Biology 110 Exam 4
The greatest number of known living species are, A) insects. B) bacteria. C) algae. D) mites, ticks, and spiders.
A) Insects
The phylogenetic species concept holds that the definition of a species should be
Based on branching relationships among species.
A buffalo commons is an area where
Bison and other native wildlife can roam freely.
The predominant tree species in an oak savanna is the
Bur oak
What are the most endangered aquatic areas?
Coral reefs
When fuelwood demand exceeds supplies,
Forest regeneration becomes more difficult
The objective of a species recovery plan is to
Increase an endangered species population until it is no longer endangered
Most public rangelands are in poor condition due to
Overcrowding of private livestock
"Forest management" means planning for
Sustainable harvests and forest regeneration
Wetlands control flooding by
Temporarily storing water
The high rate of poaching of rhinoceros is due mostly to
The belief in medicinal value of their horns for 'traditional' medicines
One of the reasons that it is difficult to restore an oak savanna is that
There are no natural fires to control vegetation due to human development of the areas
TRUE or FALSE: Species diversity in a community is an important factor in ecological resilience after a drought.
True
TRUE or FALSE: The loss of forests can affect rainfall patterns
True
A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is a) Debt-for-nature swaps b) Utilitarian conservation c) Biocentric preservation d) Pastoralism e) Ecosystem management
a) Debt-for-nature swaps
The goal of the Endangered Species Act is to protect
all species, regardless of their direct usefulness to humans.
Flagship species _______.
are especially interesting and attractive and are used by conservation organizations to motivate people.
Which of the following statements is true? a)Humans have never had significant impact on species extinctions until the past four decades. b)Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased. c)Humans only began causing extinctions in the past 150 years. d)Humans are responsible for many of the mass extinctions in the geologic record.
b) Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased.
A threatened species may be extinct or near extinction
in the near future
Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth?
A little more than 1.7 million
Stabilizing banks is an important component of stream restoration. Which of the following is NOT a method of bank stabilization?
Adding soil so that the slope is at least 45 degrees
Restoration draws on which of the following fields of science the most?
All of these are correct (ecology, hydrology, soil science)
Debt-for-nature swaps are mainly beneficial to
All of these are correct (lending institutions, governments of developing countries, environmental groups)
Restoring coastal marshes has become a priority in protecting coastal cities from
Both hurricanes and flooding
All of the following are things that can be done toward ecological restoration except
Burn unwanted vegetation
The majority of the mixed grass section of the Great Plains has been converted to
Crop lands
A promising approach to encourage conservation and preservation in developing countries is
Debt-for-nature swaps
Habitat fragmentation usually lead to a
Decrease in biodiversity
Extinction is the term used when all members of species
Die
Soil formation and water purification are examples of _________ based on the biodiversity that benefit humans.
Ecological Services
A species in imminent danger of extinction is classified by the U.S. Endangered Species Act as
Endangered
TRUE or FALSE: In Vermont, most of the land is currently being used for sheep farming
False
TRUE or FALSE: Most pf the tallgrass prairies in the US remain untouched.
False
TRUE or FALSE: The term "old-growth forest" refers to any tract of land in which a majority of the trees are over 100 years old.
False
The acronym that stands for habitat destruction, invasive species, pollution, human population, and over harvesting is
HIPPO
The largest contributing factor for the current high rate of animal extinctions is
Habitat destruction world wide
Which of the following statements is true?
Humans may have been causing extinctions for thousands of years, but our impact has recently increased.
World deserts are
Increasing because of logging and grazing
Most of the species that are yet undiscovered are probably a) Invertebrates b) Birds and fish c) Multicellular plants d) Vertebrates e) Mammals and reptiles
Invertabrates
Most commercial loggers prefer "clear-cut" harvesting because it
Is the most efficient, cheapest harvest method using large, fast machinery instead of costly labor.
Economically, monoculture forestry is advantageous because
It produces large quantities of a single type of tree for a particular use, such as building timber or paper pulp
On a global scale, fuelwood harvests
Make up about half of all wood harvests
Invasive species are ________
Organisms that thrive in new territory where they are free of predators, diseases, or resource limitations that may have controlled their population in their native habitat.
Why is there a need to reeducate people about the role of fire in natural systems?
People do not understand that fire is a natural part of many biological ecosystems.
Grazing fees on public lands have changed little because
Political pressures ensure they remain low.
Using intense physical or chemical methods to clear and repair severely degraded or barren sites is called _________.
Reclamation
_________ uses chemical, physical, or biological methods to remove pollution.
Remediation
Which of the following is NOT a main component of restoration of any ecosystem?
