BIOLOGY 167 Final Exam Review
Minerals have many functions in the body. Select all that apply.
- They are important for nerve impulses - Important in formation of compounds in your body - They help maintain water balance - Important in preventing anemia
What events occur in human digestion? Select all that apply.
- food is broken down and nutrients are extracted in the acidic stomach - the large intestine extract water and salts from undigested food - proteins, fats and carbohydrate digestion is completed in the small intestine - mastication occurs with teeth
Which organisms have digestive system with one opening? Select all that apply.
- hydra - jelly fish - comb jellies
You are studying a mutant mouse that has symptoms of poor lipid intake even on high-fat chow. Which of the following are possible underlying causes of impaired lipid digestion? Select all that apply.
- impaired release of bile by gallbladder - low enzyme production by the pancreas - mutation in a lipase gene
Where in the body can you find neurons? Select all that apply.
-eye -fingers -spine -gut -uterus -skin
What major ions contribute to the resting membrane potential? Select all that apply.
-sodium -potassium
a Various folk remedies have been suggested to alleviate jellyfish stings, such as applying vinegar to prevent further envenomation into the skin. Vinegar has been shown to help with some species, but makes things worse for other species. To clarify this in the lab, you could measure firing of Select your answerYou got it correct in response to changes in Select your answerYou got it correct , using different species of Select your answerYou got it correct
1 - nematocysts 2- pH 3- cnidarians
What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the vena cava to the lungs? 1. Right atrium 2. Pulmonary valve 3. Right ventricle 4. Tricuspid valve
1, 4, 3, 2
What is the correct sequence of a sound waves movement through the ear? 1. Pinna 2. Malleus 3. Stapes 4. Tympanum 5. Outer ear canal 6. Incus 7. Oval window
1, 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 7
What is the correct sequence of a sound waves movement through the ear? 1. Pinna 2. Malleus 3. Stapes 4. Tympanum 5. Outer ear canal 6. Incus 7. Oval window
1, 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 7
During renovations, the natural history museum's specimens have gotten all mixed up. Sort each of the specimens into their correct phylum. C. capillata, the lion's mane jellyfish Select your answer S. polymorpha, a large centipede Select your answer M. australis, the giant Gippsland earthworm Select your answer H. maculosa, the blue-ringed octopus Select your answer C. elegans, a tiny roundworm
1- cnidaria 2- anthropoda 3- annelida 4- mollusca 5- nematode
In the figure below, vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transmitted to the oval window by the structure at which numbers ?
2 3 4
What difference during embryonic development distinguishes echinoderms from other invertebrates like annelids or arthropods?
2) The blastopore forms the anus, not the mouth.
What is the correct pathway for the following events? 1. Perceive the information attained by the brain 2. Turn on bathroom light in the middle of the night 3. Visual cortex translates electrical impulse 4. Retinal cells transduce an electrical impulse 5. Optic nerve carries information to the brain
2, 4, 5, 3, 1
What is the correct pathway for the following events? 1. Perceive the information attained by the brain 2. Turn on bathroom light in the middle of the night 3. Visual cortex translates electrical impulse 4. Retinal cells transduce an electrical impulse 5. Optic nerve carries information to the brain
2, 4, 5, 3, 1
You disregarded the warnings about using cotton swabs inside the ear canal, and accidentally poked one in too far. What structures are most likely to be damaged, in order of proximity to the ear canal? incus, malleus, oval window, stapes semicircular canals and cochlea, tympanic membrane
3, 2, 5, 4, 6, 1
In the figure below, the sense of head motion begins with sensory transduction by the structures at which numbers ?
5
In the figure below, the Organ of Corti is contained in the structure numbered:
7
At the botanical garden, you have been invited to design a display for educating visitors about fungi. What are attributes of fungi? Select all that apply. A - Some fungi are harmful. B - Some fungi photosynthesize. C - Fungi are saprobes. D - Some fungi are beneficial. E - Fungi are autotrophs. F - Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.
A - Fungi are saprobes B - Some fungi are beneficial D - Some fungi are harmful F - Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular
Which of the following are associated with sclerenchyma cells? Select all that apply.
A : dead at maturity D : used to make linen and rope F : have fibers and sclereids
What leaf adaptations would help conserve water in dry areas? Select all that apply.
A : succulent leaves B : sunken stomata C : small surface area
Gas exchange occurs in the: A) Alveoli B) More than one of these is correct C) Trachea D) Bronchi
A) Alveoli
What neurological disorder is characterized by dementia and shrinkage of cells due to death?
A) Alzheimer's Disease
A patient has a defect in mucus production. What outcome(s) do you predict may occur as a consequence? Select all that apply. A) Cold, dry air damages the trachea and lungs. B) Germs invade the respiratory tract. C) Warm, humid air damages the trachea and lungs. D) Dust accumulates in the respiratory tract. E) Residual Volume will decrease. F) Respiration improves due to less obstruction. G) Tidal Volume will increase. H) Vital Capacity will increase.
A) Cold, dry air damages the trachea and lungs. B) Germs invade the respiratory tract. D) Dust accumulates in the respiratory tract.
Food poisoning from raw foods is often caused by Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter, but botulism from Clostridium botulinum is mainly associated with food in cans or jars - why?
A) E. coli is an obligate anaerobe, but Clostridium is a facultative anaerobe
Today, Yersinia pestis causes several thousand cases of bubonic plague per year, but antibiotics prevent fatality. This disease is now considered
A) Endemic
In both males and females, gamete production is stimulated by this hormone, released from the anterior pituitary gland. A) Follicle-stimulating hormone B) Gametogenesis-regulating hormone C) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone D) Luteinizing hormone
A) Follicle-stimulating hormone
The diplomonad that is a waterborne protist and can cause severe diarrhea when ingested is known as
A) Giardia
A natural area with rivers and streams is popular for fishing. However, Giardia in the water has been making people ill, so the local tourist council has decided to treat the rivers with a compound that kills Giardia and many other protists. What concern(s) do you have with this plan? Select all that apply.
A) Killing protists may result in fewer fish. B)A compound that kills protists may be dangerous to other organisms, including humans.
In order for a hormone to bind to an intracellular receptor, it must be: A) Lipid soluble B) Insoluble C) Water soluble
A) Lipid soluble
In order for a hormone to bind to an intracellular receptor, it must be: A) Lipid soluble B) Water soluble C) Insoluble
A) Lipid soluble
Attentuated viruses are used in
A) Live vaccines
Breathing in humans requires: A) More than one of these choices is correct B) The lungs C) The diaphragm D) The intercostal muscles
A) More than one of these choices is correct
The mycorrhizal association is an example of ______________________
A) Mutualism
The end of which period marked the largest mass extinction recorded, eliminating approximately 95% of the species living at that time?
A) Permian
Mutations occur much more frequently in
A) RNA viruses
Estrogen and testosterone are examples of: A) Steroid hormones B) Peptide hormones
A) Steroid hormones
The process of cataloging the normal bacteria and Archaea living on humans is known as
A) The Human Microbiome Project
Despite the diversity in body form across animals, they all share a similar set of master control genes that orchestrate the developmental process, called Hox genes.
A) True
In fungi, spores can be produced by either meiosis or mitosis
A) True
The body of a single human being could be described as a colony comprising all three domains of life.
A) True
A child is complaining about pain in their legs. Upon examination, there is bowing of the lower extremities. What vitamin deficiency is most likely occurring?
A) Vitamin D
Cyclic AMPs, a secondary messenger, main action is A) activating a protein kinase. B) phosphorylating molecules. C) hydrolyzing GTP. D) activating G-proteins.
A) activating a protein kinase
What events occur during inhalation? Select all that apply. A) alveoli increase in space B) the lungs expand C) the diaphragm contracts D) volume of lungs are increased E) pressure of the thoracic cavity is decreased F) intercostals contract G) bronchioles change size
A) alveoli increase in space B) the lungs expand C) the diaphragm contracts D) volume of lungs are increased F) intercostals contract
Prions are infectious because they
A) are structural variants of a protein which induce the misfolding of the normal form of the protein, resulting in aggregation.
In fungi, nutrition is obtained
A) by digestion then ingestion
How do events like extreme volcanic eruptions and meteor strikes on the earth increase biological diversity?
