Biology 111 Ch 20 Preserving Biodiversity
10. The ozone layer absorbs harmful ______ wavelengths of light. A. ultraviolet B. violet C. red D. blue E. green
A
14. An increase in the surface temperature of the Earth caused by heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere is known as A. the greenhouse effect. B. the biome effect. C. bioremediation. D. desertification. E. the nursery effect.
A
18. If global warming continues and predictions are correct, by the end of the twenty-first century sea level on Earth will A. rise by 18 to 59 cm. B. remain the same. C. fall by 6 to 12 cm. D. rise by 190 to 125 cm. E. rise by 6 to 6.5 m.
A
21. To be considered ______ , an introduced species must begin breeding in its new location and spread widely from its point of introduction. A. resourceful B. harmful C. native D. dominant E. invasive
E
25. Commercial fisheries are increasing the harvest of smaller fish like anchovies because of ______ large predatory fishes. A. exotic B. competition with C. increases in D. pollution in E. overexploitation of
E
26. What was a disadvantage of digging canals in the Everglades? A. increased cropland B. increased flooding during hurricanes C. increased risk of algae blooms D. increased floodplain wetlands E. decreased freshwater
E
33. In addition to filling lakes with sediment, why is eutrophication a biological concern? A. Filling lakes is the only major concern. B. Excess algal growth leads to high levels of dissolved oxygen. C. Excess algal growth makes it difficult for primary consumers to find food. D. High levels of nutrients are toxic to algae. E. When the algae die and decompose, dissolved oxygen levels drop.
E
37. Which of the following best describes the greenhouse effect? A. Less light is radiated from the atmosphere. B. More light enters the atmosphere. C. More heat enters the atmosphere. D. Less heat is radiated from the atmosphere. E. The Earth produces more heat.
E
2. The "background" species extinction rate A. estimates how quickly species disappeared before human intervention. B. measures today's extinction rate of plants. C. measures today's extinction rate of animals. D. estimates how many extinctions humans are causing. E. All answers are correct.
A
20. A species that humans bring to an area where it did not previously occur is A. an exotic species. B. a native species. C. an endemic species. D. an existing species. E. an endangered species.
A
24. Since the Endangered Species Act of 1973 was passed, about ______ species of animals and ______ species of plants and lichens have been placed on the list of threatened or endangered species. A. 575, 750 B. 200, 100 C. 1050, 2375 D. 375, 350 E. 20, 50
A
29. How is tropical deforestation linked to climate change? A. Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide and transpiration by trees is diminished. B. Burning the forests consumes oxygen and transpiration by trees is diminished. C. Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide and transpiration by trees is increased. D. Burning the forests consumes oxygen and transpiration by trees is increased.
A
31. The normal pH of rainfall A. is slightly acidic, pH 5.6. B. is slightly basic, pH 9.6. C. is slightly acidic, pH 9.6. D. is neutral, pH 7.0. E. is slightly basic, pH 5.6.
A
35. In many wetlands, non-native purple loosestrife has become the dominant plant species, often accounting for 90% of the total plant mass. The populations of cattails, canvasback ducks, and bog turtles have decreased in areas with purple loosestrife. Purple loosestrife are A. an exotic species. B. a native species. C. a consumer. D. a parasite. E. a beneficial species.
A
36. In many wetlands, non-native purple loosestrife has become the dominant plant species, often accounting for 90% of the total plant mass. The populations of cattails, canvasback ducks, and bog turtles have decreased in areas with purple loosestrife. Canvasback ducks and bog turtles are likely impacted by purple loosestrife by A. loss of food. B. loss of diversity. C. overexploitation. D. pollution. E. climate change.
A
38. Conservation biologists in the United States are protecting habitat of endangered species at the northern end of their current ranges. What is the rationale for this strategy? A. As global temperatures warm, biomes will move to the north. B. Animals tend to migrate to the north. C. Tectonic plates are shifting to the south. D. There are fewer people in the north, so there is more habitat available. E. Biodiversity is higher the farther north you go from the equator.
A
4. Since the settling of North America by Europeans, only about ___________ percent of the original temperate forest area survives. A. 1 B. 5 C. 10 D. 20 E. 25
A
41. Conservation biologists breed some endangered species like the panda bear in captivity. Which is the most likely reason that panda populations in the wild are still threatened? A. Not enough animals can be bred to release into the wild. B. Their environment is polluted. C. Loss of habitat has occurred. D. The wild pandas cannot breed. E. Their population density is too high.