Removal of indigenous peoples
Efforts to repair or reconstruct ecosystems are known as
Restoration ecology
The word "mitigation" has come to mean to
Restore or create an ecosystem in exchange for a similar, damaged one
_________, ___________, and ___________ are the largest producers of both paper pulp and industrial wood.
Russia, Canada, and the United States
The first nationwide restoration project in Africa is now taking place in...
Rwanda
Monoculture forestry involves
Single-species tree plantations that are efficient but offer little biodiversity
The first symptom of range overgrazing is usually
The disappearance of palatable plant species
Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because
They contain such high biodiversity
Satyagraha movements in India work to achieve social and environmental goals
Through passive, peaceful methods
TRUE or FALSE: A large portion of industrial timber comes from managed, replanted forests in North America and Europe.
True
TRUE or FALSE: The American Forestry Association suggests that each person plant one tree per year in order to compensate for tree loss in urban areas.
True
TRUE or FALSE: Island ecosystems are extremely susceptible to invasive species.
True
The pharmaceutical industry has an interest in preventing species extinction because
Undiscovered species may provide lucrative new drugs
Invasive (exotic) species tend to __________ the balance of ecosystems and ______ biodiversity.
Upset; decrease
Bioremediation is a restoration strategy that
Uses living organisms such as plants and bacteria to eliminate toxins from the ecosystem
Which of the following fish is safe and environmentally friendly to eat?
Wild Salmon
If managed carefully, ecotourism benefits natural areas by giving economic value to land and water resources
Without destroying them
Because prairie dogs have a major effect on the ecological functioning of their habitat and the health of other members of their community, they are considered to be __________.
a keystone species
Which of the following is FALSE regarding CITES? a)When implemented properly it has provided foolproof protections of endangered species. b)It is an international organization. c)It lists more than 700 species as threatened with extinction. d)It was formed in 1975. e)All of these are true.
a) When implemented properly it has provided foolproof protections of endangered species.
Which of the following would NOT be included in wetland restoration? a) Salinity control b) Reestablishing plant and animal diversity c) Selective cutting d) Reestablishing hydrologic connections e) Weed removal
c) Selective Cutting
Brandon noticed that next to a construction site of a new shopping mall there was a new man-made pond. This artificial wetland/pond was constructed to _________. a) flood control and nothing else b) to make the shopping area look more visually appealing c) collect polluted storm water run-off from the parking lot in order to prevent it from getting into the natural streams and rivers. d) to make a habitat for Canadian geese
c) collect polluted storm water run-off from the parking lot in order to prevent it from getting into the natural streams and rivers.
A disadvantage of monoculture forestry is that it is a) Difficult to harvest with clear-cut methods b) Economically inefficient c) More time-consuming to replant d) Deficient in providing ecological services e) Difficult to replant
d) Deficient in providing ecological services
The majority of coastal wetland loss in the United States is due to a) Development b) Draining and filling to provide storm barricades c) Loss of estuaries in the northeast d) Levees that guide the Mississippi River out into the Gulf of Mexico e) Evaporation due to global warming
d) Levees that guide the Mississippi River out into the Gulf of Mexico
Problems encountered in the Florida Everglades due to modification of the natural flow of water include a) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park b) Water shortages in many cities during the dry season c) Increased number of hurricanes d) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park and water shortages in many cities during the dry season e) All of these are correct
d) Loss of 90 percent of wading bird populations in Everglades National Park and water shortages in many cities during the dry season
An important drug for treating Hodgkin's disease was discovered in a periwinkle native to ______ and is valued at approximately _________ per year. a) Costa Rica; $15 million b) New Guinea; $1-15 million c) Greenland; $200 million d) Madagascar; $150-300 million e) Sri Lanka; $150 million
d) Madagascar; $150-300 Million
Ecological diversity is a measure of the number of... a) Different species in an ecosystem b) Sizes, colors, and shapes of organisms within an ecological community c) Different kinds of organisms within a community or ecosystem d) Niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community e) Different versions of the same gene in an ecological community
d) Niches, trophic levels, and ecological processes of a biological community
Corridors have the potential to effectively enlarge which of the following? a) Preserve areas b) Genetic pools c) Feeding ranges d) Areas of refuge against natural disasters (e.g., fire) e) All of the above are correct
e) All of the above are correct
Restoration draws on which of the following fields of science the most? a) Ecology b) Hydrology c) Soil science d) Ecology and hydrology e) All of these are correct
e) All of these are correct
"Exotic" is another word for
foreign