A) cause mass extinctions followed by adaptive radiations of survivors to fill empty niches
The stinging cells of a Cnidarian are known as
A) cnidocytes
Which of the following are the most dominant aquatic anthropods
A) crustaceans
Members of the phylum Cnidaria have radial and biracial symmetry and are diploblastic, meaning they
A) develop from two embryonic layers
The sponges are separated from the Eumetazoa because they
A) do not contain specialized tissues
Parkinson's disease is characterized by a decrease in what chemical?
A) dopamine
People with phenylketonuria (PKU) are missing the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. In addition to problems from the buildup of phenylalanine, they can suffer from low levels of hormones derived from tyrosine. Which of the following hormones may be deficient in untreated PKU patients? A) epinephrine B) estradiol C) Testosterone D) melatonin
A) epinephrine
Amoebas can use pseudopods to do what types of activities? Select all that apply.
A) feeding B) motility
Although fungi can be found in a wide variety of environments, most members are found in what habitat?
A) forest floor
What hormones are antagonistic? A) glucagon and insulin B) parathyroid and calcitriol C) oxytocin and prolactin D) FSH and LH
A) glucagon and insulin
Which of the following are associated with Arthropoda? Select all that apply
A) have jointed appendages C) contain approximately 85% of all animals E) contain a group of extinct organisms known as trilobites
When studying for a test, what area plays an important role in memory formation?
A) hippocampus
In animals like grasshoppers the young resemble the adults during development. This is termed
A) incomplete metamorphosis
If pH increases , Pco2 decreases or temperature decreases, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin A) increases B) decreases C) stays the same
A) increases
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Parazoans?
A) lack of specialized tissues
Which of the following are typically associated with a fibrous root system?
A) monocots, help prevent soil erosion, and associated with abundant water
Digestion in a monogastric digestive system begins within the
A) mouth
Scientists argue about whether viruses count as living organisms. Sort the arguments below that suggest that viruses are either living or non-living things. A) Viruses cannot replicate on their own. B) Viruses do not grow larger or develop. C) Viruses evolve. D) Viruses have no metabolism. E) Viruses are not cells. F) Viruses have nucleic acids and proteins. G) Viruses have many diverse and specialized forms.
A) non-living B) non-living C) living D) non-living E) non-living F) living G) living
A decrease in ventilation alerts the body that A) not enough oxygen is being taken in and not enough carbon dioxide is being released B) not enough oxygen is being taken in and too much carbon dioxide is being released C) too much oxygen is being taken in and too much carbon dioxide is being released D) too much oxygen is being taken in and not enough carbon dioxide is being released.
A) not enough oxygen is being taken in and not enough carbon dioxide is being released
What enzyme is released from the gastric glands to break proteins into peptides?
A) pepsin
Which of the following are key features of Chordata? Select all that apply.
A) pharyngeal slits C) post-anal tail E) a notochord F) dorsal hollow nerve cord
Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane lipids associated with Archaea?
A) phytanyl groups
Categorize each of the six cnidarians as a medusa or a polyp.
A) polyp B) medusa C) polyp D) polyp E) medusa F) medusa
Many protists use photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide and become food sources for numerous aquatic creatures. This makes them very important
A) primary producers
The pigments present in fungi
A) protect against ultraviolet radiation
Ecdysozoa are
A) protostomes that go through exoskeletal molting.
Rhizobia, bacteria that form nodules on legumes, aid in nitrogen fixation by
A) providing an oxygen-free area for nitrogen fixation to occur, as oxygen prevents nitrogenase activity
The spinal cords main functions are
A) reflex reactions and carries information to and from the brain
A turnip is a modified ______________ used to store starch.
A) root
Estrogen and testosterone have very different biological activities, due to A) their binding to different intracellular receptors B) the ability of only estrogen to cross the plasma membrane C) their unique enzymatic activity D) their amino acid compositions E) their very different structures
A) their binding to different intracellular receptors.
For a long time it was thought that the earliest life forms had what kind of characteristics?
A) tiny, sessile, and soft bodies
Blooms of marine dinoflagellates can cause red tides, that can kill fish, birds, and marine mammals as well as poisoning humans who consume these protists. What is it about the dinoflagellates that cause harm?
A) toxins
What factors contribute to rapid evolution in prokaryotes? Select all that apply.
A) transformation B) conjugation c) transduction e) high rates of mutation f)large numbers of individuals g) short generation time
Yeasts are
A) unicellular fungi
Bread mold is a member of this phylum of fungi
A) zygomycota
Which cells are glia and which are neurons?
A- glia B- neuron C- neuron D- glia E-glia F- glia
Which parts of a plant are typically associated with vegetative functions?
A: roots, stems, and leaves
Which of the following groups of animals have ALL of the features noted in the diagram, at at least one stage in their development? Select all that apply.
Actinopterygii amphibians Chondrichthyes coelocanths jawless fish lancelets lungfish mammals reptiles
What do Merkel's disks and Meissner's corpuscles have in common ? A. Both are baroreceptors B. Activation by fine/light touch C. Both are proprioreceptors D. Both A and B E. NEither A nor B is correct
Activation by fine/light touch
When you hear your instructor speaking , the words first transmitted through the air to reach your outer ear, then through _____to the tympanic membrane, then through _____ to the oval window, then through _______in the cochlea, and finally through to ______ the auditory cortex.
Air, Bone, Fluid, Action Potential
Volume is based upon the ____________ of a sound wave
Amplitude
Volume is based upon the _____________________ of a sound wave
Amplitude
In the hospital's post-op recovery ward, patients are comparing the consequences of each having an organ removed. Ann: "Now that my ___________ is gone, I should have few problems, since it doesn't secrete enzymes and has just a minor role in immunity." Bill: "Coping without a ___________ will be a little annoying. I need to avoid high-fat meals because the bile won't be stored and released at the right time." Carlos: "Few people have to have their ______________ removed. I will have serious problems with digestion and blood sugar regulation, so I'll need enzyme replacement therapy and insulin injections." Devonne: "You can't survive without a ________________. Luckily they only removed part of mine, so the remainder will still be able to remove toxins, produce bile, distribute nutrients, and synthesize blood proteins."
Ann- appendix Bill - gallbladder Carlos - pancreas Devote - liver
_______________ cannot be used to treat fungal infections since they only harm bacterial cells.
Antibiotics
This major blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the muscles and organs of the body.
Aorta
An important fossil of an animal intermediate between birds and dinosaurs is
Archaeopteryx
carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries
Which types of effects are Hox genes responsible for? Select all that apply.
B - animal head-tail directoinality D- number of body segments E- number and placement of appendages
This type of blood cell produces antibodies
B cells.
Lipids are digested in what order? 1. Lipase digests fat 2. Chylomicrons enter lymphatic vessels 3. Fatty acids and glycerol are packaged in micelles 4. Bile emulsifies lipids 5. Triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids come together to from chylomicrons
B) 4,1,3,5,2
Place the events in order at a chemical synapse. 1. Influx of calcium ions causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles 2. Ligand gated channels close when neurotransmitter is removed 3. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to ligand gated channel 4. A cation rushes into the postsynaptic neurons 5. Depolarization causes calcium voltage gates to open
B) 5,1,3,2,4
When dehydration occurs, this hormone is released by the hypothalamus. A) Mineralocorticoid B) ADH C) Aldosterone D) Renin
B) ADH
Throughout history, sailors suffered from scurvy due to the lack of fresh fruits, which produced a deficiency in this vitamin.
B) Ascorbic acid
In myelinated axons, action potentials are propagated:
B) At the nodes of Ranvier
Most of the present day animal phyla had their origins during the ______________ period.
B) Cambrian
The members of this class are characterized as carnivorous predators with beak-like jaws and the use of "jet" propulsion for movement.
B) Cephalopoda
The drugs used to treat schizophrenia can cause Parkinson's disease-like symptoms due to:
B) Decreases in dopamine signaling
Bile is produced in the gallbladder and concentrated in the liver.
B) False
Only archaea are well-adapted to extreme environments such as the Dead Sea.
B) False
Since prokaryotes lack mitochondria, they cannot produce ATP using aerobic respiration.
B) False
The mass extinction that took place at the end of the Cretaceous period, which ended the dominance of the dinosaurs, as the largest in Earth's history.
B) False
When blood glucose levels decline below normal, this molecule is released by the alpha cells of the pancreas: A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Glucose D) Adipose
B) Glucagon
Scientists do not entirely understand why the Gram stain technique works to differentiate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. What is one likely explanation?
