BIOLOGY 167 Final Exam Review

Minerals have many functions in the body. Select all that apply.

- They are important for nerve impulses - Important in formation of compounds in your body - They help maintain water balance - Important in preventing anemia

What events occur in human digestion? Select all that apply.

- food is broken down and nutrients are extracted in the acidic stomach - the large intestine extract water and salts from undigested food - proteins, fats and carbohydrate digestion is completed in the small intestine - mastication occurs with teeth

Which organisms have digestive system with one opening? Select all that apply.

- hydra - jelly fish - comb jellies

You are studying a mutant mouse that has symptoms of poor lipid intake even on high-fat chow. Which of the following are possible underlying causes of impaired lipid digestion? Select all that apply.

- impaired release of bile by gallbladder - low enzyme production by the pancreas - mutation in a lipase gene

Where in the body can you find neurons? Select all that apply.

-eye -fingers -spine -gut -uterus -skin

What major ions contribute to the resting membrane potential? Select all that apply.

-sodium -potassium

a Various folk remedies have been suggested to alleviate jellyfish stings, such as applying vinegar to prevent further envenomation into the skin. Vinegar has been shown to help with some species, but makes things worse for other species. To clarify this in the lab, you could measure firing of Select your answerYou got it correct in response to changes in Select your answerYou got it correct , using different species of Select your answerYou got it correct

1 - nematocysts 2- pH 3- cnidarians

What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the vena cava to the lungs? 1. Right atrium 2. Pulmonary valve 3. Right ventricle 4. Tricuspid valve

1, 4, 3, 2

What is the correct sequence of a sound waves movement through the ear? 1. Pinna 2. Malleus 3. Stapes 4. Tympanum 5. Outer ear canal 6. Incus 7. Oval window

1, 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 7

What is the correct sequence of a sound waves movement through the ear? 1. Pinna 2. Malleus 3. Stapes 4. Tympanum 5. Outer ear canal 6. Incus 7. Oval window

1, 5, 4, 2, 6, 3, 7

During renovations, the natural history museum's specimens have gotten all mixed up. Sort each of the specimens into their correct phylum. C. capillata, the lion's mane jellyfish Select your answer S. polymorpha, a large centipede Select your answer M. australis, the giant Gippsland earthworm Select your answer H. maculosa, the blue-ringed octopus Select your answer C. elegans, a tiny roundworm

1- cnidaria 2- anthropoda 3- annelida 4- mollusca 5- nematode

In the figure below, vibrations of the tympanic membrane are transmitted to the oval window by the structure at which numbers ?

2 3 4

What difference during embryonic development distinguishes echinoderms from other invertebrates like annelids or arthropods?

2) The blastopore forms the anus, not the mouth.

What is the correct pathway for the following events? 1. Perceive the information attained by the brain 2. Turn on bathroom light in the middle of the night 3. Visual cortex translates electrical impulse 4. Retinal cells transduce an electrical impulse 5. Optic nerve carries information to the brain

2, 4, 5, 3, 1

What is the correct pathway for the following events? 1. Perceive the information attained by the brain 2. Turn on bathroom light in the middle of the night 3. Visual cortex translates electrical impulse 4. Retinal cells transduce an electrical impulse 5. Optic nerve carries information to the brain

2, 4, 5, 3, 1

You disregarded the warnings about using cotton swabs inside the ear canal, and accidentally poked one in too far. What structures are most likely to be damaged, in order of proximity to the ear canal? incus, malleus, oval window, stapes semicircular canals and cochlea, tympanic membrane

3, 2, 5, 4, 6, 1

In the figure below, the sense of head motion begins with sensory transduction by the structures at which numbers ?

5

In the figure below, the Organ of Corti is contained in the structure numbered:

7

At the botanical garden, you have been invited to design a display for educating visitors about fungi. What are attributes of fungi? Select all that apply. A - Some fungi are harmful. B - Some fungi photosynthesize. C - Fungi are saprobes. D - Some fungi are beneficial. E - Fungi are autotrophs. F - Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular.

A - Fungi are saprobes B - Some fungi are beneficial D - Some fungi are harmful F - Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular

Which of the following are associated with sclerenchyma cells? Select all that apply.

A : dead at maturity D : used to make linen and rope F : have fibers and sclereids

What leaf adaptations would help conserve water in dry areas? Select all that apply.

A : succulent leaves B : sunken stomata C : small surface area

Gas exchange occurs in the: A) Alveoli B) More than one of these is correct C) Trachea D) Bronchi

A) Alveoli

What neurological disorder is characterized by dementia and shrinkage of cells due to death?

A) Alzheimer's Disease

A patient has a defect in mucus production. What outcome(s) do you predict may occur as a consequence? Select all that apply. A) Cold, dry air damages the trachea and lungs. B) Germs invade the respiratory tract. C) Warm, humid air damages the trachea and lungs. D) Dust accumulates in the respiratory tract. E) Residual Volume will decrease. F) Respiration improves due to less obstruction. G) Tidal Volume will increase. H) Vital Capacity will increase.

A) Cold, dry air damages the trachea and lungs. B) Germs invade the respiratory tract. D) Dust accumulates in the respiratory tract.

Food poisoning from raw foods is often caused by Salmonella, E. coli, and Campylobacter, but botulism from Clostridium botulinum is mainly associated with food in cans or jars - why?

