Biology 110 Exam 4

The greatest number of known living species are, A) insects. B) bacteria. C) algae. D) mites, ticks, and spiders.

A) Insects

The phylogenetic species concept holds that the definition of a species should be

Based on branching relationships among species.

A buffalo commons is an area where

Bison and other native wildlife can roam freely.

The predominant tree species in an oak savanna is the

Bur oak

What are the most endangered aquatic areas?

Coral reefs

When fuelwood demand exceeds supplies,

Forest regeneration becomes more difficult

The objective of a species recovery plan is to

Increase an endangered species population until it is no longer endangered

Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to

Overcrowding of private livestock

"Forest management" means planning for

Sustainable harvests and forest regeneration

Wetlands control flooding by

Temporarily storing water

The high rate of poaching of rhinoceros is due mostly to

The belief in medicinal value of their horns for 'traditional' medicines

One of the reasons that it is difficult to restore an oak savanna is that

There are no natural fires to control vegetation due to human development of the areas

TRUE or FALSE: Species diversity in a community is an important factor in ecological resilience after a drought.

True

TRUE or FALSE: The loss of forests can affect rainfall patterns

True

A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is a) Debt-for-nature swaps b) Utilitarian conservation c) Biocentric preservation d) Pastoralism e) Ecosystem management

a) Debt-for-nature swaps

The goal of the Endangered Species Act is to protect

all species, regardless of their direct usefulness to humans.

Flagship species _______.

are especially interesting and attractive and are used by conservation organizations to motivate people.

Which of the following statements is true? a)Humans have never had significant impact on species extinctions until the past four decades. b)Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased. c)Humans only began causing extinctions in the past 150 years. d)Humans are responsible for many of the mass extinctions in the geologic record.

b) Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased.

A threatened species may be extinct or near extinction

in the near future

Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth?

A little more than 1.7 million

Stabilizing banks is an important component of stream restoration. Which of the following is NOT a method of bank stabilization?

Adding soil so that the slope is at least 45 degrees

Restoration draws on which of the following fields of science the most?

All of these are correct (ecology, hydrology, soil science)

Debt-for-nature swaps are mainly beneficial to

All of these are correct (lending institutions, governments of developing countries, environmental groups)

Restoring coastal marshes has become a priority in protecting coastal cities from

Both hurricanes and flooding

All of the following are things that can be done toward ecological restoration except

Burn unwanted vegetation

The majority of the mixed grass section of the Great Plains has been converted to

Crop lands

A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is

Debt-for-nature swaps

Habitat fragmentation usually lead to a

Decrease in biodiversity

Extinction is the term used when all members of species

Die

Soil formation and water purification are examples of _________ based on the biodiversity that benefit humans.

Ecological Services

A species in imminent danger of extinction is classified by the U.S. Endangered Species Act as

Endangered

TRUE or FALSE: In Vermont, most of the land is currently being used for sheep farming

False

TRUE or FALSE: Most pf the tallgrass prairies in the US remain untouched.

False

TRUE or FALSE: The term "old-growth forest" refers to any tract of land in which a majority of the trees are over 100 years old.

False

The acronym that stands for habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, human population, and over harvesting is

HIPPO

The largest contributing factor for the current high rate of animal extinctions is

Habitat destruction world wide

Which of the following statements is true?

Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased.

World deserts are

Increasing because of logging and grazing

Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably a) Invertebrates b) Birds and fish c) Multicellular plants d) Vertebrates e) Mammals and reptiles

Invertabrates

Most commercial loggers prefer "clear-cut" harvesting because it

Is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor.

Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous because

It produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp

On a global scale, fuelwood harvests

Make up about half of all wood harvests

Invasive species are ________

Organisms that thrive in new territory where they are free of predators, diseases, or resource limitations that may have controlled their population in their native habitat.

Why is there a need to reeducate people about the role of fire in natural systems?

People do not understand that fire is a natural part of many biological ecosystems.

Grazing fees on public lands have changed little because

Political pressures ensure they remain low.

Using intense physical or chemical methods to clear and repair severely degraded or barren sites is called _________.

Reclamation

_________ uses chemical, physical, or biological methods to remove pollution.

Remediation

Which of the following is NOT a main component of restoration of any ecosystem?