B) Gram-positive bacteria have thicker cell walls that retain the stain
An insect travels from a virally-infected plant to an uninfected plant, carrying sap on its legs. If the uninfected plant contracts the virus from the sap on the insect's legs, this is
B) Horizontal transmission
Individuals with a thyroid disorder in which the person has decreased metabolism, a sensitivity to cold, and lacks energy likely has: A) Hyperthyroidism B) Hypothyroidism
B) Hypothyroidism
When new T4 bacteriophage leave E. coli cells, they are in the
B) Lytic cycle
In order for oxygen to cross the gills into the blood: A) Carbon dioxide concentrations must be higher in the circulation B) Oxygen concentrations must be lower in the circulation than in the environment C) Carbon dioxide concentrations must be lower in the circulation D) Oxygen concentrations must be higher in the circulation than in the environment
B) Oxygen concentrations must be lower in the circulation than in the environment
Which of the following are common protist plant pathogens? Select all that apply.
B) Phytophthora infestans E) Plasmopara viticola
This layer of the meninges comes in direct contact with the brain.
B) Pia mater
Viroids are pathogens that infect
B) Plants
All of the following are classes of hormones EXCEPT: A) Lipid-derived B) Polysaccharide-derived C) Amino-acid derived D) Peptide-derived
B) Polysaccharide-derived
The resting membrane potential is negative because:
B) Positively charged ions are flowing out of the cell
The function of hyaline cartilage in the trachea and bronchi is A) Capture particulates from the air. B) Prevention of collapsing during inhalation. C) Sweep debris away from lungs. D) Move particulates through constriction from the respiratory tract.
B) Prevention of collapsing during inhalation
The kidney, while not a primary endocrine gland, does have endocrine function because it releases: A) Angiotensin B) Renin C) Aldosterone D) Leptin
B) Renin
Your patient has an infection on her leg that stubbornly refuses to go away despite the application of antibiotic cream. When you get the lab results, you read that the culprit is MRSA. What treatment will you recommend?
B) She should use a certain uncommon antibiotic that the bacterium is not yet resistant to
The T4 bacteriophage attaches to a host cell through the use of
B) Tail fibers
Why is cigarette smoking a "double whammy" for the lungs? A) Tar and chemicals make cells vulnerable, and low mucus lets germs in. B) Tar and chemicals paralyze cilia, but also lead to excessive mucus production. C) Smoke and nicotine clog alveoli. D) Tar and nicotine activate acetylcholine receptors.
B) Tar and chemicals paralyze cilia, but also lead to
The cork oak tree, Quercus suber is a renewable source of cork. Cork can be harvested from the bark every decade or so, without killing the tree. How is this possible?
B) The cork regrows from a lateral meristem
This portion of the human digestive system secretes no digestive enzymes.
B) The esophagus
You are attempting to create a giant phylogenetic tree of protists using molecular similarity between genome sequences. To determine the root of your tree, you need an outgroup - a species more distantly-related than any of the other groups are to each other. Which species could serve as an outgroup? Select all that apply.
B) Thermus aquaticus, a bacterium C) Halobacterium salinarum, an archaean
Iodine deficiency leads to goiter formation in this gland. A) Adrenal B) Thyroid C) Hypothalamus D) Pituitary
B) Thyroid
The dinosaurs lived during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. The last trilobites went extinct about 240 million years ago. What can you conclude?
B) Trilobites predated the dinosaurs.
Which statement is true? A) virion contains DNA and RNA. B) Viruses are acellular. C) Viruses replicate outside of the cell. D) Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope.
B) Viruses are acellular.
Masters programs are relatively short and do not allow much time for solving technical difficulties. At the beginning of your Masters work in microbiology, you are deciding which organism to study. Which prokaryote would take the least time to figure out how to culture?
B) a gut microbe similar to E. coli
A person is bitten by a raccoon with rabies. This person would be given
B) a rabies vaccine as treatment
The xylem and phloem of the plant are present in which structure? A: Root B: All of the choices are correct C: Leaf D: Stem
B) all choices are correct
Members of what group of invertebrates would be most likely to thrive in a desert environment?
B) anthropoda
In deuterostomes, the ______________ forms first.
B) anus
Nearly all protists live in a certain type of habitat. Which of the following best describes it?
B) aquatic
Which of the following is further classified into protostomes and deuterostomes?
B) bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic eucoelomates
Oftentimes diatoms will bloom in the ocean and then sink to the sea floor so that the carbon dioxide they used is not returned to the atmosphere. This process is known as the
B) biological carbon pump
Without dinoflagellates symbionts, corals loose algal pigments and eventually die in a process termed coral
B) bleaching
Which of the following are associated with Arthropoda? Select all that apply.
B) book lungs
Parathyroid hormone release is inhibited by ___. This is an example of ____ stimuli. A) calcitriol; hormonal B) calcium; humoral C) calcium; neural D) calcitriol; neural E) calcitriol; humoral F) calcium; hormonal
B) calcium; humarol
What are the three main types of locomotion used by protists
B) cilia, flagella, and pseudopods
To help release energy from nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, vitamins function as
B) coenzymes
What would decrease the propagation of action potential down an axon?
B) decreased myelination
Tapeworm parasites of humans can sometimes be transmitted by
B) eating undercooked pork, beef, or fish.
What process is typically associated with human food made with microbes?
B) fermentation
Which of the following is an example of an acoelomate?
B) flatworm
Each hemoglobin molecule can bind _________ oxygen molecule(s). A) two B) four C) hundreds D) one E) three
B) four
Hemoglobin that releases oxygen will A) dissolves in the plasma. B) have a high affinity for carbon dioxide. C) have a high affinity for more oxygen. D) will release an alpha and a beta subunit.
B) have a high affinity for carbon dioxide.
All animals are
B) heterotrophic
A(n) ____ in blood CO2 will cause a(n) ____ in blood pH. This leads to a(n) ____ in breathing rates. A) increase; increase; increase B) increase; decrease; increase C) decrease; decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase; increase E) decrease; increase; decrease
B) increase; decrease; increase
Herpes simplex virus 1, which causes cold sores, produces symptoms in a(n) _________________ manner.
B) intermittent
What root area are root hairs found in and what function do they perform?
B) maturation and increase surface area
The type of tissue composed exclusively of cells that have the ability to become other cells is
B) meristem
Which of the following is found in caves and are used to provide the blue veins and unique taste of cheese?
B) mold
What neurological disorder occurs when there is demyelination of white matter?
B) multiple sclerosis
The scientific study of fungi is known as _____________________
B) mycology
If an increase in progesterone inhibits the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, which in turn inhibits luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. This is an example of A) positive feedback B) negative feedback
B) negative feedback
When denitrification occurs by bacteria
B) nitrates from soil are converted into gaseous nitrogen
A directional response that allows plants to grow towards light is called
B) phototropism
An increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH ) causes an increases the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. This is an example of A) negative feedback B) positive feedback
B) positive feedback
What allows bacteria to be able to perform bioremediation such as eating oil and detoxifying mercury?
B) presence of specific enzymes
AZT is an effective drug against HIV because it
B) prevents the RNA from being transcribed into DNA.
Jellyfish belong to the Cnidarian Class
B) scyphozoa
Which of the following would belong to the deuterostomes?
B) sea urchin and salamander
Which type of fungal infection would be easiest to treat and why?
B) skin since applied drugs are not internalized
Hormones elicit a response of change when they signal A) the control center B) target cells C) sensory receptors
B) target cells
Why are gills in fish efficient? Select all that apply. A) the temperature difference between the water and the fishes gills B) the flow of water over them C) continuous diffusion of oxygen into the blood vessels D) the high surface area created by folds of gills E) respiration is independent of the circulatory system
B) the flow of water over them C) continuous diffusion of oxygen into the blood vessels D) the high surface area created by folds of gills
In order for water to move from a root to a stem
B) the water potential must be higher in the root than in the stem
High levels of calcium in the blood will cause the _____ to release _____, which inhibits osteoclasts and increases osteoblasts. A) thyroid; PTH B) thyroid; calcitonin C) parathyroid; PTH D) thyroid; PTH E) thyroid; calcitriol
B) thyroid; calcitonin
Which of the following are associated with the superphylum Lophotrochozoa? Select all that apply.
B) triploblastic C) bilaterally symmetrical D) flatworm F) mollusks
What cell types are found in xylem?