A) E. coli is an obligate anaerobe, but Clostridium is a facultative anaerobe

Today, Yersinia pestis causes several thousand cases of bubonic plague per year, but antibiotics prevent fatality. This disease is now considered

A) Endemic

In both males and females, gamete production is stimulated by this hormone, released from the anterior pituitary gland. A) Follicle-stimulating hormone B) Gametogenesis-regulating hormone C) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone D) Luteinizing hormone

A) Follicle-stimulating hormone

The diplomonad that is a waterborne protist and can cause severe diarrhea when ingested is known as

A) Giardia

A natural area with rivers and streams is popular for fishing. However, Giardia in the water has been making people ill, so the local tourist council has decided to treat the rivers with a compound that kills Giardia and many other protists. What concern(s) do you have with this plan? Select all that apply.

A) Killing protists may result in fewer fish. B)A compound that kills protists may be dangerous to other organisms, including humans.

In order for a hormone to bind to an intracellular receptor, it must be: A) Lipid soluble B) Insoluble C) Water soluble

A) Lipid soluble

In order for a hormone to bind to an intracellular receptor, it must be: A) Lipid soluble B) Water soluble C) Insoluble

A) Lipid soluble

Attentuated viruses are used in

A) Live vaccines

Breathing in humans requires: A) More than one of these choices is correct B) The lungs C) The diaphragm D) The intercostal muscles

A) More than one of these choices is correct

The mycorrhizal association is an example of ______________________

A) Mutualism

The end of which period marked the largest mass extinction recorded, eliminating approximately 95% of the species living at that time?

A) Permian

Mutations occur much more frequently in

A) RNA viruses

Estrogen and testosterone are examples of: A) Steroid hormones B) Peptide hormones

A) Steroid hormones

The process of cataloging the normal bacteria and Archaea living on humans is known as

A) The Human Microbiome Project

Despite the diversity in body form across animals, they all share a similar set of master control genes that orchestrate the developmental process, called Hox genes.

A) True

In fungi, spores can be produced by either meiosis or mitosis

A) True

The body of a single human being could be described as a colony comprising all three domains of life.

A) True

A child is complaining about pain in their legs. Upon examination, there is bowing of the lower extremities. What vitamin deficiency is most likely occurring?

A) Vitamin D

Cyclic AMPs, a secondary messenger, main action is A) activating a protein kinase. B) phosphorylating molecules. C) hydrolyzing GTP. D) activating G-proteins.

A) activating a protein kinase

What events occur during inhalation? Select all that apply. A) alveoli increase in space B) the lungs expand C) the diaphragm contracts D) volume of lungs are increased E) pressure of the thoracic cavity is decreased F) intercostals contract G) bronchioles change size

A) alveoli increase in space B) the lungs expand C) the diaphragm contracts D) volume of lungs are increased F) intercostals contract

Prions are infectious because they

A) are structural variants of a protein which induce the misfolding of the normal form of the protein, resulting in aggregation.

In fungi, nutrition is obtained

A) by digestion then ingestion

How do events like extreme volcanic eruptions and meteor strikes on the earth increase biological diversity?

A) cause mass extinctions followed by adaptive radiations of survivors to fill empty niches

The stinging cells of a Cnidarian are known as

A) cnidocytes

Which of the following are the most dominant aquatic anthropods

A) crustaceans

Members of the phylum Cnidaria have radial and biracial symmetry and are diploblastic, meaning they

A) develop from two embryonic layers

The sponges are separated from the Eumetazoa because they

A) do not contain specialized tissues

Parkinson's disease is characterized by a decrease in what chemical?

A) dopamine

People with phenylketonuria (PKU) are missing the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. In addition to problems from the buildup of phenylalanine, they can suffer from low levels of hormones derived from tyrosine. Which of the following hormones may be deficient in untreated PKU patients? A) epinephrine B) estradiol C) Testosterone D) melatonin

A) epinephrine

Amoebas can use pseudopods to do what types of activities? Select all that apply.

A) feeding B) motility

Although fungi can be found in a wide variety of environments, most members are found in what habitat?

A) forest floor

What hormones are antagonistic? A) glucagon and insulin B) parathyroid and calcitriol C) oxytocin and prolactin D) FSH and LH

A) glucagon and insulin

Which of the following are associated with Arthropoda? Select all that apply

A) have jointed appendages C) contain approximately 85% of all animals E) contain a group of extinct organisms known as trilobites

When studying for a test, what area plays an important role in memory formation?

A) hippocampus

In animals like grasshoppers the young resemble the adults during development. This is termed

A) incomplete metamorphosis

If pH increases , Pco2 decreases or temperature decreases, the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin A) increases B) decreases C) stays the same

A) increases

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of Parazoans?

A) lack of specialized tissues

Which of the following are typically associated with a fibrous root system?

A) monocots, help prevent soil erosion, and associated with abundant water

Digestion in a monogastric digestive system begins within the

A) mouth

Scientists argue about whether viruses count as living organisms. Sort the arguments below that suggest that viruses are either living or non-living things. A) Viruses cannot replicate on their own. B) Viruses do not grow larger or develop. C) Viruses evolve. D) Viruses have no metabolism. E) Viruses are not cells. F) Viruses have nucleic acids and proteins. G) Viruses have many diverse and specialized forms.

A) non-living B) non-living C) living D) non-living E) non-living F) living G) living

A decrease in ventilation alerts the body that A) not enough oxygen is being taken in and not enough carbon dioxide is being released B) not enough oxygen is being taken in and too much carbon dioxide is being released C) too much oxygen is being taken in and too much carbon dioxide is being released D) too much oxygen is being taken in and not enough carbon dioxide is being released.

A) not enough oxygen is being taken in and not enough carbon dioxide is being released

What enzyme is released from the gastric glands to break proteins into peptides?

A) pepsin

Which of the following are key features of Chordata? Select all that apply.