Removal of indigenous peoples

Efforts to repair or reconstruct ecosystems are known as

Restoration ecology

The word "mitigation" has come to mean to

Restore or create an ecosystem in exchange for a similar, damaged one

_________, ___________, and ___________ are the largest producers of both paper pulp and industrial wood.

Russia, Canada, and the United States

The first nationwide restoration project in Africa is now taking place in...

Rwanda

Monoculture forestry involves

Single-species tree plantations that are efficient but offer little biodiversity

The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually

The disappearance of palatable plant species

Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because

They contain such high biodiversity

Satyagraha movements in India work to achieve social and environmental goals

Through passive, peaceful methods

TRUE or FALSE: A large portion of industrial timber comes from managed, replanted forests in North America and Europe.

True

TRUE or FALSE: The American Forestry Association suggests that each person plant one tree per year in order to compensate for tree loss in urban areas.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Island ecosystems are extremely susceptible to invasive species.

True

The pharmaceutical industry has an interest in preventing species extinction because

Undiscovered species may provide lucrative new drugs

Invasive (exotic) species tend to __________ the balance of ecosystems and ______ biodiversity.

Upset; decrease

Bioremediation is a restoration strategy that

Uses living organisms such as plants and bacteria to eliminate toxins from the ecosystem

Which of the following fish is safe and environmentally friendly to eat?

Wild Salmon

If managed carefully, ecotourism benefits natural areas by giving economic value to land and water resources

Without destroying them

Because prairie dogs have a major effect on the ecological functioning of their habitat and the health of other members of their community, they are considered to be __________.

a keystone species

Which of the following is FALSE regarding CITES? a)When implemented properly it has provided foolproof protections of endangered species. b)It is an international organization. c)It lists more than 700 species as threatened with extinction. d)It was formed in 1975. e)All of these are true.

a) When implemented properly it has provided foolproof protections of endangered species.

Which of the following would NOT be included in wetland restoration? a) Salinity control b) Reestablishing plant and animal diversity c) Selective cutting d) Reestablishing hydrologic connections e) Weed removal

c) Selective Cutting

Brandon noticed that next to a construction site of a new shopping mall there was a new man-made pond. This artificial wetland/pond was constructed to _________. a) flood control and nothing else b) to make the shopping area look more visually appealing c) collect polluted storm water run-off from the parking lot in order to prevent it from getting into the natural streams and rivers. d) to make a habitat for Canadian geese

c) collect polluted storm water run-off from the parking lot in order to prevent it from getting into the natural streams and rivers.

A disadvantage of monoculture forestry is that it is a) Difficult to harvest with clear-cut methods b) Economically inefficient c) More time-consuming to replant d) Deficient in providing ecological services e) Difficult to replant

d) Deficient in providing ecological services

The majority of coastal wetland loss in the United States is due to a) Development b) Draining and filling to provide storm barricades c) Loss of estuaries in the northeast d) Levees that guide the Mississippi River out into the Gulf of Mexico e) Evaporation due to global warming

d) Levees that guide the Mississippi River out into the Gulf of Mexico

Problems encountered in the Florida Everglades due to modification of the natural flow of water include a) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park b) Water shortages in many cities during the dry season c) Increased number of hurricanes d) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park and water shortages in many cities during the dry season e) All of these are correct

d) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park and water shortages in many cities during the dry season

An important drug for treating Hodgkin's disease was discovered in a periwinkle native to ______ and is valued at approximately _________ per year. a) Costa Rica; $15 million b) New Guinea; $1-15 million c) Greenland; $200 million d) Madagascar; $150-300 million e) Sri Lanka; $150 million

d) Madagascar; $150-300 Million

Ecological diversity is a measure of the number of... a) Different species in an ecosystem b) Sizes, colors, and shapes of organisms within an ecological community c) Different kinds of organisms within a community or ecosystem d) Niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community e) Different versions of the same gene in an ecological community

d) Niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community

Corridors have the potential to effectively enlarge which of the following? a) Preserve areas b) Genetic pools c) Feeding ranges d) Areas of refuge against natural disasters (e.g., fire) e) All of the above are correct

e) All of the above are correct

Restoration draws on which of the following fields of science the most? a) Ecology b) Hydrology c) Soil science d) Ecology and hydrology e) All of these are correct

e) All of these are correct

"Exotic" is another word for

foreign