B) vessel elements and tracheids
Tamiflu works as a flu treatment by inhibiting
B) viral egress
The Ediacaran fauna are strange fossils from almost 600 million years ago. They are generally thought to be some of the first animals, but they are poorly understood. You step into a time machine and go to Ediacaran times. What features would be consistent with these organisms being animals? Select all that apply.
B- gap junctions C- motility D- extracellular matrix G- require an external source of food
On the rainforest floor you discover a small multicellular organism. You've never seen anything like it, and are not sure if it is an animal or plant. Which of the following characteristics can help you distinguish an animal from a plant? Select all that apply.
B- neurons C- gap junctions D- heterotrophic H- lack of cell walls I- muscles J- motile
This tissue aids in increasing the thickness of a maturing plant.
B: Lateral meristematic tissue
A certain plant genus has two closely-related species that live in very different environments. Species A lives in tropical rainforests, while Species B lives in cold deserts. What do you expect to be different between Species A and Species B?
B: Species A will have wider leaves than Species B.
Dandelions are difficult to eradicate from a lawn by mowing or pulling because they have
B: a tap root system.
Which of the following best describes dermal tissue?
B: simple, differentiated tissue that covers the plant
What is the main difference between Balto, a police dog trained to sniff out drugs, and Fluffy, an untrained pet? -Balto's olfactory epithelium has more of the receptors for drug odors than Fluffy's -Balto's thalamus routes odor information to a different lobe of the brain than Fluffy's. -Balto's olfactory epithelium has types of olfactory receptors that Fluffy's does not. -Balto's cerebral cortex has associations between drug odors and behavior EBalto's olfactory epithelium has neurons that fire differently than Fluffy's.
Balto's cerebral cortex has associations between drug odors and behavior
What is the main difference between Balto, a police dog trained to sniff out drugs, and Fluffy, an untrained pet?
Balto's cerebral cortex has associations between drug odors and behavior.
The phylum of fungi that has many of the edible species as well having the gill fungi, smuts, and rusts is ___________________
Basidiomycota
You are on the yearbook committee for the deuterostomes. Choose the deuterostomes "Most Likely to"...
Be found in a rotting carcass hagfish Use tools primates Be stuck in place tunicates Drink milk mammals Fly birds Sunbathe reptiles
is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel that helps to push blood through the body.
Blood pressure
You are working as a scientific consultant for a TV show about a biologist. In this episode, she and a colleague have discovered a "humongous fungus". For the following dialogue, note inaccuracies that should be corrected. "Uh oh, Molder - this mycelium extends for acres! If the fruiting bodies grow larger, we will be surrounded by thousands of flowers releasing haploid spores! The fungus may produce toxins dangerous to humans." Select all that apply. A - A fungal mycelium cannot extend for acres B - Fungi do not have fruiting bodies C - Fungi do not have flowers D - Fungal spores are always diploid E - Fungi do not produce toxins dangerous to humans
C - Fungi do not have flowers
What are the major functions of roots? Select all that apply.
C : anchoring plant D : storage of photosynthesis products This is correct answer E : absorbing and transporting water and minerals
A patient comes into your clinic complaining of fever, pain, and lethargy. Six months ago they went on safari in Africa, and remember being bitten by flies. The lab analysis reveals damaged red blood cells, plus foreign cells in the bloodstream. Each of these elongated single cells contains a nucleus, mitochondria, kinetoplasts and a flagellum. What do you tell the patient as you write their prescription?
C) "You have been infected with a trypanosome."
Air moves into the respiratory system through what structures and what order? 1. Nasal cavity 2. Mouth 3. Esophagus 4. Alveoli 5. Bronchioles 6. Outer ear canal 7. trachea A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 B) 1,2, 6, 3, 5, 4 C) 1, 2, 7, 5, 4 D) 1, 2, 6, 7, 3, 5, 4 E) 1, 2, 6, 7, 5, 4
C) 1, 2, 7, 5, 4
What feature differentiates Archaea and Bacteria?
C) Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall
You inherited a hydroponic lettuce operation from your uncle, consisting of greenhouses and water pipes that support the plants. You tried to use the system to grow gourmet mushrooms, which are more lucrative. Unfortunately, the mushrooms failed to grow - why?
C) Fungi require decomposing organic matter to eat
A certain type of neuron has an unusually large dendritic tree. What might you surmise about this neuron?
C) It receives synaptic inputs from a large number of neurons.
An ethnobotanist claims to have a special cultivar of Agave that was bred as a fiber crop, for making twine and mats. How do you expect this cultivar would compare anatomically to wild Agave?
C) It would have more sclerenchyma
Clostridium difficile, or C. diff, is becoming a dangerous problem as more patients acquire this bacterium in healthcare settings, often after receiving antibiotics. It causes severe diarrhea that can be lethal, and is very difficult to eradicate from the patient or the environment. Although the idea is somewhat off-putting, a new approach is to treat these patients with fecal transplants from a healthy family member. This approach seems to work amazingly well - sometimes restoring patients to health in just hours. Why would fecal transplants be an effective approach?
C) Normal gut biota outcompete the C. diff
In the 1300's, Yersinia pestis caused increased bubonic plague cases in humans worldwide, resulting in over 75 million deaths. This outbreak was labeled a(n)
C) Pandemic
This lobe of the brain contains the somatosensory cortex.
C) Parietal
Viruses are covered by a protective capsid made of
C) Protein
The antiviral drug AZT inhibits HIV replication by targeting which viral protein?
C) Reverse transcriptase
In a certain marine ecosystem, an industrial waste spill occurs which turns out to be uniquely deadly for the photosynthetic protists. What do you expect to see one year later?
C) Since phytoplankton are primary producers, there is likely to be a reduction in populations of both invertebrates and fish.
Frogs can use this organ for gas exchange: A) Kidney B) Liver C) Skin D) Brain
C) Skin
You are investigating a murder that occurred in a cornfield. You have evidence from two suspects who each claim they walked through the soybean field instead. Cross-sections of green plant material from the shoes of Suspect A show a pattern of vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue, while material from Suspect B show the vascular bundles in a peripheral ring. Who should you call in for further questioning?
C) Suspect A
Your doctor has just prescribed an inhaled steroid-based drug to treat your asthma. What do you predict about its mechanism of action? A) The drug acts in the bloodstream to bind and sequester antibodies and thereby reduce inflammation in the lungs. B) The drug binds to an extracellular receptor, then crosses the cell membrane where it directly phosphorylates a set of target proteins. C) The drug crosses cell membranes, binds to an intracellular receptor, enters the nucleus and regulates gene transcription. D) The drug binds to receptors on the cell membrane, activating a second messenger pathway that phosphorylates a set of target proteins.
C) The drug crosses cell membranes, binds to an intracellular receptor, enters the nucleus and regulates gene transcription.
A historical church was built from local timber years after the pioneers first settled the area. Analysis of the rings in the church beams finds an unusually narrow ring for the year the settlers arrived. What does this suggest?
C) The settlers experienced difficult conditions for farming
What allows the bolus to enter the stomach?
C) The sphincter between the esophagus and stomach
Which statement about viruses is correct?
C) They produce identical progeny.
In a water lily, where are stomata most likely to be found?
C) Upper leaf surface
The fat substitute olestra is too large to be digestible by the intestines, so it is used in "low-fat" snack foods to aid weight loss. One concern is that its properties would allow it to bind certain vitamins and prevent their absorption. What vitamins would this include?
C) Vitamins A, D, E, and K
If excessive amounts of growth hormone are released after bone growth has ceased, what disorder can occur? A) rickets B) pituitary dwarfism C) acromegaly D) gigantism E) osteoporosis
C) acromegaly
Viral diseases in which the symptoms get increasingly worse for a period of time, and then improve following the elimination of the virus by the immune system are considered:
C) acute
How can commensal bacteria affect human weight?
C) affect food choices, absorption, and activity levels
Which class includes all cnidarians that do not have a medusa stage as part of their life cycle?
C) antozoa
In 2011 the USDA introduced the "Choose My Plate" diagram. In response, the Harvard School of Public Health issued its own "Healthy Eating Plate", which differed in part by having a glass of water instead of milk. Harvard recommends limiting dairy consumption because milk is high in calories and saturated fat. What food could you substitute for dairy, and still get the benefits of calcium, vitamins, and protein?
