Biology 1309- Chapter 27

Select all the correct statements about the usage of the term "respiration."

"Respiration" can refer to the aerobic respiration process that occurs in the cell. "Respiration" can refer to the actual exchange of gases in the lungs

Select all of the following that describe alveoli

-form the respiratory surface of the lung -surrounded by capillaries -gases diffuse through their thin walls -lined with water and surfactants

A 20-year-old friend told you her blood pressure was 110/70 during her last health physical. Based on what she told you, what do you know about her blood pressure reading? Select the three correct answers from the choices below.

-her diastolic pressure was 70 -she has a typical blood pressure for her age -her systolic pressure was 110

Select all the functions of the nose.

-immunity -breathing -sense of smell

Select all the characteristics of lungs in terrestrial vertebrates.

-saclike organs in which capillary networks are exposed to air -kept moist by being located inside the body

Select all the functions of white blood cells.

-secrete signaling molecules for inflammation -destroy microbes in the body -produce antibodies

Rank the following events of a blood clot formation in the order they occur, beginning at the top with what happens first after a small cut nicks a blood vessel.

1) Platelets catch on an obstackle in a blood vessel's linging.2) Platelets attract clotting factors.3) Reactions occur that produce a web of protein threads.4) Protein threads trap red blood cells and platelets.

Put the following structures in the order that air passes through them during an inhalation, beginning at the top with the first structure.

1) pharynx2) larynx3) trachea4) bronchi5) bronchioles5) alveoil

Rank the following blood vessels from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom.

1. arteries 2. arterioles 3. capillaries

Rank the following from the highest blood pressure (at the top) to the lowest blood pressure (at the bottom).

1. blood leaving the heart 2. blood entering capillaries 3. blood flowing through the veins

Rank the blood vessels that return blood to the heart from the largest (at the top) to smallest (at the bottom).

1. veins 2. venules 3. capillaries

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind up to ______ oxygen molecules.

4

Match each letter from the diagram with the correct vein.

A - Jugular vein- pointing to the neck area B- Superior vena cava- pointing to the chest area C- Femoral vein- pointing to the inner thigh

If a person has only marker A on his or her red blood cells, the person has type _____blood; if only marker B is present, the person is type_____ ; if markers A and B are present, the person is type_____ ; and if neither marker is present, the person is type_____ .

A, B , AB, O

Match each letter from the diagram with the correct label

A- cartid artery B- aorta C- pulmonary artery D- renal artery E-femoral artery

Match the structures of the respiratory tract to the letter from the figure.

A-sinus B-nasal cavity C-larynx D-bronchus E-lunch F-pharynx G-trachea

Select all of the following that are true about gas concentrations in the blood, alveoli, and respiring cells.

Blood arriving at the leg has a lower carbon dioxide concentration than a respiring muscle cell in the leg. Oxygen diffuses into blood cells at the lungs. Air in the alveoli has a higher concentration of oxygen than blood in nearby capillaries.

How does the function of blood relate to aerobic respiration at the body's cells?

Blood carries oxygen and glucose needed to produce ATP.

white blood cells

Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms

What component of the trachea holds it open, even during swallowing?

C-shaped rings of cartilage

The brain regulates breathing rate mainly in response to changing levels of the gas ______, unless oxygen levels are dangerously low.

CO 2

____ is the iron-containing protein that binds oxygen in red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

Select the answer that best explains the difference between hypotension and hypertension.

Hypotension is low blood pressure; hypertension is high blood pressure.

What is the name of the fluid that directly bathes the body's tissue cells?

Interstitial fluid

Select all the characteristics of an animal's respiratory surface.

It is moist. It has a large surface area. It contacts water or air, depending on the animal.

Select all of the following that are true about gas exchange during respiration.

Oxygen enters the capillaries from the alveoli. Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries to the alveoli.

Select the correct statement with respect to the role of blood in gas exchange.

Oxygen is delivered by the blood to the cells, and carbon dioxide is transported from the cells to the lungs.

is the liquid part of blood and consists of water and dissolved substances.

Plasma

Select all of the following that are true about systolic and diastolic pressure readings.

Systolic pressure occurs during the contraction of the ventricles. Diastolic pressure occurs during the relaxation of the ventricles.

______ is the narrowing of the blood vessels and results from the contraction of the smooth muscles of arteriole walls; ______ is the widening of the blood vessels that occurs when the same muscles relax.

Vasoconstriction; vasodilation

If a person has type A blood and is accidentally given type B blood during a blood transfusion, the antibodies in the type A blood cause a reaction called

agglutination.

