Biology 1408
If two different alleles for the same trait have an equal effect on the phenotype, the alleles are
-----
What is the smallest number of traits that are needed to test Mendel's law of independent assortment?
2
Humans have ___________ pairs of homologous chromosomes.
23
Sickle-cell disease is an inherited chronic blood disease caused by an autosomal recessive allele. Suppose a man with sickle-cell disease fathers a child by a woman who is a carrier for sickle-cell disease. What are the chances their children will exhibit the disease?
50%
Both members of a couple are carriers for a recessive disease allele. If the couple has four children, which of the following statements must be true?
50% of the children could be carriers of the disease.
When bases of DNA correctly bind to the complementary strand,
A always pairs with T
If a genetic disorder is caused by a dominant allele, individuals with which of the following genotypes would be affected by the disorder?
Aa and AA
Chromosomes that are NOT involved in determining gender are known as
Autosomes
Most human genetic characteristics are
Controlled by more than one gene
When a cell divides, it
Copies its own genetic information
The hereditary genetic material present in all living cells is
DNA
Viral DNA that has entered the pig genome and remains active is passed from generation to generation through
DNA Replication
Which of the following did Mendel use to help him form the law of independent assortment?
Dihybrid crosses between pea plants
Two copies of the same gene on a single chromosome would indicate a(n) _________________ had occurred.
Duplication
In a strand of double-stranded DNA, cytosine will always be bound with
G
What information is NOT visible in a karyotype?
Genetic Mutations
Mutations will affect the
Genotype, which may affect the phenotype
An X-linked carrier is a female individual with a ______________ genotype, on her X chromosomes, who does not express the recessive trait but can pass it along to offspring.
Heterozygous
Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment both have their biological basis in events that take place during
Meiosis
A permanent change in the DNA base sequence due to an uncorrected mismatch error is called a(n)
Mutation
The CRISPR-Cas9 system is made up of two guide __________ molecules and two Cas9 ____________ molecules.
RNA; protein
Most inherited human genetic disorders are inherited as ________________ alleles.
Recessive
In humans, the "master sex switch" that determines whether an embryo will become a male is the
SRY gene
An allele that appears more frequently in males is MOST likely
Sex-linked
Which of the following does NOT represent a phenotype?
The alleles in a mouse that control hair color
Which of the following statements is a basic summary of one of Mendel's laws?
The separation of alleles for one gene does not affect the separation of alleles for other genes
Which of the following is NOT a base found in DNA? Uracil Guanine Thymine Adenine.
Uracil
What is required for gene therapy?
a functional copy of the gene
An allele is
a version of a gene
Mismatch errors are
almost always corrected by specialized proteins
Once attached to the proper DNA sequence, Cas9 proteins found in the CRISPR-Cas9 system ________________ both strands of DNA.
cleave
Along one side of a DNA molecule, the nucleotides are connected to each other by _____________ bonds between _______________.
covalent; phosphate groups and sugar molecules
It would become nearly impossible to predict the phenotype of an individual with a known genotype if the
environment affects the phenotype
Mendel used _______________ as his research organism to study patterns of genetic inheritance.
garden peas
The two strands of a DNA molecule are held together by _____________ bonds between their base pairs.
hydrogen
Replication of DNA cannot begin until __________ bonds between ______________ are broken.
hydrogen; complementary bases
DNA replication
occurs before mitosis in the cell
Once replication in a DNA molecule is complete, each new DNA molecule contains
one old strand and one new strand
A ___________________ is a chart that shows genetic relationships within a family over several generations.
pedigree
A Punnett square is used to
predict the genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic cross
The sex of a human child is determined by the
presence or absence of the Y chromosome
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to
produce many copies of a selected DNA sequence
Damaged DNA may be repaired by a special class of
proteins
If DNA polymerase did not have the ability to proofread, then DNA replication would
result in more mutations
In humans, X-linked genetic diseases
tend to be expressed more in males than in females
In Mendel's controlled mating experiments, the individuals produced by crossing two true-breeding parents are referred to as
the F1 generation
One chromosomal abnormality that is usually fatal is
the addition of an extra autosomal chromosome
Why did Mendel analyze thousands of plants while conducting his research?
the likelihood of seeing a clear pattern is higher with a larger data set
The difference between the alleles of a single gene is
their DNA sequences
On chromosomes within an individual, there are ____________ alleles for a given gene found on __________________ chromosomes.
two; homologous