the characteristics of a cancer cell

Lack of differentiation - cells will stop then divide and die, cancer don't do that Abnormal nuclei - Typically sickle shaped No apoptosis

Know the steps of the light dependent and the light independent (Calvin) reactions.

Light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle reactions) reduces CO2 to produce glucose Light dependent reaction produces ATP and NADPH

Understand what is meant by the term semipermeable.

allowing certain substances to pass through it but not others, especially allowing the passage of a solvent but not of certain solutes

Know which wavelengths of light are most effective at causing photosynthesis.

blue light with a wavelength of about 490 nm is effective in driving photosynthesis.

Know what is happening in the 3 events of the Calvin cycle.

carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of the starting molecule

Give examples of accessory pigments.

chlorophyll b, carotenoids, xanthophylls and anthocyanins

Understand how ATP and NADPH contribute to G3P formation.

convert the 3-PGA molecules into molecules of a three-carbon sugar, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)

know the products of photosynthesis

glucose (sugar), oxygen and water

Explain difference in interphase and mitosis

interphase is the longest phase of the cell cycle in which cell grows and replicates its DNA while mitosis is a short phase of the cell cycle in which cell nucleus turns into two nuclei that bear identical genome as the original nucleus to produce two new cells

Know the role/function of H+ during light dependent reaction, and be able to track the electron movement through the various cytochrome proteins.

ions flow down their gradient and back into the stroma, they pass through ATP synthase, driving ATP production

Describe an immunotoxin and explain how it may be used to combat diseases like cancer.

molecules made in the laboratory; composed of toxins and antibodies; Immunotoxins are very useful in the treatment of circulating tumor cells expressing a high number of target proteins.

Understand light is composed of wavelengths, and give examples.

radio waves, microwaves, infrared (IR), visible light, ultraviolet (UV), X-rays and gamma rays

What is chemiosmosis, and where is it occurring?

the process of moving ions (e.g. protons) to the other side of the membrane resulting in the generation of an electrochemical gradient; in the mitochondria during cellular respiration and in the chloroplasts during photosynthesis

What are the products of the citric acid cycle?

two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2