A) pharyngeal slits C) post-anal tail E) a notochord F) dorsal hollow nerve cord

Which of the following best describes the plasma membrane lipids associated with Archaea?

A) phytanyl groups

Categorize each of the six cnidarians as a medusa or a polyp.

A) polyp B) medusa C) polyp D) polyp E) medusa F) medusa

Many protists use photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide and become food sources for numerous aquatic creatures. This makes them very important

A) primary producers

The pigments present in fungi

A) protect against ultraviolet radiation

Ecdysozoa are

A) protostomes that go through exoskeletal molting.

Rhizobia, bacteria that form nodules on legumes, aid in nitrogen fixation by

A) providing an oxygen-free area for nitrogen fixation to occur, as oxygen prevents nitrogenase activity

The spinal cords main functions are

A) reflex reactions and carries information to and from the brain

A turnip is a modified ______________ used to store starch.

A) root

Estrogen and testosterone have very different biological activities, due to A) their binding to different intracellular receptors B) the ability of only estrogen to cross the plasma membrane C) their unique enzymatic activity D) their amino acid compositions E) their very different structures

A) their binding to different intracellular receptors.

For a long time it was thought that the earliest life forms had what kind of characteristics?

A) tiny, sessile, and soft bodies

Blooms of marine dinoflagellates can cause red tides, that can kill fish, birds, and marine mammals as well as poisoning humans who consume these protists. What is it about the dinoflagellates that cause harm?

A) toxins

What factors contribute to rapid evolution in prokaryotes? Select all that apply.

A) transformation B) conjugation c) transduction e) high rates of mutation f)large numbers of individuals g) short generation time

Yeasts are

A) unicellular fungi

Bread mold is a member of this phylum of fungi

A) zygomycota

Which cells are glia and which are neurons?

A- glia B- neuron C- neuron D- glia E-glia F- glia

Which parts of a plant are typically associated with vegetative functions?

A: roots, stems, and leaves

Which of the following groups of animals have ALL of the features noted in the diagram, at at least one stage in their development? Select all that apply.

Actinopterygii amphibians Chondrichthyes coelocanths jawless fish lancelets lungfish mammals reptiles

What do Merkel's disks and Meissner's corpuscles have in common ? A. Both are baroreceptors B. Activation by fine/light touch C. Both are proprioreceptors D. Both A and B E. NEither A nor B is correct

Activation by fine/light touch

When you hear your instructor speaking , the words first transmitted through the air to reach your outer ear, then through _____to the tympanic membrane, then through _____ to the oval window, then through _______in the cochlea, and finally through to ______ the auditory cortex.

Air, Bone, Fluid, Action Potential

Volume is based upon the ____________ of a sound wave

Amplitude

Volume is based upon the _____________________ of a sound wave

Amplitude

In the hospital's post-op recovery ward, patients are comparing the consequences of each having an organ removed. Ann: "Now that my ___________ is gone, I should have few problems, since it doesn't secrete enzymes and has just a minor role in immunity." Bill: "Coping without a ___________ will be a little annoying. I need to avoid high-fat meals because the bile won't be stored and released at the right time." Carlos: "Few people have to have their ______________ removed. I will have serious problems with digestion and blood sugar regulation, so I'll need enzyme replacement therapy and insulin injections." Devonne: "You can't survive without a ________________. Luckily they only removed part of mine, so the remainder will still be able to remove toxins, produce bile, distribute nutrients, and synthesize blood proteins."

Ann- appendix Bill - gallbladder Carlos - pancreas Devote - liver

_______________ cannot be used to treat fungal infections since they only harm bacterial cells.

Antibiotics

This major blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the muscles and organs of the body.

Aorta

An important fossil of an animal intermediate between birds and dinosaurs is

Archaeopteryx

carry blood away from the heart.

Arteries

Which types of effects are Hox genes responsible for? Select all that apply.

B - animal head-tail directoinality D- number of body segments E- number and placement of appendages

This type of blood cell produces antibodies

B cells.

Lipids are digested in what order? 1. Lipase digests fat 2. Chylomicrons enter lymphatic vessels 3. Fatty acids and glycerol are packaged in micelles 4. Bile emulsifies lipids 5. Triglycerides, cholesterol and phospholipids come together to from chylomicrons

B) 4,1,3,5,2

Place the events in order at a chemical synapse. 1. Influx of calcium ions causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles 2. Ligand gated channels close when neurotransmitter is removed 3. Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to ligand gated channel 4. A cation rushes into the postsynaptic neurons 5. Depolarization causes calcium voltage gates to open

B) 5,1,3,2,4

When dehydration occurs, this hormone is released by the hypothalamus. A) Mineralocorticoid B) ADH C) Aldosterone D) Renin

B) ADH

Throughout history, sailors suffered from scurvy due to the lack of fresh fruits, which produced a deficiency in this vitamin.

B) Ascorbic acid

In myelinated axons, action potentials are propagated:

B) At the nodes of Ranvier

Most of the present day animal phyla had their origins during the ______________ period.

B) Cambrian

The members of this class are characterized as carnivorous predators with beak-like jaws and the use of "jet" propulsion for movement.

B) Cephalopoda

The drugs used to treat schizophrenia can cause Parkinson's disease-like symptoms due to:

B) Decreases in dopamine signaling

Bile is produced in the gallbladder and concentrated in the liver.

B) False

Only archaea are well-adapted to extreme environments such as the Dead Sea.

B) False

Since prokaryotes lack mitochondria, they cannot produce ATP using aerobic respiration.

