Biology 160 Quiz 1
complementary base pairing
A, T, C, G
chemical symbol and number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell for the six most abundant elements found in organisms
Carbon -C (4 electrons) Nitrogen N (3) Phosphorus -P (3) Oxygen - O (2) Sulfur- S (2) Hydrogen- H (1)
Which of the following is NOT one of the FBIs? Cells Evolution Structure and Function Systems
Cells
Catalyzes the joining of Okazaki fragments
DNA ligase
Removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
DNA polymerase I
Synthesizes the daughter strands
DNA polymerase III
Reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed
Dehydration synthesis
Populations of organisms and their cellular components have changed over time through both selective and non-selective evolutionary processes.
Evolution
The leading strand is synthesized in the 5' --> 3' direction, and the lagging strand is synthesized in the 3' --> 5' direction
False
If one strand of a DNA molecule is 5' CATCGA 3' , then the complementary strand would be 3' ____________ 5'
GTAGCT
Phosphate
Have 2 negative charges, stores energy(PO4 3-)
What type of bond forms between adjacent water molecules? Polar covalent Nonpolar covalent Hydrogen Ionic
Hydrogen
Which of these bonds is the weakest? Nonpolar covalent Polar covalent Hydrogen Ionic
Hydrogen
Reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing water
Hydrolysis
Information (DNA, for example) and signals are used and exchanged within and among organisms to direct their functioning.
Information Flow, Exchange, and Storage
Which of the following FBIs is the "capable of reproduction" characteristic of life being related to in the following example? During reproduction, the information stored in DNA is passed from one generation to the next generation. Information Flow, Exchange, and Storage Structure and Function Evolution Pathways and Transformations of Energy and Matter
Information Flow, Exchange, and Storage
the role of electrons in forming ionic, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, and hydrogen bonds
Ionic -the attraction between oppositely charged atoms after an electron is transferred from one atom to the other atom allowing both atoms to complete their outer shells Nonpolar covalent- when the two atoms sharing electrons are equally electronegative Polar covalent -when one of the atoms sharing electrons is more electronegative than the other atom Hydrogen bonds -the attraction between an atom with a partial positive charge and an atom with a partial negative charge
Methyl
Nonpolar -CH3
Which of the following DNA repair mechanisms repairs thymine dimers? Base excision repair Proofreading Nucleotide excision repair Mismatch repair
Nucleotide excision repair
All living things acquire, use, and release and cycle matter and energy for cellular / organismal functioning.
Pathways and Transformations of Energy and Matter
Order the steps of the process of science Read peer-reviewed literature
3
If a segment of double-stranded DNA contains 20% guanine, it will contain ______% adenine.
30
Order the steps of the process of science Form a hypothesis and make a prediction
4
Order the steps of the process of science Conduct an experiment
5
Order the steps of the process of science Analyze the results
6
Order the steps of the process of science Make conclusions
7
Order the steps of the process of science Publish results in a peer-reviewed journal
8
solution
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
prediction
A logical statement about what will happen if the hypothesis is correct.
hydroxide ion
A negatively charged ion made of oxygen and hydrogen. OH-
compound
A substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements
Order the steps of the process of science Make an observation
1
Order the steps of the process of science Ask a question
2
solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
deoxyribonucleotide (DNA)
A, G, C, T
ribonucleotide (RNA)
A, G, C, U
electron shell
An energy level representing the distance of an electron from the nucleus of an atom.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of life? Maintain internal conditions Grow and develop Consist of multiple cells Respond to stimuli
Consist of Multiple Cells
Catalyzes the breaking of hydrogen bonds between base pairs
Helicase
Hydroxyl
Polar, acts as weak acids(OH-)
specific heat
The amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree celcius
antiparallel
The opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.
solvent
a substance capable of dissolving another substance
heat of vaporization
high amount of energy required to for liquid to water to turn into water vapor
Sulfhydryl
Polar, link together via disulfide bonds (-SH)
Carbonyl
Polar, sites that link molecules into more complex compounds (C=O)
Catalyzes the synthesis of the RNA primer
Primase
Which level of structure in DNA and RNA is formed by hydrogen bonding between nitrogenous bases? Quaternary Primary Secondary Tertiary
Secondary
Stabilizes the single-stranded DNA
Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins( SSBP's)
All living systems (organisms, ecosystems, etc.) are made of structural components whose arrangement determines the function of the systems.
Structure and Function
Living systems are interconnected, and they interact and influence each other on multiple levels
Systems
semiconservative replication
The process in which the DNA molecule uncoils and separates into two strands. Each original strand becomes a template on which a new strand is constructed, resulting in two DNA molecules identical to the original DNA molecule.
lagging strand
The strand that is synthesized in fragments using individual sections called Okazaki fragments
Which of the following is NOT a nitrogenous base found in RNA? Uracil Thymine Adenine Guanine Cytosine
Thymine
Breaks and rejoins the DNA double helix to relieve tension
Topoisomerase
A hypothesis is a suggested explanation for an observation that can be tested.