C) beans
When CO2 levels increase in the blood, what happens to the blood? Select all that apply. A) hydrogen ion concentration decreases B) pH increases C) blood becomes more acidic D) pH decreases E) blood becomes basic
C) blood becomes more acidic D) pH decreases
The most important factor for regulating respiratory rate is A) bicarbonate ions in blood B) carbonic acid in blood C) carbon dioxide levels in blood D) oxygen levels in blood
C) carbon dioxide levels in blood
Individuals allergic to wasps and bees carry epinephrine pens. How does injection of epinephrine help if the person is stung? Select all that apply A) binds to receptors on the venom and degrades the chemical B) decreases heart rate and causes blood vessel dilation C) causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure D) constricts muscles in the airway E) dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles
C) causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure E) dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles
Protists using flagella to move toward nutrients would be demonstrating
C) chemotaxis
Fungi, as saprobes, are important in nutrient cycles because they
C) decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem
What result would you predict from mutation of the Hox genes illustrated below?
C) disruption to the body plan
When a surgeon operates on the brain, what is the order of meninges they must cut through to reach the brain?
C) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
What is it called when fungi envelope roots in a mantle and a net of hyphae extends into the roots between the cells?
C) ectomycorrhizae
Animals with bilateral symmetry develop which tissue layers?
C) endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm only
Echinoderm habitat is
C) exclusively marine
What happens to the undigested remains of phagocytized food particles?
C) exocytosed from the cell
What hormone(s) directly stimulate gonads? Select all that apply. A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) LH E) progesterone F) prolactin G)oxytocin
C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) LH
A patient with a brain tumor is unable to speak. Where is the tumor most likely located?
C) frontal lobe
T4 bacteriophage is classified as
C) head and tail
After eating dinner, what hormone levels increase? A) epinephrine B) noradrenaline C) insulin D) glucagon E) cortisol
C) insulin
Which of the following is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism that can grow in very harsh conditions?
C) lichen
Glycogen, the storage form of glucose in animals, is stored primarily within the
C) liver
Thyroxine (T4) will increase mitochondria ATP production in A) neuronal brain cells B) uterine smooth muscle cells C) liver cells D) leukocytes
C) liver cells
What describes the maintenance of glucose production? A) low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen B) low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen C) low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen D) low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen
C) low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon
Which of the following is an important outcome of fungi being decomposers and recyclers?
C) makes nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous more available for living organisms
What does the term protostome refer to?
C) mouth first
One of the first wide-scale uses of bioremediation was done off the coast of Alaska in order to clean up
C) oil
Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissues because A) oxygen concentration in tissue is higher B) carbon dioxide concentration in tissue is higher C) oxygen concentration in tissue is lower D) carbon dioxide concentration in tissue is lower
C) oxygen concentration in tissue is lower
Viruses are known as obligate, intracellular:
C) parasites
Low levels of calcium in the blood will cause the _____ to release _____, which stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts. A) thyroid; PTH B) thyroid; calcitonin C) parathyroid; PTH D) thyroid; calcitriol E) thyroid; PTH
C) parathyroid; PTH
Nitrogen, which is an important building block for nucleic acids and amino acids, is made available my breaking down this macromolecule.
C) proteins
The stomach primarily digests
C) proteins
How do many systemic mycoses, which spread to internal organs, originally enter the body?
C) respiratory
Populations of dinoflagellates are being affected by global climate change, causing concerns about increased red tides and coral bleaching. On the other hand, a related group of protists, the diatoms, play an important role to slow global warming by
C) sequestering carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean floor
Cellular action of hormones that cannot pass through the membrane occurs by A) intracellular binding to receptors B) facilitated diffusion. C) signal transduction pathway D) active transport. E) ligand binding.
C) signal introduction pathway
Which of the following types of parenchyma are associated with mesophyll? Select all that apply.
C) spongy D) palisade
A potato is a modified _____________ used to store starch.
C) stem
What is a feature specifically associated with bulbous roots?
C) store food
When influenza enters a host cell
C) the entire virus enters the cell; only the capsid is degraded.
Bioremediation has been used in all of the following except
C) the production of yogurt and cheese
What parts are typically associated with the shoot system of plants?
C) vegetative and reproductive
Why are fungal infections hard to treat? Select all that apply.
C- fungi are eukaryotes so what hurts them typically harms human cells D- bad side effects for most drugs used to treat them
The closure of a Venus flytrap in response to an insect is a ______________ response.
C: thigmonastic
___________________ begin digestion in the mouth.
Carbohydrates
___________________ occurs when gas exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in the lungs' capillaries.
Change in partial pressure
______________ cells produce pepsin.
Chief
Vertebrates have a(n) ______________ circulatory system and the blood flows
Closed; unidirectionally.
The statement "all cats are gray in the dark," is likely to be true if _______
Cones are active in the dark The retina is stimulated in the dark
Your friends are teasing you because your socks are mismatched colors. "I had to get dressed in dim light this morning," you explain, "and of course for color vision require brighter light than _____
Cones, Rods
______________ for color vision require brighter light than ______________
Cones, rods
The liver produces this substance, important for processing fats.
D) Bile
The viral __________ plays a role in attaching a virion to the host cell. A)core B)capsid C)envelope D)both b and c
D) Both B and C
Carbon dioxide is carried: A) Bound to hemoglobin B) Freely in blood plasma C) None of the choices are correct. D) Both of these are correct
D) Both of these are correct
Which of the following is the most venomous group of all the cnidarians?
D) Cubozoa
This portion of a neuron receives signals from other neurons.
D) Dendrites
The most common was fungi reproduce asexually is through
D) Formation of asexual spores
What is the significance of the rise in atmospheric oxygen at ~600 million years ago?
D) It may help explain the Cambrian explosion.
This hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, is degraded when light is turned on during your normal sleep cycle. A) Cortisol B) Estrogen C) hyroxine D) Melatonin
D) Melatonin
When blood calcium levels are high: A) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are released B) Parathyroid hormone is released and calcitonin is inhibited C) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are inhibited D) Parathyroid hormone is inhibited and calcitonin is released
D) Parathyroid hormone is inhibited and calcitonin is released
The throat is also known as the: A) Diaphragm B) Trachea C) Larynx D) Pharynx
D) Pharynx
Fossils from the earliest animal species are dated to the ______________ period.
D) Precambrian
Photosynthates travel from the source through channels to reach this structure within phloem.
D) Sieve-tube elements
Looking at the animal phylogeny shown below, choose a correct statement.
D) The Deuterostomes include both vertebrates and invertebrate animals.
When depolarization occurs during an action potential:
D) The inside of the cell becomes more positive due to Na+ entering the cell
Which of the following are not used for vaccines?
D) Wild-type viruses
Fish use gills to extract oxygen from water, where it is at concentrations less than 1%. Yet if they are pulled out of the water, they cannot breathe air with 21% oxygen. What is the most likely explanation? A) The gill arches immediately dry out, preventing gas exchange B) The gill lamellae are killed from the toxic high levels of oxygen in the air C) The gills do in fact function to extract oxygen from air, but they require water to exhale carbon dioxide D) Without water to support them, gill filaments collapse and lose surface area
D) Without water to support them, gill filaments collapse and lose surface area
Similar to plants, fungi have
D) a thick cell wall
Sponges reproduce through A) budding. B) fragmentation. C) sexual reproduction. D) all of the choices are correct.
D) all choices are correct
Only air in the _____ participate in gas exchange. A) tertiary bronchi B) terminal bronchioles C) trachea D) alveoli E) primary bronchi F) secondary bronchi
D) alveoli
The use of low-dose antibiotics in animal feed is promoting
D) an increase in the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria
The main macronutrient, making up approximately 50% of the composition of cells, is
D) carbon
In long term stress situations, which hormone can lead to an increased risk of heart disease? A) adrenaline B) norepinephrine C) epinephrine D) cortisol
D) cortisol
If bile salts are not present, then lipid digestion will
D) decrease, because less surface area of the lipids will be available for lipases to act upon.
What one word best describes protists as a group?
D) diverse
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas ____; in type II diabetes, the cells in the body are A) does not produce glucagon; unable to respond to glucagon. B) does not produce glucagon; unable to respond to insulin. C) does not produce insulin; unable to respond to glucagon. D) does not produce insulin; unable to respond to insulin.
D) does not produce insulin; unable to respond to insulin.
Which tissue layer becomes the lining of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract?
D) endoderm
Which features are characteristics of most animals?
D) heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular with specialized tissues
Two features that are enhanced in annelids due to being segmented are
D) increased size by adding compartments and more efficient movements
Nutrient absorption in higher animals occurs in the
D) intestine
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of invertebrates?
D) lack bony structures
When an animal dies, what process returns its carbon and nitrogen to the atmosphere?
D) microbial decomposition
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____ and ends in the
D) mouth; small intestine
A company sells a product containing live fungi that it claims will increase plant growth if added to your garden. What type of fungi does this product likely contain?
D) mycorrhizal
What can be used as soil amendments by gardeners and are promoted by organic agriculturists to naturally increase plant growth?
D) mycorrhizal fungal inoculants
Of the different types of relationships between plants and fungi, which is the most common and important ecologically?
D) mycorrhizal symbiosis
What is the term used to describe a fungal infection resulting in disease due to direct damage to the organism?
D) mycosis
You have been characterizing a new species of bacterium and conclude that it uses light for energy and organic compounds for carbon. What keyword could you use to search for information on bacteria with similar characteristics?
D) photoheterotroph
In tropical regions of the world, the primary cause of disease-related fatalities is due to malaria, which is caused by the protist
D) plasmodium
Both Parazoa and Eumetazoa evolved from a common ancestor that resembles modern-day
D) protists
Cocaine overdose often results in death due to an "adrenergic storm" - sudden, high levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Based on what you know about the role of these hormones, what is likely to be the proximate cause of death when levels are too high? A) hypoglycemia B) vasodilation and low blood pressure C) high salt levels in the blood D) rapid heart rate and high blood pressure E) lethargy and excessive sleep
D) rapid heart rate and high blood pressure
Why do coniferous plants growing in cold climates have needle-like leaves?
D) reduce water loss
Why is MRSA considered a "superbug"?
D) resistant to a number of different antibiotics
The major components of the central nervous system are
D) the brain and the spinal cord.
In obtaining nutrients from food during phagocytosis, the food vacuole needs to be able to break down the macromolecules of the ingested prey. How is this accomplished?
D) the food vacuole merges with a lysosome to digest the food
The "strings" of celery stalks are actually this type of cell.
D: Collenchyma
The amount of carbon dioxide taken up by the stem is regulated by these cells.
D: Guard cells
Partial pressure of oxygen is seen highest to lowest in what order? 1. Po2 pulmonary artery 2. Po2 pulmonary vein 3. Po2 alveolar air A) 1, 2, 3 B) 3, 1, 2 C) 2, 1, 3 D) 1, 3, 2 E) 3, 2, 1 F) 2, 3, 1
E) 3, 2, 1
What contributes to the resting membrane potential?
E) Sodium potassium pump moving 2 K+ into the cell and 3 Na+ out of the cell
In a laundry machine, amphipathic detergent molecules emulsify greasy stains on clothes, allowing them to form smaller globules that can mix with the water. What digestive molecule performs a similar function?
E) bile salt
The catabolism of lipids to triglycerides is helped by
E) emulsification
Which of the following is NOT a major hypothesis as to how the Cambrian explosion could have come about?
E) increased accuracy of DNA replication
An individual is stung by a wasp. They are given a shot of epinephrine. What might be a possible side effect of the shot?
E) increased heart rate
Euglena deces can be found in freshwater ditches and can use photosynthesis as well as phagocytosis when the proper food sources are available, and so is termed a(n)
E) mixotroph
Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead organisms or their wastes are known as
E) saprobes
What typically comprises phloem sap?
E) sugars, minerals, and amino acids
The __________________ ended about 543 million years ago and immediately preceded the Cambrian period.
Ediacaran
The cardiac conduction can be graphically seen by a(n)
Electrocardiogram
Animals with true differentiated tissues are known as ________________
Eumetazoa
Closed circulatory systems allow fluid to be pumped among cells and into and out of openings.
False
Turtles are classified as amphibians.
False
____________________ is done by some yeast, converting sugars into carbon dioxide and ethanol to make beer and wine.
Fermentation
_______________________ is released from the anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates spermatogenesis in testes, and ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen.
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
The basilar membrane in the cochlea bears the organ of corti, which contains the mechanoreceptors of the ear, or ___________.Sound waves make the basilar membrane vibrate, which bends hairs projecting from these cells against the surrounding fluid and depolarizers the cells, thereby triggering a nerve impulse.
Hair cells
The combined action of the liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 to calcitriol, the biologically-active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol circulates in the blood to regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations. These are important for bone growth and remodeling muscles, and the immune system. This information suggests that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, can be thought as a __________ like insulin, testosterone, or epinephrine
Hormone
Match the bacteria that would be best adapted to each habitat. (Each choice may be used only once.)
Human intestine- a symbiont Raw sewage- a chemolithoautotroph salt pond- a halophile Yellowstone hot springs- a thermophile Lake Vostok in Antartica- a psychrophile
The transduction of sound occurs within the
Inner ear
When we say someone has brown eyes, we are describing the color of their:
Iris
is the element in hemoglobin molecules.
Iron
What is the significance of the finding that sponge choanocytes are very similar to choanoflagellates?
It identified the likely ancestor from which animals evolved.
Vitamin ________ is essential in blood clotting and is formed by bacteria in the colon.
K
___________________ meristems allow for plants to increase their girth.
Lateral
_______________ hormones are able to diffuse across membranes.
Lipid-derived
_____________________ released from the anterior pituitary gland. It increases ovulation and production of testosterone.
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
These receptors are sensitive to touch localization and texture, and are abundant in, fingertips, palms and soles?
Meissner's corpuscles
If a pen is placed in an individual's palm, what receptor(s) will continuously signal alerting the individual that they are holding the pen?
Meissner's corpuscles AND Merkel cell
If a pen is placed in an individual's palm, what receptor(s) will continuously signal alerting the individual that they are holding the pen? Select all that apply Merkel cell Meissner's corpuscles Ruffini endings Pacinian corpuscles Krause end bulb
Merkel cell Meissner's corpuscles
The amplification of sound primarily occurs within the
Middle ear
The amplification of sound primarily occurs within the:
Middle ear
________________ neurons will send output to a muscle, gland or another neuron.
Motor
_____________________ are individualized cells that send and receive electrical impulses.
Neurons
_________________ are structures formed to fix nitrogen formed when rhizobia live symbiotically with legumes.
Nodules
____________________ is the most important function of fungi in the environment
Nutrient recycling
How could you tell the difference between a wound that cuts open an artery versus a vein?
Option A: The artery is under higher pressure and blood pulses as it spurts out.
These mechanoreceptors are located deep within the dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin
Pacinian corpuscles
These mechanoreceptors are located deep within the dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin.
Pacinian corpuscles
What receptors are protected from the destruction which may occur at the surface of the skin? They can detect small vibrations in machines and help detect roughness when something is dragged across the surface
Pacinian corpuscles
What receptors are protected from the destruction which may occur at the surface of the skin? They can detect small vibrations in machines and help detect roughness when something is dragged across the surface.
Pacinian corpuscles
_______________________ are scientists who study prehistoric life.
Paleontologists
The animal kingdom is divided into two groups, the Eumetazoa and the ____________________
Parazoa
The glucose tolerance test results are back from the lab for two of your patients. Looking at the following graph, what is your diagnosis for each patient?
Patient A - diabetes Patient B - normal
When we see an object and say it is blue, "blue" is a
Perception
When we see an object and say it is blue, "blue"is a:
Perception
Which of the of the following occurs last ? Reception/Sensation Perception Transduction Action Potential
Perception
_________________ are produced by photosynthesis and moved to sinks by the phloem.
Photosynthates
__________ bones are ones that have air spaces and struts so that they are lighter.
Pneumatic
The only phylum in the group Parazoans is
Porifera
_________________ are the only organisms that perform nitrogen fixation.
Prokaryotes
Our sense of the position of our bones, joints, and muscles in space is known as
Proprioception
Our sense of the position of our bones, joints, and muscles in space is known as:
Proprioception
______________ leads to the formation and release of angiotensin.
Renin
Which tactile sensor will be most helpful for you to gracefully hold your warm cup of coffee?
Ruffini ending
You have managed to culture five types of prokaryotes from a certain habitat. When analyzed, samples A and C had large amounts of peptidoglycan, samples B and D had smaller amounts of peptidoglycan, and sample E (which was very tricky to culture) had none at all. What types of prokaryotes do you predict they are?