B) False

The mass extinction that took place at the end of the Cretaceous period, which ended the dominance of the dinosaurs, as the largest in Earth's history.

B) False

When blood glucose levels decline below normal, this molecule is released by the alpha cells of the pancreas: A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Glucose D) Adipose

B) Glucagon

Scientists do not entirely understand why the Gram stain technique works to differentiate Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. What is one likely explanation?

B) Gram-positive bacteria have thicker cell walls that retain the stain

An insect travels from a virally-infected plant to an uninfected plant, carrying sap on its legs. If the uninfected plant contracts the virus from the sap on the insect's legs, this is

B) Horizontal transmission

Individuals with a thyroid disorder in which the person has decreased metabolism, a sensitivity to cold, and lacks energy likely has: A) Hyperthyroidism B) Hypothyroidism

B) Hypothyroidism

When new T4 bacteriophage leave E. coli cells, they are in the

B) Lytic cycle

In order for oxygen to cross the gills into the blood: A) Carbon dioxide concentrations must be higher in the circulation B) Oxygen concentrations must be lower in the circulation than in the environment C) Carbon dioxide concentrations must be lower in the circulation D) Oxygen concentrations must be higher in the circulation than in the environment

B) Oxygen concentrations must be lower in the circulation than in the environment

Which of the following are common protist plant pathogens? Select all that apply.

B) Phytophthora infestans E) Plasmopara viticola

This layer of the meninges comes in direct contact with the brain.

B) Pia mater

Viroids are pathogens that infect

B) Plants

All of the following are classes of hormones EXCEPT: A) Lipid-derived B) Polysaccharide-derived C) Amino-acid derived D) Peptide-derived

B) Polysaccharide-derived

The resting membrane potential is negative because:

B) Positively charged ions are flowing out of the cell

The function of hyaline cartilage in the trachea and bronchi is A) Capture particulates from the air. B) Prevention of collapsing during inhalation. C) Sweep debris away from lungs. D) Move particulates through constriction from the respiratory tract.

B) Prevention of collapsing during inhalation

The kidney, while not a primary endocrine gland, does have endocrine function because it releases: A) Angiotensin B) Renin C) Aldosterone D) Leptin

B) Renin

Your patient has an infection on her leg that stubbornly refuses to go away despite the application of antibiotic cream. When you get the lab results, you read that the culprit is MRSA. What treatment will you recommend?

B) She should use a certain uncommon antibiotic that the bacterium is not yet resistant to

The T4 bacteriophage attaches to a host cell through the use of

B) Tail fibers

Why is cigarette smoking a "double whammy" for the lungs? A) Tar and chemicals make cells vulnerable, and low mucus lets germs in. B) Tar and chemicals paralyze cilia, but also lead to excessive mucus production. C) Smoke and nicotine clog alveoli. D) Tar and nicotine activate acetylcholine receptors.

B) Tar and chemicals paralyze cilia, but also lead to

The cork oak tree, Quercus suber is a renewable source of cork. Cork can be harvested from the bark every decade or so, without killing the tree. How is this possible?

B) The cork regrows from a lateral meristem

This portion of the human digestive system secretes no digestive enzymes.

B) The esophagus

You are attempting to create a giant phylogenetic tree of protists using molecular similarity between genome sequences. To determine the root of your tree, you need an outgroup - a species more distantly-related than any of the other groups are to each other. Which species could serve as an outgroup? Select all that apply.

B) Thermus aquaticus, a bacterium C) Halobacterium salinarum, an archaean

Iodine deficiency leads to goiter formation in this gland. A) Adrenal B) Thyroid C) Hypothalamus D) Pituitary

B) Thyroid

The dinosaurs lived during the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods. The last trilobites went extinct about 240 million years ago. What can you conclude?

B) Trilobites predated the dinosaurs.

Which statement is true? A) virion contains DNA and RNA. B) Viruses are acellular. C) Viruses replicate outside of the cell. D) Most viruses are easily visualized with a light microscope.

B) Viruses are acellular.

Masters programs are relatively short and do not allow much time for solving technical difficulties. At the beginning of your Masters work in microbiology, you are deciding which organism to study. Which prokaryote would take the least time to figure out how to culture?

B) a gut microbe similar to E. coli

A person is bitten by a raccoon with rabies. This person would be given

B) a rabies vaccine as treatment

The xylem and phloem of the plant are present in which structure? A: Root B: All of the choices are correct C: Leaf D: Stem

B) all choices are correct

Members of what group of invertebrates would be most likely to thrive in a desert environment?

B) anthropoda

In deuterostomes, the ______________ forms first.

B) anus

Nearly all protists live in a certain type of habitat. Which of the following best describes it?

B) aquatic

Which of the following is further classified into protostomes and deuterostomes?

B) bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic eucoelomates

Oftentimes diatoms will bloom in the ocean and then sink to the sea floor so that the carbon dioxide they used is not returned to the atmosphere. This process is known as the

B) biological carbon pump

Without dinoflagellates symbionts, corals loose algal pigments and eventually die in a process termed coral

B) bleaching

Which of the following are associated with Arthropoda? Select all that apply.

B) book lungs

Parathyroid hormone release is inhibited by ___. This is an example of ____ stimuli. A) calcitriol; hormonal B) calcium; humoral C) calcium; neural D) calcitriol; neural E) calcitriol; humoral F) calcium; hormonal

B) calcium; humarol

What are the three main types of locomotion used by protists

B) cilia, flagella, and pseudopods

To help release energy from nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, vitamins function as

B) coenzymes

What would decrease the propagation of action potential down an axon?

