Biology 1407 Lab Practical #3 Review (Hanks)

What surface would face upward in a living sea anemone specimen?

The mouth/anus or tentacles.

Ctenoid scale

-Know labels of ctenii, radii, focus

Class Actinistia

-Phylum Chordata -Coelacanths -Has everything, bone

Class Amphibia

-Phylum Chordata -Frogs, salamander, toads -Eggs do not have shells, need to be laid in water

Class Opiuroidea

-Phylum Echinodermata -Brittle stars -Arms are slender to help them move instead of tube feet

Which fin do you think plays the largest role in propelling a fish forward?

Caudal fin

What chordate characteristic is present in this adult tunicate? What is its current function?

Gill slits; spots water out

Given what you know about embryology, what embryonic layers would you guess gave rise to the tissue layers of this animal's body?

Inner endoderm gives rise to the gastrovascular cavity, the ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis.

Explain how radial symmetry applies to a colonial animal like a coral.

Most corals are circular.

At what end (closest to scolex or most distant from the scolex) would you find the most mature proglottids?

Most distant from the scolex.

Do all sponges have single large osculum? Explain.

No, large sponges have more complex, compound osculum.

Do all of the representatives on display exhibit a coiled, external shell? Specifically, compare the nautilus with the octopus and squid on display.

No, the octopus and the squid do not have an external shell.

When present, is coiling in the same direction for all the specimens?

No.

Where would the majority of cnidocytes be found on a sea anemone such as this?

Polyps.

Describe the location where lancelets live (water column or sediment), and describe how they obtain food.

Sediment; they are marine filter feeders so they bury themselves in the sand and have tentacular cirri protruding out.

Referring to the general drawing of a sponge body, what component remains that makes up these dried specimens?

The gelatinous mesoglea melts away, only leaving the exoskeleton and sometimes spicules.

How would you describe sponges body symmetry?

There is no symmetry.

Corals are in the clade known as the Radiata. Members of this clade have radial symmetry. Do all the representatives on display appear to have radial symmetry?

Yes, they all have radial symmetry. The calcium carbonate from hard corals can take form in any shape, but it doesn't change the actual shape.

Do all of the representatives on display exhibit coiling of the shell?

Yes.

Phylum Echinodermata

-Contains calcareous endoskeleton, tube feet (movement), and secondary radial symmetry (secondary because it has been evolved from a bilateral ancestor), and pentaradial (5 parts are symmetrical)

Internal Anatomy of Earthworm

-Know labels of prostomium, pharynx, brain, pharyngeal muscles, somites (body segments), aortic arches (hearts), calciferous glands, seminal recepacles, testes, seminal vesicles, ovary, oviduct, vas deferens, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, intestine wall, dorsal blood vessel, ventral blood vessel, nephridia, central nerve cord, septum

Class Dipnoi

-Phylum Chordata -Lungfish -Has everything, bone

Identify several differences among sponges on display.

Shape, softness, physical properties.

Are definite tissue layers present in hydra? If so, how many?

Yes, 2; it is diploblastic.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

-"Flatworms" -Has bilateral symmetry and cephalization (having a head) -Three layers (endoderm, ectoderm, mesoderm) -Upper=dorsal, lower=ventral, front=anterior, back=posterior -Acoelomate= no coelom -Mostly parasitic

Phylum Mollusca

-"Molluscs" -Has three parts: foot (locomotion), visceral mass (internal organs), mantle (surrounds the visceral mass for secreting external shell)

Phylum Cnidaria

-"Radiata"=radial symmetry -Claude Eumetazoans (animals with tissues) -Either a free swimming medusa (adult stage) or sedentary polyps (larval stage), goes back and forth between these two stages -Two layers: endoderm & ectoderm -When cut from the mouth, the side with mouth= oral surface, the side without mouth= aboral surface -Cnidocytes=stinging cells -Know labels of epidermis, mesoglea, gastrodermis, gastrovascular cavity, mouth, tentacle.

Phylum Rotifera

-"Rotifer" means "wheel-bearer" in Latin because of the way the crown of cilia whirls like a wheel when it moves. -Mastax=muscular pharynx in charge of grinding food -Has set of jaws -Know labels of cilia, mastax, gonads, anus, toe/pedal glands.