The epiglottis that covers the glottis of the larynx functions to direct

alveoli

Which of the following have the thickest smooth muscle layer?

arteries

Blood flowing away from the heart travels through ______, and blood flowing to the heart travels through ______.

arteries veins

What is composed of layers of connective tissue, smooth muscle, and endothelium?

arteries and veins

Glucose, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are transported by the circulatory system in the

blood

The heart, ______, and vessels are the three main components of a circulatory system.

blood

What is the main fluid that is transports substances within the vertebrate circulatory system?

blood

Platelets

blood clotting

protection

blood clotting; white blood cells participating in the body's defense

______ is the force that blood exerts on the walls of arteries.

blood pressure

Hypertension is a condition in which

blood pressure is consistently higher than normal

Select two ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.

bound to hemoglobin as bicarbonate ions

When CO2 levels rise, blood pH decreases, and the brain stimulates an increase in

breathing rate

The trachea branches into two ______, which lead into the lungs and branch repeatedly.

bronchi

The overproduction of white blood cells indicates a type of

cancer called leukemia.

What tiny blood vessels have walls that are one-cell thick and are the sites of gas and nutrient diffusion?

capillaries

Where is blood velocity the lowest, which helps provide adequate time for nutrients and wastes to diffuse?

capillaries

Networks of tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules are called______ beds.

capillary

What connects arterioles and venules?

capillary beds

A and B blood type "markers" are actually different ______ molecules on the surfaces of red blood cells.

carbohydrate

What determines blood type in humans?

carbohydrate markers on the surface of red blood cells

Of the gases given below, which one commonly plays a more important role in controlling the rate of breathing?

carbon dioxide

What gas is transported through the blood as bicarbonate ions?

carbon dioxide

When the blood levels of ______ start to rise, the brain sends messages to increase breathing rate.

carbon dioxide

What gas binds more readily to hemoglobin than does oxygen, sometimes resulting in death?

carbon monoxide

The transportation network of blood, blood vessels, and heart is often called the ______ system.

cardiovascular

red blood cells

carry oxygen and carbon dioxide

Agglutination is a reaction in which ______ due to antibodies produced against incompatible blood types.

cells clump together

Select all of the following that line the trachea and help to trap debris and moisten incoming air.

cilia mucus

The ______ system transports gases and nutrients throughout the body within a fluid called ______.

circulatory blood

Match each layer of an artery or vein to its correct description.

connectivei tissue-> forms outermost sheath smooth muscle tissue-> middle layer; thick in arteries endothelium-> forms innermost lining

Select all of the characteristics of white blood cells.

contain a nucleus lack hemoglobin play a role in immune response five types found in blood

In blood pressure readings, the ______ is the low point on a sphygmomanometer, when the ventricles relax.

diastolic pressure

How does carbon dioxide move into the blood?

diffusion

How does oxygen cross capillary walls?

diffusion

What flap prevents food from entering the lungs during swallowing?

epiglottis

In the diagram, the alveoli at the top labeled with the letter A represents the area of ______ respiration, and the tissue cells at the bottom labeled with the letter B represents the area of ______ respiration.

external; internal

Interstitial fluid is the fluid

found directly around body cells

Match each function of the human respiratory system with its correct description.

gas exchange-> oxygen diffuses into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood at the lungs sense of smell- receptors in the nasal cavity detect when air is inhaled production of sounds- vocal cord in the larynx vibrate when air moves across them maintaining blood PH - breathing rate and volume can affect the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood, which in turn affects hydrogen ion concentration

Match each function of blood with its correct description.

gas exchange=transport of oxygen from respiratory organs to body tissues; transport of carbon dioxide back to lungs nutrient transport=transport of molecules absorbed by digestive system to tissues in the body protection=blood clotting; white blood cells participating in the body's defense formation of interstitial fluids=leakage of blood plasma to form fluid that surrounds cells waste transport=transport of urea to the kidneys for excretion as urine

Air flowing to the lungs passes through a slit-like opening in the larynx called the

glottis

In the circulatory system, an organ called the ____acts as a pump that keeps blood moving through vessels.

heart

What circulatory system component is a pump?

heart

Select all the components of the vertebrate circulatory system.

heart blood vessels

The cardiovascular system consists of the

heart, blood vessels, blood

Carbon monoxide binds to the ______ in blood more readily than oxygen.

hemoglobin

Red blood cells are packed with an oxygen-carrying pigment protein called

hemoglobin

Red blood cells contain ______, which binds to ______ in the alveolar capillaries.

hemoglobin; oxygen

The contraction of smooth muscles in arterial walls causes vasoconstriction and a(n) ______ in blood pressure. Vasodilation occurs when smooth muscles in the arterial walls relax and results in a(n) ______ in blood pressure.

increase; decrease

Air passing into the pharynx from the nasal cavity enters the ______ before it passes into the trachea.

larynx

In the human respiratory system, at the top of the trachea is the ______, which is a boxlike structure that produces the voice and is sometimes called the Adam's apple.

larynx

The nose, pharynx, and ______ are parts of the upper respiratory tract in humans.

larynx

The trachea is located just below the

larynx

formation of interstitial fluids

leakage of blood plasma to form fluid that surrounds cells

Plasma

liquid part of blood; carries cells and dissolved substances

Plasma is the

liquid portion of the blood and is composed of about 90% water.