B) decreased myelination

Tapeworm parasites of humans can sometimes be transmitted by

B) eating undercooked pork, beef, or fish.

What process is typically associated with human food made with microbes?

B) fermentation

Which of the following is an example of an acoelomate?

B) flatworm

Each hemoglobin molecule can bind _________ oxygen molecule(s). A) two B) four C) hundreds D) one E) three

B) four

Hemoglobin that releases oxygen will A) dissolves in the plasma. B) have a high affinity for carbon dioxide. C) have a high affinity for more oxygen. D) will release an alpha and a beta subunit.

B) have a high affinity for carbon dioxide.

All animals are

B) heterotrophic

A(n) ____ in blood CO2 will cause a(n) ____ in blood pH. This leads to a(n) ____ in breathing rates. A) increase; increase; increase B) increase; decrease; increase C) decrease; decrease; decrease D) decrease; increase; increase E) decrease; increase; decrease

B) increase; decrease; increase

Herpes simplex virus 1, which causes cold sores, produces symptoms in a(n) _________________ manner.

B) intermittent

What root area are root hairs found in and what function do they perform?

B) maturation and increase surface area

The type of tissue composed exclusively of cells that have the ability to become other cells is

B) meristem

Which of the following is found in caves and are used to provide the blue veins and unique taste of cheese?

B) mold

What neurological disorder occurs when there is demyelination of white matter?

B) multiple sclerosis

The scientific study of fungi is known as _____________________

B) mycology

If an increase in progesterone inhibits the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone, which in turn inhibits luteinizing hormone from the pituitary gland. This is an example of A) positive feedback B) negative feedback

B) negative feedback

When denitrification occurs by bacteria

B) nitrates from soil are converted into gaseous nitrogen

A directional response that allows plants to grow towards light is called

B) phototropism

An increase in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH ) causes an increases the release of hormones from the pituitary gland. This is an example of A) negative feedback B) positive feedback

B) positive feedback

What allows bacteria to be able to perform bioremediation such as eating oil and detoxifying mercury?

B) presence of specific enzymes

AZT is an effective drug against HIV because it

B) prevents the RNA from being transcribed into DNA.

Jellyfish belong to the Cnidarian Class

B) scyphozoa

Which of the following would belong to the deuterostomes?

B) sea urchin and salamander

Which type of fungal infection would be easiest to treat and why?

B) skin since applied drugs are not internalized

Hormones elicit a response of change when they signal A) the control center B) target cells C) sensory receptors

B) target cells

Why are gills in fish efficient? Select all that apply. A) the temperature difference between the water and the fishes gills B) the flow of water over them C) continuous diffusion of oxygen into the blood vessels D) the high surface area created by folds of gills E) respiration is independent of the circulatory system

B) the flow of water over them C) continuous diffusion of oxygen into the blood vessels D) the high surface area created by folds of gills

In order for water to move from a root to a stem

B) the water potential must be higher in the root than in the stem

High levels of calcium in the blood will cause the _____ to release _____, which inhibits osteoclasts and increases osteoblasts. A) thyroid; PTH B) thyroid; calcitonin C) parathyroid; PTH D) thyroid; PTH E) thyroid; calcitriol

B) thyroid; calcitonin

Which of the following are associated with the superphylum Lophotrochozoa? Select all that apply.

B) triploblastic C) bilaterally symmetrical D) flatworm F) mollusks

What cell types are found in xylem?

B) vessel elements and tracheids

Tamiflu works as a flu treatment by inhibiting

B) viral egress

The Ediacaran fauna are strange fossils from almost 600 million years ago. They are generally thought to be some of the first animals, but they are poorly understood. You step into a time machine and go to Ediacaran times. What features would be consistent with these organisms being animals? Select all that apply.

B- gap junctions C- motility D- extracellular matrix G- require an external source of food

On the rainforest floor you discover a small multicellular organism. You've never seen anything like it, and are not sure if it is an animal or plant. Which of the following characteristics can help you distinguish an animal from a plant? Select all that apply.

B- neurons C- gap junctions D- heterotrophic H- lack of cell walls I- muscles J- motile

This tissue aids in increasing the thickness of a maturing plant.

B: Lateral meristematic tissue

A certain plant genus has two closely-related species that live in very different environments. Species A lives in tropical rainforests, while Species B lives in cold deserts. What do you expect to be different between Species A and Species B?

B: Species A will have wider leaves than Species B.

Dandelions are difficult to eradicate from a lawn by mowing or pulling because they have

B: a tap root system.

Which of the following best describes dermal tissue?

B: simple, differentiated tissue that covers the plant

What is the main difference between Balto, a police dog trained to sniff out drugs, and Fluffy, an untrained pet? -Balto's olfactory epithelium has more of the receptors for drug odors than Fluffy's -Balto's thalamus routes odor information to a different lobe of the brain than Fluffy's. -Balto's olfactory epithelium has types of olfactory receptors that Fluffy's does not. -Balto's cerebral cortex has associations between drug odors and behavior EBalto's olfactory epithelium has neurons that fire differently than Fluffy's.

Balto's cerebral cortex has associations between drug odors and behavior

What is the main difference between Balto, a police dog trained to sniff out drugs, and Fluffy, an untrained pet?

Balto's cerebral cortex has associations between drug odors and behavior.

The phylum of fungi that has many of the edible species as well having the gill fungi, smuts, and rusts is ___________________

Basidiomycota

You are on the yearbook committee for the deuterostomes. Choose the deuterostomes "Most Likely to"...

Be found in a rotting carcass hagfish Use tools primates Be stuck in place tunicates Drink milk mammals Fly birds Sunbathe reptiles

is the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel that helps to push blood through the body.