Sample A: gram-positive Sample B: gram-negative Sample C: gram-positive Sample D: gram-negative Sample E: archaea
At the beginning of your microbiology Ph.D., you are hoping to do field work in exciting locations. In which of the following habitats might you be able to find prokaryotes? Select all that apply.
Select all:A,B,C,D,E,F
__________________ neurons receive information from external and internal receptors and send the information to the spinal cord and brain.
Sensory
___ occurs when a heart chamber contracts and ___ occurs when a heart chamber relaxes.
Systole; diastole
Damage to the thalamus would affect perception of Smell Taste Pain Taste and pain All of the above
Taste and pain (98% of sensory information is relayed by the thalamus with the exception of smell)
As the director of nutrition for the zoo, what special nutritional requirements will the following animals have?
The Red Junglefowl - grit The grizzly bear - plants & meat The Etruscan shrew - The mouflon sheep - high fiber
What statement best describes the brain's role with regard to the heart?
The brain merely regulates the rate of contractions driven by intrinsic electrical impulses within the heart.
Your doctor has just prescribed an inhaled steroid-based drug to treat your asthma What do you predict about its mechanism of action?
The drug crosses cell membranes, binds to an intracellular receptor, enters the nucleus and regulates gene transcription.
What chambers pump oxygenated blood?
The left atrium and the left ventricle
In the desert, you encounter a toad and a tortoise. What is the biggest advantage the tortoise has over the toad for dealing with this particular environment?
The tortoise does not need water to reproduce.
What was the advantage for fish having a jaw and paired fins?
They became mobile predators.
Naturally occurring antibiotics are produced by either fungi or bacteria. Why would bacteria make and secrete a chemical that would kill bacteria?
To kill competitive bacterial species
In open circulatory systems there is no difference between blood and interstitial fluid.
True
Sound waves arriving at a listener first strike the _____.
Tympanic membrane
are blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart.
Veins
A letter from your research partner says: "I'm enclosing two new, never-before-seen species - a fungus and an animal. We'll be famous! Be sure to feed each of them according to my instructions." Unfortunately, the labels fell off the vials. Which is the animal and which is the fungus? Vial A -- A multicellular eukaryote with cell walls visible in the thin mycelia. It has mitochondria but lacks chloroplasts. Vial B -- A small multicellular organism with gap junctions between the epithelial cells, muscles, and a simple nervous system.
Vial A- fungus Vial B- animal
___________________ deficiency can lead to scurvy and easy bruising, due to improper collagen synthesis.
Vitamin C
_________________ deficiency can lead to rickets, or osteomalacia because it is necessary for calcium absorption.
Vitamin D
Synaptic vesicles are released from a neuron due to the action of:
Voltage-gated calcium channels
_______ describes the length between two peaks of sound waves.
Wavelength
What do Merkel's disks and Meissner's corpuscles have in common?
activation by fine/light touch
When you hear your instructor speaking, the words are first transmitted through the air to reach your outer ear, then through ______________ to the tympanic membrane, then through _____________ to the oval window, then through ______________ in the cochlea, and finally through _____________ to the auditory cortex.
air, bone, fluid, action potentials
You are doing a lab practical on digestion. Your instructor has provided enzymes for you to identify, based on their ability to degrade sample nutrients. Based on the test results below, note the identity of each enzyme. ("+" indicates that the enzyme degraded the sample.)
aminopeptidase - Enzyme 3 amylase - Enzyme 4 lipase - Enzyme 2 pepsin - Enzyme 1 sucrase - Enzyme 5
The evolution of the egg was an important advance that allowed reptiles and birds to live on land.
amniotic
All of the following are considered amniotes EXCEPT
amphibians.
AB red blood cells have what antigen(s) on their surface?
antigens A and B
For a bite of food traveling through the human digestive tract, list the structures it will pass through in order. Use "X" for structures that the food will NOT pass through. (Call the first structure to be passed #1, then #2 etc.)
anus - 3 esophagus - 1 gall bladder - X gizzard - X large intestine - 2 liver - X
Coronary arteries arise from
aorta
An important feature of amphibians is that they
are tetrapods. use cutaneous respiration. have pedicellate teeth. all of the choices are correct.
In the cardiac cycle, the right and left AV valves open when
atrial pressure is larger than ventricular pressure.
The semicircular canals are used for
balance
The only living descendents of one of the major clades of dinosaurs are
birds
After the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions and rearrangements of cells, a hollow structure composed of anywhere from 6 to 32 cells is formed which is called a ____________________
blastula
Hemolymph is a combination of
blood and interstitial fluid.
Hair cells are used for
both hearing and balance
Parathyroid hormone release is inhibited by ______. This is an example of _______ stimuli
calcium; humoral
Taste buds
can only perceive taste if the tastant is in a solution
Taste buds: are found on the inferior surface of the tongue can perceive 4 tastes. are replaced daily can only perceive taste if the tastant is in a solution.
can only perceive taste if the tastant is in a solution.
The exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs between
capillaries and tissue cells.
Blood travels the slowest through the
capillaries.
The most important cycling of carbon happens through the movement of
carbon dioxide
A fellow student has an ambitious goal. "I want to create an artificial blood to give to patients with blood diseases." If the student wants to completely replace the blood in a human body, what function(s) will his engineered fluid need to be able to do? Select all that apply.
carry oxygen carry carbon dioxide stabilize pH stabilize temperature carry nutrients carry hormones clot fight germs stabilize osmotic pressure
Ray skeletons are made up of primarily
cartilage.
The multicellular animals differ from plants and fungi in that they don't have ____________________
cell walls
The eumetazoa and the parazoa evolved from a common ancestral organism that resembles the protists of today called
choanoflagellates
The start of animal development begins with a series of mitotic cell divisions of the zygote called ___________________
cleavage
Note whether each feature of the ear is used for balance, hearing, or both. cochlea hair cells, malleus, incus, and stapes semicircular canals tympanic membrane
cochlea- hearing hair cells- both malleus, incus, and stapes- hearing semicircular canals balance tympanic membrane- hearing
A small number of protists can behave as individual cells or work together in different ways similar to a multicellular organism with the cells being together in a
colony
The type of symbiotic relationship where one member benefits while the other is not affected is ___________________
commensalism
In long term stress situations, which hormone can lead to an increased risk of heart disease?
cortisol
What special structures do the following animals require in their GI tract?
cow - rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum bird - crop and gizzard rabbit - long cecum
Within the therapsids, the ancestors of mammals were likely a group called the
cynodonts
In La Jolla, California, a popular tourist spot became smelly from several inches of bird guano (feces) accumulating on rocks over the ocean. A company was hired to spray the rocks with a solution of Bacillus that degraded the guano and reduced the smell. The CEO of the company explained the process like this: "The simple version is to imagine you're out in the woods. A deer falls over dead. You're left with a mess, but microbes living in the soil wake up and go, 'oh look, there's a food source.' When they finish consuming the remainder of the deer, they die off back to their naturally occurring levels." This bioremediation approach in La Jolla mimics a natural process called microbial _________________________
decomposition
As surface area of the cerebral cortex ________________ the intelligence and complex social behaviors decreases.
decreases
Amphibians lay their eggs in moist environments to prevent
dehydration
During _______________ of an action potential, both gates of the voltage regulated sodium channels are open and the voltage regulated potassium channels are closed.
depolarization
Most of the mechanoreceptors are located in the
dermis
Most of the mechanoreceptors are located in the _______
dermis
The chordates are
deuterostomes.
In the Silurian period, gnathostomes evolved from a lamprey-like ancestor. What TWO changes allowed gnathostomes to expand from the sedentary suspension feeding of jawless fishes to become mobile predators? (Select two.)
development of a jaw development of two sets of paired fins
The glucose tolerance test results are back from the lab for two of your patients. Looking at the following graph, what is your diagnosis for each patient? Patient A Patient B
diabetes normal
The _________________ is a large muscle involved in breathing and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity.
diaphragm
Birds are classified as _________________, whereas mammals are classified as
diapsids; synapsids.
The heart fills with blood during
diastole
Humans are able to distinguish two million shades of color. Why?
different proportion of cone cells respond to different wavelengths
Individuals allergic to wasps and bees carry epinephrine pens. How does injection of epinephrine help if the person is stung? Select all that apply dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles binds to receptors on the venom and degrades the chemical constricts muscles in the airway decreases heart rate and causes blood vessel dilation causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure
dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure
In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas _________ ;in type II diabetes, the cells in the body are ____
does not produce insulin; unable to respond to insulin.