A
47. In the section "Investigating Life: The Case of the Missing Frogs: Is Climate the Culprit?", how did climate change affect frog mortality? A. The chytrid fungus had optimal growth temperatures with cooler days and warmer nights. B. The frogs could not survive the cooler temperatures during the day. C. The frogs could not survive the warmer temperatures at night. D. The chytrid fungus had optimal growth temperatures with warmer days and cooler nights. E. The frogs' immune systems were suppressed by pollutants, making them more susceptible to infection by chytrid.
A
48. What resulted in the biodiversity on Earth? A. evolution B. global climate change C. the greenhouse effect D. overexploitation E. bycatch
A
50. How are extinctions related to biodiversity? A. The more extinctions, the lower the species biodiversity. B. The more extinctions, the lower the habitat biodiversity. C. The more extinctions, the higher the genetic biodiversity. D. The more extinctions, the higher the species biodiversity. E. The more extinctions, the higher the habitat diversity.
A
54. Which of the following is NOT an effect of climate change on biodiversity? A. decrease in sea level B. warming of ocean C. loss of polar ice caps D. spread of tropical species to higher latitudes E. greater spread of disease
A
7. The pH of acid deposition occurring in the eastern United States is about A. 4.6. B. 5.6. C. 6.4. D. 7.0. E. 8.4.
A
13. In a process called ______, nitrogen and phosphorus excessively fertilize algae in the water, resulting in algal blooms. A. particulation B. eutrophication C. denitrification D. nitrification E. desertification
B
17. Each year almost _____ metric tons of carbon dioxide are released into Earth's atmosphere. A. 500,000 B. 6,000,000 C. 1,000,000 D. 3,000,000 E. 4,000,000
B
19. The ozone layer is part of the A. ionosphere. B. stratosphere. C. troposphere. D. biosphere. E. limnetic zone.
B
32. Release of sulfate and nitrate during the burning of coal contributes to A. eutrophication. B. acid rain. C. accumulation of persistent organic pollutants. D. loss of the ozone layer. E. the dead zone.
B
43. In the section "Investigating Life: The Case of the Missing Frogs: Is Climate the Culprit?", what explanation do scientists give for decline in amphibians in pristine habitats with little human contact? A. pollution B. fungal infection C. habitat loss D. over harvesting E. competition with exotic species
B
51. What areas are most susceptible to loss of biodiversity? A. open ocean B. locations near human activities C. rain forests D. temperate forests E. polar regions
B
9. The ______ in the stratosphere above Earth's surface absorbs much of the harmful UV wavelengths of light. A. benthic zone B. ozone layer C. cumulus clouds D. particulate layer E. profundal zone
B
22. Which of the following is a NOT an invasive species? A. hydrilla in freshwater B. European starlings in North America C. the bison in the North American plains D. the marine toad in Florida E. gypsy moth caterpillars in North America
C
23. Since the 1950s, ______ of the ocean's large predatory fishes have disappeared. A. 20% B. 50% C. 90% D. 70% E. 1%
C
28. How does damming a river destroy wetlands? A. Fish can no longer migrate up and down the river. B. Wetlands can no longer obtain nutrients from annual floods. C. Wetlands can no longer obtain oxygen from the flowing water of the river. D. Birds can no longer get to the wetlands. E. Increased nutrients flow into the wetlands causing eutrophication.
C
3. Which of the following is not one of the world's endangered species? A. Sumatran rhino B. California condor C. zebra mussel D. harlequin frog E. staghorn coral
C
34. In addition to eutrophication in lakes, which process is caused by excess nutrients in rivers? A. warming of the water in the Gulf of Mexico B. introduction of exotic species like Zebra mussels C. the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico D. decreased plant growth E. clogging of city water lines
C
39. A 2004 study in the journal Nature concluded: "Many plant and animal species are unlikely to survive climate change. New analyses suggest that 15-37% of a sample of 1,103 land plants and animals would eventually become extinct as a result of climate changes expected by 2050. For some of these species there will no longer be anywhere suitable to live." What is the best explanation for this conclusion? A. Carbon dioxide is toxic to plants. B. No plants can survive at high temperatures. C. Greenhouse gases will block the amount of light available for photosynthesis. D. Temperatures will change faster than plants can adapt. E. If animals go extinct the plants that depend on them will go extinct as well.