Blood pressure

You are working as a scientific consultant for a TV show about a biologist. In this episode, she and a colleague have discovered a "humongous fungus". For the following dialogue, note inaccuracies that should be corrected. "Uh oh, Molder - this mycelium extends for acres! If the fruiting bodies grow larger, we will be surrounded by thousands of flowers releasing haploid spores! The fungus may produce toxins dangerous to humans." Select all that apply. A - A fungal mycelium cannot extend for acres B - Fungi do not have fruiting bodies C - Fungi do not have flowers D - Fungal spores are always diploid E - Fungi do not produce toxins dangerous to humans

C - Fungi do not have flowers

What are the major functions of roots? Select all that apply.

C : anchoring plant D : storage of photosynthesis products This is correct answer E : absorbing and transporting water and minerals

A patient comes into your clinic complaining of fever, pain, and lethargy. Six months ago they went on safari in Africa, and remember being bitten by flies. The lab analysis reveals damaged red blood cells, plus foreign cells in the bloodstream. Each of these elongated single cells contains a nucleus, mitochondria, kinetoplasts and a flagellum. What do you tell the patient as you write their prescription?

C) "You have been infected with a trypanosome."

Air moves into the respiratory system through what structures and what order? 1. Nasal cavity 2. Mouth 3. Esophagus 4. Alveoli 5. Bronchioles 6. Outer ear canal 7. trachea A) 1, 2, 3, 5, 4 B) 1,2, 6, 3, 5, 4 C) 1, 2, 7, 5, 4 D) 1, 2, 6, 7, 3, 5, 4 E) 1, 2, 6, 7, 5, 4

C) 1, 2, 7, 5, 4

What feature differentiates Archaea and Bacteria?

C) Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their cell wall

You inherited a hydroponic lettuce operation from your uncle, consisting of greenhouses and water pipes that support the plants. You tried to use the system to grow gourmet mushrooms, which are more lucrative. Unfortunately, the mushrooms failed to grow - why?

C) Fungi require decomposing organic matter to eat

A certain type of neuron has an unusually large dendritic tree. What might you surmise about this neuron?

C) It receives synaptic inputs from a large number of neurons.

An ethnobotanist claims to have a special cultivar of Agave that was bred as a fiber crop, for making twine and mats. How do you expect this cultivar would compare anatomically to wild Agave?

C) It would have more sclerenchyma

Clostridium difficile, or C. diff, is becoming a dangerous problem as more patients acquire this bacterium in healthcare settings, often after receiving antibiotics. It causes severe diarrhea that can be lethal, and is very difficult to eradicate from the patient or the environment. Although the idea is somewhat off-putting, a new approach is to treat these patients with fecal transplants from a healthy family member. This approach seems to work amazingly well - sometimes restoring patients to health in just hours. Why would fecal transplants be an effective approach?

C) Normal gut biota outcompete the C. diff

In the 1300's, Yersinia pestis caused increased bubonic plague cases in humans worldwide, resulting in over 75 million deaths. This outbreak was labeled a(n)

C) Pandemic

This lobe of the brain contains the somatosensory cortex.

C) Parietal

Viruses are covered by a protective capsid made of

C) Protein

The antiviral drug AZT inhibits HIV replication by targeting which viral protein?

C) Reverse transcriptase

In a certain marine ecosystem, an industrial waste spill occurs which turns out to be uniquely deadly for the photosynthetic protists. What do you expect to see one year later?

C) Since phytoplankton are primary producers, there is likely to be a reduction in populations of both invertebrates and fish.

Frogs can use this organ for gas exchange: A) Kidney B) Liver C) Skin D) Brain

C) Skin

You are investigating a murder that occurred in a cornfield. You have evidence from two suspects who each claim they walked through the soybean field instead. Cross-sections of green plant material from the shoes of Suspect A show a pattern of vascular bundles scattered throughout the ground tissue, while material from Suspect B show the vascular bundles in a peripheral ring. Who should you call in for further questioning?

C) Suspect A

Your doctor has just prescribed an inhaled steroid-based drug to treat your asthma. What do you predict about its mechanism of action? A) The drug acts in the bloodstream to bind and sequester antibodies and thereby reduce inflammation in the lungs. B) The drug binds to an extracellular receptor, then crosses the cell membrane where it directly phosphorylates a set of target proteins. C) The drug crosses cell membranes, binds to an intracellular receptor, enters the nucleus and regulates gene transcription. D) The drug binds to receptors on the cell membrane, activating a second messenger pathway that phosphorylates a set of target proteins.

C) The drug crosses cell membranes, binds to an intracellular receptor, enters the nucleus and regulates gene transcription.

A historical church was built from local timber years after the pioneers first settled the area. Analysis of the rings in the church beams finds an unusually narrow ring for the year the settlers arrived. What does this suggest?

C) The settlers experienced difficult conditions for farming

What allows the bolus to enter the stomach?

C) The sphincter between the esophagus and stomach

Which statement about viruses is correct?

C) They produce identical progeny.

In a water lily, where are stomata most likely to be found?

C) Upper leaf surface

The fat substitute olestra is too large to be digestible by the intestines, so it is used in "low-fat" snack foods to aid weight loss. One concern is that its properties would allow it to bind certain vitamins and prevent their absorption. What vitamins would this include?

C) Vitamins A, D, E, and K

If excessive amounts of growth hormone are released after bone growth has ceased, what disorder can occur? A) rickets B) pituitary dwarfism C) acromegaly D) gigantism E) osteoporosis

C) acromegaly

Viral diseases in which the symptoms get increasingly worse for a period of time, and then improve following the elimination of the virus by the immune system are considered:

C) acute

How can commensal bacteria affect human weight?