In chordates, the hollow nerve cord is located ____________ to the notochord.
dorsal
What feature of extinct mammals would have helped them to survive the cold during the ice ages?
endothermy
Which of the following adaptations might have been facilitated by the earlier evolution of feathers?
endothermy
People with phenylketonuria (PKU) are missing the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. In addition to problems from the buildup of phenylalanine, they can suffer from low levels of hormones derived from tyrosine. Which of the following hormones may be deficient in untreated PKU patients?
epinephrine
Chitin in arthropods form the
exoskeleton
Blood pressure ______________as it reaches the venae cavae where it is emptied into the right atrium.
falls
Lampreys are vertebrate jawless
fishes
_____________ support and nourish neurons in the nervous system.
glia
Animals that possess jaws are known as
gnathostomes.
The parts of the plant that help store sugars and water, serve as sites for photosynthesis, and provide support for transport tissue are the _______________ tissues.
ground
The basilar membrane in the Cochlea bears the Organ of Corti, which contains the mechanoreceptors of the ear, or _________________. Sound waves make the basilar membrane vibrate, which bends hairs projecting from these cells against the surrounding fluid and depolarizes the cells, thereby triggering a nerve impulse
hair cells
Cochlea is used for
hearing
The malleus, incus, and stapes are used for
hearing
The tympanic membrane is used for
hearing
The mixture of blood and interstitial fluid is
hemolymph
The combined action of the liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 to calcitriol, the biologically-active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol circulates in the blood to regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations. These are important for bone growth and remodeling, muscles, and the immune system. This information suggests that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, can be thought of as a ________________ , like insulin, testosterone, or epinephrine.
hormone,endocrine signal
A genetic defect causes Meissner's corpuscles to be much slower in adapting to stimulation than their normally rapid rate of adaptation. What might you expect to observe in a patient with this defect?
hypersensitivity to irritating clothing AND problems with fine motor dexterity
Many fungi are multicellular and have a vegetative stage of threadlike structures called ___________________
hyphae
Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes heart rate to ________________ and salivation to
increase; decrease.
Sound intensity ______ when more hair cells are stimulated.
increases
Sound intensity ____________ when more hair cells are stimulated.
increases
The _______________ returns blood from the body regions below the diaphragm.
inferior vena cava
After eating dinner, what hormone levels increase?
insulin
When we say someone has brown eyes, we are describing the color of their
iris
Hagfishes and lampreys are grouped together as the_____________fishes.
jawless
Which of the following characteristics are associated primarily with primates?
larger brains, claws flattened to nails, and a trend to hold the body upright
The insects that farm fungi by providing it with nutrients, keeping competing fungi away, and later harvesting it as food are the ___________________
leaf-cutting ants
The _______________ receives blood that has just left the lungs.
left atrium
All vertebrate eyes have this structure which is a transparent disk that can change shape to bend and focus light on retina
lens
What is a main advantage of ectothermy?
less calories needed to maintain body temperature
Synapsids include which of the following?
mammals and therapsids
What leukocyte is an agranulocyte?
monocyte
A mass of observable hyphae is called a(n) __________________
mycelium
Cnidarians have the most primitive nervous system composed of
nerve net.
The electrical signal will "jump" over myelinated sections and travel along the axon at the
nodes of Ranvier.
Old World monkeys and New World monkeys are differentiated not only in their location but also morphologically by their
noses.
The flexible, rod-shaped structure found between the digestive tube and the nerve cord and provides skeletal support through the length of the body of all embryonic chordates is the
notochord.
Catfish and the damselfish eat phytoplankton and small fish and shrimp. They are classified as _____________________
omnivores
For each of the following diseases or conditions, note the location of the defect in the human digestive tract:
overproduction of bile salts - liver achalasia - problems swallowing food gastritis - gastric acid damages the organ wall poor absorption of water from stool - large intestine
A disease that is affecting a large number of individuals at the same time over a large geographical area, usually worldwide, is known as a(n)
pandemic
Although many fungi are helpful in decomposing dead things, sometimes they can also invade living organisms and cause harm, thus making them ____________________
parasites
The ___________________ system will increase motility and blood flow through the gastrointestinal tract.
parasympathetic
Low levels of calcium in the blood will cause the to release which stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts.
parathyroid; PTH
Which of the following occurs last?
perception
The human retina contains these types of cells
photoreceptors
Individuals with thrombocytopenia often have problems in the formation of blood clots. Often, it is a problem with
platelets
A genetic defect causes Meissner's corpuscles to be much slower in adapting to stimulation than their normally rapid rate of adaptation. What might you expect to observe in a patient with this defect? Select all that apply Hypersensitivity to temperature Problems with fine motor dexterity Problems with large motor dexterity Hypersensitivity to irritating clothing Problems with large motor dexterity bedsores
problems with fine motor dexterity hypersensitivity to irritating clothing
Receptors that detect limb position and tension are
proprioceptors
Receptors that detect limb position and tension are
proprioceptors.
__________________ begin digestion in the stomach.
proteins
Cocaine overdose often results in death due to an "adrenergic storm" sudden, high levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Based on what you know about the role of these hormones, what is likely to be the proximate cause of death when levels are too high?
rapid heart rate and high blood pressure
What is the function for flight of the contour feathers of birds?
reduce drag
The statement, "all cats are gray in the dark", is likely to be true if ____.
rods are active in the dark, and the retina is stimulated in the dark
Most fungi derive their nutrients from decaying organic matter and so are known as _________________
saprobes, saprobytes
Sensory receptors for balance are located in
semicircular canals.
Ssory receptors for balance are located in cochlear semicircular canals. auditory ossicles. tympanum. spiral organ.
semicircular canals.
Which of the following are modifications that help frogs avoid predators?
skin that can act as camouflage and produce poisons
Some antifungal drugs like amphotericin B target ergosterol found in fungal plasma membranes whereas humans have cholesterol, so this is providing ______________________
specificity
A closed circulatory system is found in what organism(s)? Select all that apply.
squid earthworms
Cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve are stimulated by
stereocilia on hair cells of the spiral organ.
Cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve are stimulated by perilymph. vibrating of the oval window. tectorial membrane movement. stereocilia on hair cells of the spiral organ Ebasilar membrane remaining stationary.
stereocilia on hair cells of the spiral organ.
Prokaryotes in a microbial mat can form a sedimentary structure of precipitated minerals called
stromatolites
Blood pressure during contractions is _________ and in a healthy adult is normally
systolic; 120 mmHg.
are agranulocytes which directly attack viral infected cells.
t lymphocytes, t cells, T-lymphocy
Apes are generally larger than monkeys and do not have
tails.
Damage to the thalamus would affect perception of ___________
taste, and pain
Ventricular systole causes
the atrioventricular valves to close, and then the semilunar valves to open.
Prior to the use of molecular data, animals were classified mainly using morphological characteristics and __________________
the fossil record
The major force of generating blood flow is
the heart pumping.
Reptiles cannot use cutaneous respiration because
the keratin and waxy lipids in their skin prevent the exchange of materials with the environment.
The major distinguishing feature between apes and monkeys is
the presence of a tail.
Deoxygenated blood is found with these chambers of the heart
the right atrium and the right ventricle.
The right side of the human heart is smaller than the left because
the right side only has to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation.
The notochord is replaced in vertebrates by
the spine.
Estrogen and testosterone have very different biological activities, due to
their binding to different intracellular receptors.
High levels of calcium in the blood will cause the _______ to release________which inhibits osteoclasts and increases osteoblasts.
thyroid; calcitonin
The primary function of a lymphocyte is
to fight against foreign antigens
Many of the following animals are amphibious (spend part of life in water, part on land). But which are actually members of Amphibia? Select all that apply.
toads frogs newts salamanders
What two features likely helped gnathostomes to replace most jawless fishes during the Devonian period?
two sets of paired fins and jaws
Sound waves arriving at a listener first strike the
tympanic membrane
In plant stems, the xylem and phloem form a structure called a
vascular bundle
In vertebrates, the embryonic notochord is eventually replaced by the
vertebral column
_______________ describes the length between two peaks of sound waves.
wavelength
In the cardiac cycle, cardiac systole is
when the atria or ventricles contract.