Phylum Nematoda

-"Roundworms" -Like flatworms, they are triploblastic -Has a complete digestive tract (with mouth and anus) -Pseudocoelomate (epidermis is surrounded by multilayered cuticle) -Ascaris (male=hook on the posterior side) -Know labels of mouth, anus, intestine, uterus, pseudocoelom, oviduct, ovary

Phylum Annelida

-"Segmented worms" -Annelids are called segmented worms because they have divided body segments that are in charge of individual muscle movements -Three major groups that can be distinguished by the presence and numbers of small bristles called chaetae

Subclass Oligochaeta

-Class Clitellata -"Earthworms" -Most recognizable member of Phylum Annelida -Has little chaetae directly from the body wall -Has a well developed digestive tract -No defined head -Burrows through soil and feeds on decomposing organic materials

Subclass Hirudinea

-Class Clitellata -"Leeches" -Blood sucking parasite -Has no chaetae

Phylum Chordata

-Contains notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, or postanal tail throughout development -Three subphylums (vertebrata, cephalochordata, urochordata) -Five classes in fish (myxini, petromyzontida, chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, actinista, dipnoi) -Three classes in tetrapods (amphibia, reptilia, mammalia)

Ganoid scale

-Diamond shaped

Phylum Arthropoda

-Highly diverse group that are categorized by having exoskeleton made out of chiton, jointed appendages, and segments/tagmata

Sea star dissection

-Know labels of arms, cardiac stomach, pyloric stomach, central disc, anus, gonads, ambulacral ridge, pyloric ceca, madreporite, radial canal, stone canal, ring canal, ampulla, tube feet

Anatomy of the Crayfish

-Know labels of cephalothorax, carapace, rostrum, antennules, antenna, cheliped (claws), third maxilliped, walking legs, swimmerets, telson (specialized for swimming), uropod -Male=has gonopods, female=doesnt have gonopods

Fins

-Know labels of dorsal fins, caudal fin, anal fin, pelvic fin, pectoral fin, operculum

Cycloid scale

-Know labels of exposed portion, annulus, circuli, focus

Anatomy of the Grasshopper

-Know labels of head, antennae, compound eye, thorax, carapace, tympanum, forewing, hindwing, spiracles, abdomen -Male= doesn't have ovipasitor, female= has ovipasitor

External Anatomy of Earthworm

-Know labels of prostomium, mouth, anus, segments, septum, seminal receptacle openings, vas deferens openings, clitellum, nephridiophores (liquid waste collected internally), genital pores (important in reproduction)

Digestive Tract of Earthworm

-Know labels of typhlosole, intestine, coelom, chaetae, longitudinal muscle, circular muscle, epidermis, ventral nerve cord, nephridium

Class Polychaeta

-Phylum Annelida -"Clam worms" -Parapodium: appendage like structures along the body with extend of chaetae on each

Class Clitellata

-Phylum Annelida -Subclass Hirudinea and Subclass Oligochaeta

Class Reptilia- Lepidosaurs

-Phylum Chordata -Alligators, lizards, snakes -Eggs are laid on land or retained with the mother

Class Reptilia- Birds

-Phylum Chordata -Birds -Eggs are laid on land or retained with the mother

Class Myxini

-Phylum Chordata -Hagfish -Has slime called myxine as defense mechanism -Has nothing except for the cranium, cartilage

Subphylum Vertebrata

-Phylum Chordata -Has two or more sets of hox genes, cranium or a skull, backbone made up of bone or cartilage

Class Petromyzontida

-Phylum Chordata -Lampreys -Has teeth and mouth that are sharp to make holes on the host -Has nothing except for cranium, cartilage

Subphylum Cephalochordata

-Phylum Chordata -Lancelets -Has all the characteristics of chordata, marine filter feeder that bury themselves in the sand with tentacles protruding out

Class Actinopterygii

-Phylum Chordata -Ray finned fish, lionfish -Has everything, bone

Class Chondrichthyes

-Phylum Chordata -Sharks, rays, skates -Has everything, cartilage

Class Mammalia

-Phylum Chordata -Skunks, squirrel, rat, etc -Mammary glands, has hair, eggs are laid on land or retained with the mother

Subphylum Urochordata

-Phylum Chordata -Tunicates -Only has pharyngeal gill slits, marine filter feeder that has a sac-like appearance

Class Reptilia-Turtles

-Phylum Chordata -Turtles -Eggs are laid on land or retained with the mother

Class Hydrozoa

-Phylum Cnidaria -"Hydra" -Contains both solitary and colonial polyps -Budding=asexual reproduction of hydra -Know labels of epidermis, gastrovascular cavity, pedal/basal disc, hydra bud, medusa bud, tentacles, feeding polyp (hydranth), reproductive polyp (gonangium).