C) affect food choices, absorption, and activity levels

Which class includes all cnidarians that do not have a medusa stage as part of their life cycle?

C) antozoa

In 2011 the USDA introduced the "Choose My Plate" diagram. In response, the Harvard School of Public Health issued its own "Healthy Eating Plate", which differed in part by having a glass of water instead of milk. Harvard recommends limiting dairy consumption because milk is high in calories and saturated fat. What food could you substitute for dairy, and still get the benefits of calcium, vitamins, and protein?

C) beans

When CO2 levels increase in the blood, what happens to the blood? Select all that apply. A) hydrogen ion concentration decreases B) pH increases C) blood becomes more acidic D) pH decreases E) blood becomes basic

C) blood becomes more acidic D) pH decreases

The most important factor for regulating respiratory rate is A) bicarbonate ions in blood B) carbonic acid in blood C) carbon dioxide levels in blood D) oxygen levels in blood

C) carbon dioxide levels in blood

Individuals allergic to wasps and bees carry epinephrine pens. How does injection of epinephrine help if the person is stung? Select all that apply A) binds to receptors on the venom and degrades the chemical B) decreases heart rate and causes blood vessel dilation C) causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure D) constricts muscles in the airway E) dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles

C) causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure E) dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles

Protists using flagella to move toward nutrients would be demonstrating

C) chemotaxis

Fungi, as saprobes, are important in nutrient cycles because they

C) decompose organic matter and recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem

What result would you predict from mutation of the Hox genes illustrated below?

C) disruption to the body plan

When a surgeon operates on the brain, what is the order of meninges they must cut through to reach the brain?

C) dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

What is it called when fungi envelope roots in a mantle and a net of hyphae extends into the roots between the cells?

C) ectomycorrhizae

Animals with bilateral symmetry develop which tissue layers?

C) endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm only

Echinoderm habitat is

C) exclusively marine

What happens to the undigested remains of phagocytized food particles?

C) exocytosed from the cell

What hormone(s) directly stimulate gonads? Select all that apply. A) thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) B) gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) LH E) progesterone F) prolactin G)oxytocin

C) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) D) LH

A patient with a brain tumor is unable to speak. Where is the tumor most likely located?

C) frontal lobe

T4 bacteriophage is classified as

C) head and tail

After eating dinner, what hormone levels increase? A) epinephrine B) noradrenaline C) insulin D) glucagon E) cortisol

C) insulin

Which of the following is a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic organism that can grow in very harsh conditions?

C) lichen

Glycogen, the storage form of glucose in animals, is stored primarily within the

C) liver

Thyroxine (T4) will increase mitochondria ATP production in A) neuronal brain cells B) uterine smooth muscle cells C) liver cells D) leukocytes

C) liver cells

What describes the maintenance of glucose production? A) low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen B) low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen C) low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon released, breakdown of glycogen D) low blood sugar, pancreatic beta cells stimulated, insulin released, breakdown of glycogen

C) low blood sugar, pancreatic alpha cells stimulated, glucagon

Which of the following is an important outcome of fungi being decomposers and recyclers?

C) makes nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorous more available for living organisms

What does the term protostome refer to?

C) mouth first

One of the first wide-scale uses of bioremediation was done off the coast of Alaska in order to clean up

C) oil

Oxygen diffuses from blood into tissues because A) oxygen concentration in tissue is higher B) carbon dioxide concentration in tissue is higher C) oxygen concentration in tissue is lower D) carbon dioxide concentration in tissue is lower

C) oxygen concentration in tissue is lower

Viruses are known as obligate, intracellular:

C) parasites

Low levels of calcium in the blood will cause the _____ to release _____, which stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts. A) thyroid; PTH B) thyroid; calcitonin C) parathyroid; PTH D) thyroid; calcitriol E) thyroid; PTH

C) parathyroid; PTH

Nitrogen, which is an important building block for nucleic acids and amino acids, is made available my breaking down this macromolecule.

C) proteins

The stomach primarily digests

C) proteins

How do many systemic mycoses, which spread to internal organs, originally enter the body?

C) respiratory

Populations of dinoflagellates are being affected by global climate change, causing concerns about increased red tides and coral bleaching. On the other hand, a related group of protists, the diatoms, play an important role to slow global warming by

C) sequestering carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean floor

Cellular action of hormones that cannot pass through the membrane occurs by A) intracellular binding to receptors B) facilitated diffusion. C) signal transduction pathway D) active transport. E) ligand binding.

C) signal introduction pathway

Which of the following types of parenchyma are associated with mesophyll? Select all that apply.

C) spongy D) palisade

A potato is a modified _____________ used to store starch.

C) stem

What is a feature specifically associated with bulbous roots?

C) store food

When influenza enters a host cell

C) the entire virus enters the cell; only the capsid is degraded.

Bioremediation has been used in all of the following except

C) the production of yogurt and cheese

What parts are typically associated with the shoot system of plants?

C) vegetative and reproductive

Why are fungal infections hard to treat? Select all that apply.

C- fungi are eukaryotes so what hurts them typically harms human cells D- bad side effects for most drugs used to treat them

The closure of a Venus flytrap in response to an insect is a ______________ response.

C: thigmonastic

___________________ begin digestion in the mouth.

Carbohydrates

___________________ occurs when gas exchange occurs between air in alveoli and blood in the lungs' capillaries.

Change in partial pressure

______________ cells produce pepsin.

Chief

Vertebrates have a(n) ______________ circulatory system and the blood flows

Closed; unidirectionally.

