Biology 1408

If two different alleles for the same trait have an equal effect on the phenotype, the alleles are

-----

What is the smallest number of traits that are needed to test Mendel's law of independent assortment?

2

Humans have ___________ pairs of homologous chromosomes.

23

Sickle-cell disease is an inherited chronic blood disease caused by an autosomal recessive allele. Suppose a man with sickle-cell disease fathers a child by a woman who is a carrier for sickle-cell disease. What are the chances their children will exhibit the disease?

50%

Both members of a couple are carriers for a recessive disease allele. If the couple has four children, which of the following statements must be true?

50% of the children could be carriers of the disease.

When bases of DNA correctly bind to the complementary strand,

A always pairs with T

If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele, individuals with which of the following genotypes would be affected by the disorder?

Aa and AA

Chromosomes that are NOT involved in determining gender are known as

Autosomes

Most human genetic characteristics are

Controlled by more than one gene

When a cell divides, it

Copies its own genetic information

The hereditary genetic material present in all living cells is

DNA

Viral DNA that has entered the pig genome and remains active is passed from generation to generation through

DNA Replication

Which of the following did Mendel use to help him form the law of independent assortment?

Dihybrid crosses between pea plants

Two copies of the same gene on a single chromosome would indicate a(n) _________________ had occurred.

Duplication

In a strand of double-stranded DNA, cytosine will always be bound with

G

What information is NOT visible in a karyotype?

Genetic Mutations

Mutations will affect the

Genotype, which may affect the phenotype

An X-linked carrier is a female individual with a ______________ genotype, on her X chromosomes, who does not express the recessive trait but can pass it along to offspring.

Heterozygous

Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment both have their biological basis in events that take place during

Meiosis

A permanent change in the DNA base sequence due to an uncorrected mismatch error is called a(n)

Mutation

The CRISPR-Cas9 system is made up of two guide __________ molecules and two Cas9 ____________ molecules.

RNA; protein

Most inherited human genetic disorders are inherited as ________________ alleles.

Recessive

In humans, the "master sex switch" that determines whether an embryo will become a male is the

SRY gene

An allele that appears more frequently in males is MOST likely

Sex-linked

Which of the following does NOT represent a phenotype?

The alleles in a mouse that control hair color

Which of the following statements is a basic summary of one of Mendel's laws?

The separation of alleles for one gene does not affect the separation of alleles for other genes

Which of the following is NOT a base found in DNA? Uracil Guanine Thymine Adenine.

Uracil

What is required for gene therapy?

a functional copy of the gene

An allele is

a version of a gene

Mismatch errors are

almost always corrected by specialized proteins

Once attached to the proper DNA sequence, Cas9 proteins found in the CRISPR-Cas9 system ________________ both strands of DNA.

cleave

Along one side of a DNA molecule, the nucleotides are connected to each other by _____________ bonds between _______________.

covalent; phosphate groups and sugar molecules

It would become nearly impossible to predict the phenotype of an individual with a known genotype if the

environment affects the phenotype

Mendel used _______________ as his research organism to study patterns of genetic inheritance.

garden peas

The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by _____________ bonds between their base pairs.

hydrogen

Replication of DNA cannot begin until __________ bonds between ______________ are broken.

hydrogen; complementary bases

DNA replication

occurs before mitosis in the cell

Once replication in a DNA molecule is complete, each new DNA molecule contains

one old strand and one new strand

A ___________________ is a chart that shows genetic relationships within a family over several generations.

pedigree

A Punnett square is used to

predict the genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic cross

The sex of a human child is determined by the

presence or absence of the Y chromosome

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to

produce many copies of a selected DNA sequence

Damaged DNA may be repaired by a special class of

proteins

If DNA polymerase did not have the ability to proofread, then DNA replication would

result in more mutations

In humans, X-linked genetic diseases

tend to be expressed more in males than in females

In Mendel's controlled mating experiments, the individuals produced by crossing two true-breeding parents are referred to as

the F1 generation

One chromosomal abnormality that is usually fatal is

the addition of an extra autosomal chromosome

Why did Mendel analyze thousands of plants while conducting his research?

the likelihood of seeing a clear pattern is higher with a larger data set

The difference between the alleles of a single gene is

their DNA sequences

On chromosomes within an individual, there are ____________ alleles for a given gene found on __________________ chromosomes.

two; homologous