True
In plants, water is transported from the roots to the leaves. What property of water explains how plants are able to transport water over a large distance? Water is denser as a liquid than as a solid Water has a high capacity for absorbing energy Water is a common solvent for ions and polar molecules Water molecules are cohesive
Water molecules are cohesive
hydrogen ion
a positively charged ion (H+) formed of a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron
experiment
a scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
What are the components of a nucleotide? a sugar, an amino acid, and a nitrogenous base a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base a sugar, a sulfate group, and a pyrimidine a sugar, a sulfate group, and a purine
a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
hypothesis
a suggested explanation for an event, which one can test
theory
a tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena
nonpolar covalent bond
a type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them
hydrogen bond
a weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules
Amino
acts as a base (NH2)
Carboxyl
acts as an acid (COOH)
An ionic bond involves _________. the unequal sharing of an electron pair an attraction between ions of opposite charges an attraction between atoms with opposite partial charges the sharing of a single pair of electrons
an attraction between ions of opposite charges
Ph scale
anything below 7.0 is acidic (0.0-6.9) and anything about 7.0 is basic (7.1-14.0)
ion
atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons.
adhesion
attraction between water molecules and other molecules
defects in DNA repair systems leads to an increased risk of developing cancer by
cancerous cells have accumulated mutations that allow them to divide uncontrollably, invade surrounding tissues, and spread to various parts of the body
polymer
chain of monomer residues that is linked by covalent bonds; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation
Organic compounds
contain carbon, have at least one carbon-hydrogen bond
phosphodiester linkage
covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking two pentose sugars of neighboring nucleotides
dNTPs
deoxynucleotide triphosphates: made up of a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.
hydrophilic
describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water
hydrophobic
describes uncharged non-polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water
Recall Pasteur's experiment that provided support for the cell theory. The spontaneous generation hypothesis was rejected because cells ________. did not appear in the straight-neck flask did not appear in the swan-neck flask appeared in the swan-neck flask appeared in the straight-neck flask
did not appear in the swan-neck flask
DNA
double helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary information
The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____. electronegativity ionic potential polarity covalency
electronegativity
telomerase
enzyme that contains a catalytic part and an inbuilt RNA template; it functions to maintain telomeres at chromosome ends
proofreading
function of DNA pol in which it reads the newly added base before adding the next one
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
cohesion
intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension
inorganic compounds
lacks C-H bonds
Water is polar and can form hydrogen bonds Water is an excellent solvent. Water has high heat capacity. Water has high heat of vaporization. Water has cohesive and adhesive properties. Water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid
match with different scenarios during quiz
acid
molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
base
molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution
product
molecule that is result of chemical reaction
reactant
molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction
polar molecule
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a positive end and a negative end
Nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
anion
negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons
element
one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons
isotope
one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons
The 7 fundamental characteristics of life
order, sensitivity or response to the environment, reproduction, adaptation/evolution, growth and development, regulation/homeostasis, energy processing.
valence shell
outermost shell of an atom
Draw two molecules of water and label all of the polar covalent and hydrogen bonds
polar covalent is bond between O and H within one molecule, hydrogen is bond between the two molecules
cation
positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons
hydrolysis
reaction that causes breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules by utilizing water
dehydration synthesis
reaction that links monomer molecules together, releasing a molecule of water for each bond formed
telomere
repeating nucleotide at the ends of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes
sliding clamp
ring-shaped protein that holds the DNA pol on the DNA strand
pH
scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution
DNA undergoes _______. directional replication semiconservative replication dispersive replication conservative replication
semiconservative replication
primer
short stretch of nucleotides that is required to initiate replication; in the case of replication, the primer has RNA nucleotides
RNA
single-stranded often internally base paired molecule that is involved in protein synthesis
monomer
smallest unit of larger molecules called polymers
buffer
substance that resists changes in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions
surface tension
tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the molecules of the liquid
electronegativity
the ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms
ionic bond
the attraction between oppositely charged atoms after an electron is transferred from one atom to the other atom allowing both atoms to complete their outer shells
leading strand
the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction
daughter strand
the newly made stand in DNA replication
parental strand
the original strand in DNA replication
mass number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic number
total number of protons in an atom
molecule
two or more atoms chemically bonded together
nucleotide excision repair
type of DNA repair mechanism in which the wrong base, along with a few nucleotides upstream or downstream, are removed
polar covalent bond
type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal sharing of electrons, resulting in the creation of slightly positive and slightly negative charged regions of the molecule
purine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
pyrimidine
type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines
mismatch repair
type of repair mechanism in which mismatched bases are removed after replication