C
44. In the section "Investigating Life: The Case of the Missing Frogs: Is Climate the Culprit?", a cloud forest is typically a __________ biome. A. wet, low-elevation B. dry, low-elevation C. wet, high-elevation D. dry, high-elevation
C
46. In the section "Investigating Life: The Case of the Missing Frogs: Is Climate the Culprit?", what happened to temperatures in the cloud forest over the past 40 years based on Part B of the figure? A. Maximum temperatures increased and minimum temperatures dropped. B. Temperatures overall increased. C. Temperatures overall decreased. D. Temperatures were constant. E. Maximum temperatures dropped and minimum temperatures increased.
C
53. What is the benefit of biodiversity to humans? A. Production of oxygen for aerobic respiration to make ATP B. Energy C. All answers are correct. D. Variety of food sources E. Source of drugs
C
6. A type of air pollution that forms a visible haze in the lower atmosphere is A. fog. B. particulation. C. smog. D. acid rain. E. smoke.
C
27. The current extinction rate of vertebrates is 100-1000 times the historical background. This is primarily due to A. over-harvesting. B. competition with exotic species. C. habitat destruction. D. competition with native species. E. random chance.
C. habitat destruction
1. The primary cause for loss of biodiversity is A. predation. B. parasitism. C. genetic mutation. D. habitat destruction. E. global warming.
D
12. A decrease in the ozone layer and a subsequent increase in the UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface is a significant factor in the increasing number of cases of human A. lung cancer. B. tuberculosis. C. stillbirths. D. skin cancer. E. malaria.
D
16. Which of the following is not a "greenhouse gas"? A. carbon dioxide B. methane C. nitrous oxide D. oxygen E. CFCs
D
30. Why is deforestation often associated with extreme floods and mud slides? A. increased rain fall B. increased transpiration C. decreased nutrient absorption D. increased soil erosion E. decreased rain fall
D
40. A 2004 study in the journal Nature concluded: "Many plant and animal species are unlikely to survive climate change. New analyses suggest that 15-37% of a sample of 1,103 land plants and animals would eventually become extinct as a result of climate changes expected by 2050. For some of these species there will no longer be anywhere suitable to live." How would the extinction of plant species lead to the extinction of animal species? A. Animals need plants for pollination. B. Plants consume carbon dioxide. C. Plants perform transpiration. D. Plants are the energy base of an ecosystem. E. Plants prevent soil erosion.
D
45. In the section "Investigating Life: The Case of the Missing Frogs: Is Climate the Culprit?", at what elevations were most frog extinctions occurring according to Part A of the figure? A. 0-199 m B. 200-1000 m C. 2,400-4,000 m D. 1,001-2,399 m E. They were equally distributed at all elevations.
D
49. How is biodiversity measured in a given area? A. genetic diversity within the population of trees B. the diversity of species of trees C. the diversity of ecosystems in the area D. All answers are correct. E. the diversity of species of bacteria
D
52. Why is it important to maintain biodiversity? A. To prevent habitat destruction B. To protect species richness C. To provide resources to humans D. All answers are correct. E. To maintain genetic variation
D
8. Which of the following is not an effect of acid deposition? A. destruction of aquatic food webs B. thinning of high-elevation forests C. decrease in the number of species that can survive in the lake ecosystem D. increase of pH in lakes E. deformities in fish and other aquatic organisms
D
11. The Montreal Protocol, an international treaty, banned the use of A. DDT. B. steroid hormones. C. ICBMs. D. ethylene glycol. E. CFCs.
E
15. Greenhouse gases block A. carbon dioxide from escaping Earth's atmosphere. B. oxygen from escaping Earth's atmosphere. C. UV wavelengths from reaching Earth's surface. D. UV wavelengths from escaping Earth's atmosphere. E. heat from escaping Earth's atmosphere.
E
42. Why are some conservation biologists concerned that the polar bear will be extinct by 2050? A. Over-hunting will decrease the population. B. Polar bears are in competition with brown bears. C. Increased snow will fall in the Arctic and the bears won't be able to hunt. D. The seal population will decrease, and the bears will starve. E. Arctic ice caps will melt and the bears won't be able to hunt.
E
5. Any chemical, physical, or biological change in the environment that harms living organisms is A. nitrification. B. an "upwelling." C. deforestation. D. ozone depletion. E. pollution.
E