The trachea and the lungs comprise the ______ respiratory tract

lower

Sac-like organs used by terrestrial vertebrates for gas exchange are called

lungs

The respiratory surface of humans and other terrestrial vertebrates is in the ______ because it is where gas exchange occurs between the body and the environment

lungs

What is secreted by the nose and traps airborne bacteria and dust particles?

mucus

Select all the components of the nasal cavity that help to warm and humidify air that enters the upper respiratory tract.

mucus blood vessels

Arteries have a thicker smooth _____ layer than veins do.

muscle

Breathing, immunity, and smelling are functions that the ______ performs for the body.

nose

Select all the components of the human upper respiratory tract.

nose pharynx larynx

In animal cells, aerobic respiration consumes ____gas and produces CO2 gas as a waste product.

oxygen

Select all the substances that are transported in the blood.

oxygen carbon dioxide glucose

The characteristics of animal respiratory surfaces include having a large surface area in contact with air or water and a moist surface for

oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion.

Breathing allows the body to obtain ______, which is used in aerobic respiration to generate ATP, and allows the body to eliminate ______, which is a waste product of aerobic respiration.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Air and food both pass through the ______, or throat.

pharynx

What component of blood exchanges nutrients, gases, and other dissolved substances with the interstitial fluid?

plasma

What blood component is formed from a vesicle that enlarges and breaks off of a mother cell?

platelet

Blood clotting is initiated by

platelets

Small, colorless cell fragments that initiate blood clotting are called

platelets

For proper blood clotting to occur, various plasma _______ and platelets are needed.

proteins

In humans,_______ blood cells lack nuclei, ribosomes, and mitochondria, which maximizes space for hemoglobin.

red

Hemoglobin is the protein found in ______ blood cells that transports ______ throughout the circulatory system.

red oxygen

What component of blood transports 99% of oxygen picked up in the lungs?

red blood cells

What component of the blood is packed with hemoglobin?

red blood cells

When skeletal muscles are ______, valves prevent blood from flowing backward in veins. When skeletal muscles are ______, they squeeze the veins, propelling blood through the opened valves.

relaxed contracted

What term can mean the generation of ATP in cells using oxygen, the physical movement of air in and out of the body, and the act of exchanging gases?

respiration

An animal's ______ surface is the area of its body where gas exchange between the body and the environment take place.

respiratory

Organs of the ______ system, such as gills or lungs, allow gases from the environment to be exchanged with blood vessels from the circulatory system.

respiratory

The organ system that exchanges gases with the environment in most animals is called the ____system.

respiratory

What is the glottis?

slit-like opening to the larynx

The first number in a blood pressure reading represents the ______, which is generated by the contraction of the ventricles.

systolic pressure

If a person has a blood pressure of 125/80, then 125 represents the ______, and 80 represents the ______.

systolic pressure; diastolic pressure

The reason blood velocity is lowest in the capillaries, rather than the veins or arteries, is that

the capillaries have a much greater cross-sectional area than do veins and arteries.

The , ______or windpipe, is a respiratory structure just beneath the larynx which leads to the lungs.

trachea

The lower respiratory tract is composed of the

trachea, bronchi, lungs

nutrient transport

transport of molecules absorbed by digestive system to tissues in the body

Select all functions of blood.

transport of nutrients gas exchange transport of hormones immune response

gas exchange

transport of oxygen from respiratory organs to body tissues

waste transport

transport of urea to the kidneys for excretion as urine

Due to the lower pressure, veins have flaps called ______ that keep blood flowing in one direction back to the heart.

valves

In the ______, blood pressure is the lowest, but blood velocity is faster than it is in the capillaries.

veins

Blood is carried to the heart after it has circulated through the body by blood vessels called _____, and vessels called ______ carry blood away from the heart to the body.

veins arteries

Systolic pressure reflects the contraction of the ______ of the heart.

ventricles

A platelet originates as ______ that enlarge and are shed by a large mother cell.

vesicles

The force that blood exerts on ______ is referred to as blood pressure.

vessel walls

Select all of the following that describe bronchioles.

walls contain smooth muscle fine branches of the bronchi nervous system can adjust diameter

What feature of capillaries permits easy diffusion of gases into and out of them?

walls made of a single layer of endothelial cells

A component of blood_____ called blood cells are called leukocytes and participate in immune responses.

white

Leukemia is a type of cancer caused by the overproduction of abnormal ____ blood cells, which leaves the body vulnerable to deadly infections.

white

Leukocytes are ______, which originate in the red bone marrow, have nuclei, and lack hemoglobin.

white blood cells