Class Anthozoa

-Phylum Cnidaria -"No medusa stage", stays as polyps -Asexual reproduction -Most diverse group of Cnidaria -"Hard" corals -Know labels of tentacles, mouth, pedal/basal disc.

Class Scyphozoa

-Phylum Cnidaria -"True jellyfish" -Aurelia=moon jellyfish -Sexually reproduces from dominant form of medusa -Know labels of mouth, tentacles, radial canal (movement;circulation), gonads, oral arm (brings in food).

Class Echinoidea

-Phylum Echinodermata -Sand dollars, sea urchens -No arms but spines help them move

Class Holothuroidea

-Phylum Echinodermata -Sea cucumbers -No arms and are tubular shaped

Class Crinoidea

-Phylum Echinodermata -Sea lillies -Mostly sessile throughout life time

Class Asteroidea

-Phylum Echinodermata -Sea stars, starfish

Class Polyplacophora

-Phylum Mollusca "Chitins" -"Poly"=8; "placo"=overlapping plates -Has a well-developed foot and a reduced head so it's difficult to determine the anterior end from the dorsal surface -Know labels of girdle, foot, mouth, plates/valves, anterior, posterior

Class Bivalvia

-Phylum Mollusca -"Bivalves"= clams, mussels, scallops -Second most common group in mollusca -Their name stems from having two valves or shells -Unlike chitin with dorsal on top and ventral on bottom, bivalves have dorsal where the hinge is and ventral where the opening is -No head -Umbo= initial growth of the shell by the hinge -Know labels of mantle, incurrent siphon (H2O enters), excurrent siphon (H2O exits), posterior adductor, anterior adductor, gill (gas exchange), palps (directs food into the mouth), mouth, foot, umbo

Class Cephalopoda

-Phylum Mollusca -"Cephalopods"= squids, nautilus, octopus -Literally means "head-foot" -Has brain and organs in the head because it's an active predator -Only class with closed circulatory system -Know labels of stomach, ink sac, anus, siphon, heart, gills, internal shell/pen (reduced external shell), mantle, arms, tentacles (with sucking cups for capturing prey), beak, radula

Class Gastropoda

-Phylum Mollusca -"Gastropods"= snails, whelks -Most recognizable group in mollusca -The only class that undergoes the process of torsion (digestive tract that is shaped like a U, anus is adjacent with the mouth) -Coils in diverse shells in different shapes, colors, etc. -Can recoil back into the shell for protection against predators

Class Trematoda

-Phylum Platyhelminthes -"Flukes" -Internal parasite=doesn't have signals but suckers instead -Clonorchis (on fish), Fasciola (on plants) -Know labels of oral sucker (anterior sucker), vental sucker, digestive tract, testes, uterus, yolk glands.

Class Turbellaria

-Phylum Platyhelminthes -"Planarians" -Parenchyma=mesodermally derived tissue -Digestion still occurs in the gastrovascular cavity -Know labels of eyespot, auricles, pharynx, pharyngeal cavity, parenchyma, gastrovascular cavity, epidermis.

Class Cestoda

-Phylum Platyhelminthes -"Tapeworm" -Doesn't have gastrovascular cavity anymore because it can flatten itself to the point they steal nutrients across the body surface -Has two functional body parts: scolex (the head even though there is no cephalization), proglottids (the reproductive parts) -Know labels of scolex, proglottids, sucker, hooks, ovary, uterus, testes, genital pore, excretory ducts.

Phylum Porifera

-Sponges -Lacks symmetry and true tissues -Has three layers (Epidermis, Mesohyl, Spongocoel) -H2O enters from the ostrium, enters out from osculum -Know labels of epidermis, amoebocytes, choanocytes, spongocoel.