The statement "all cats are gray in the dark," is likely to be true if _______

Cones are active in the dark The retina is stimulated in the dark

Your friends are teasing you because your socks are mismatched colors. "I had to get dressed in dim light this morning," you explain, "and of course for color vision require brighter light than _____

Cones, Rods

______________ for color vision require brighter light than ______________

Cones, rods

The liver produces this substance, important for processing fats.

D) Bile

The viral __________ plays a role in attaching a virion to the host cell. A)core B)capsid C)envelope D)both b and c

D) Both B and C

Carbon dioxide is carried: A) Bound to hemoglobin B) Freely in blood plasma C) None of the choices are correct. D) Both of these are correct

D) Both of these are correct

Which of the following is the most venomous group of all the cnidarians?

D) Cubozoa

This portion of a neuron receives signals from other neurons.

D) Dendrites

The most common was fungi reproduce asexually is through

D) Formation of asexual spores

What is the significance of the rise in atmospheric oxygen at ~600 million years ago?

D) It may help explain the Cambrian explosion.

This hormone, secreted by the pineal gland, is degraded when light is turned on during your normal sleep cycle. A) Cortisol B) Estrogen C) hyroxine D) Melatonin

D) Melatonin

When blood calcium levels are high: A) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are released B) Parathyroid hormone is released and calcitonin is inhibited C) Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin are inhibited D) Parathyroid hormone is inhibited and calcitonin is released

D) Parathyroid hormone is inhibited and calcitonin is released

The throat is also known as the: A) Diaphragm B) Trachea C) Larynx D) Pharynx

D) Pharynx

Fossils from the earliest animal species are dated to the ______________ period.

D) Precambrian

Photosynthates travel from the source through channels to reach this structure within phloem.

D) Sieve-tube elements

Looking at the animal phylogeny shown below, choose a correct statement.

D) The Deuterostomes include both vertebrates and invertebrate animals.

When depolarization occurs during an action potential:

D) The inside of the cell becomes more positive due to Na+ entering the cell

Which of the following are not used for vaccines?

D) Wild-type viruses

Fish use gills to extract oxygen from water, where it is at concentrations less than 1%. Yet if they are pulled out of the water, they cannot breathe air with 21% oxygen. What is the most likely explanation? A) The gill arches immediately dry out, preventing gas exchange B) The gill lamellae are killed from the toxic high levels of oxygen in the air C) The gills do in fact function to extract oxygen from air, but they require water to exhale carbon dioxide D) Without water to support them, gill filaments collapse and lose surface area

D) Without water to support them, gill filaments collapse and lose surface area

Similar to plants, fungi have

D) a thick cell wall

Sponges reproduce through A) budding. B) fragmentation. C) sexual reproduction. D) all of the choices are correct.

D) all choices are correct

Only air in the _____ participate in gas exchange. A) tertiary bronchi B) terminal bronchioles C) trachea D) alveoli E) primary bronchi F) secondary bronchi

D) alveoli

The use of low-dose antibiotics in animal feed is promoting

D) an increase in the number of antibiotic resistant bacteria

The main macronutrient, making up approximately 50% of the composition of cells, is

D) carbon

In long term stress situations, which hormone can lead to an increased risk of heart disease? A) adrenaline B) norepinephrine C) epinephrine D) cortisol

D) cortisol

If bile salts are not present, then lipid digestion will

D) decrease, because less surface area of the lipids will be available for lipases to act upon.

What one word best describes protists as a group?

D) diverse

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas ____; in type II diabetes, the cells in the body are A) does not produce glucagon; unable to respond to glucagon. B) does not produce glucagon; unable to respond to insulin. C) does not produce insulin; unable to respond to glucagon. D) does not produce insulin; unable to respond to insulin.

D) does not produce insulin; unable to respond to insulin.

Which tissue layer becomes the lining of the digestive tract and the respiratory tract?

D) endoderm

Which features are characteristics of most animals?

D) heterotrophic, eukaryotic, and multicellular with specialized tissues

Two features that are enhanced in annelids due to being segmented are

D) increased size by adding compartments and more efficient movements

Nutrient absorption in higher animals occurs in the

D) intestine

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of invertebrates?

D) lack bony structures

When an animal dies, what process returns its carbon and nitrogen to the atmosphere?

D) microbial decomposition

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ____ and ends in the

D) mouth; small intestine

A company sells a product containing live fungi that it claims will increase plant growth if added to your garden. What type of fungi does this product likely contain?

D) mycorrhizal

What can be used as soil amendments by gardeners and are promoted by organic agriculturists to naturally increase plant growth?

D) mycorrhizal fungal inoculants

Of the different types of relationships between plants and fungi, which is the most common and important ecologically?

D) mycorrhizal symbiosis

What is the term used to describe a fungal infection resulting in disease due to direct damage to the organism?

D) mycosis

You have been characterizing a new species of bacterium and conclude that it uses light for energy and organic compounds for carbon. What keyword could you use to search for information on bacteria with similar characteristics?

D) photoheterotroph

In tropical regions of the world, the primary cause of disease-related fatalities is due to malaria, which is caused by the protist

D) plasmodium

Both Parazoa and Eumetazoa evolved from a common ancestor that resembles modern-day

D) protists

Cocaine overdose often results in death due to an "adrenergic storm" - sudden, high levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Based on what you know about the role of these hormones, what is likely to be the proximate cause of death when levels are too high? A) hypoglycemia B) vasodilation and low blood pressure C) high salt levels in the blood D) rapid heart rate and high blood pressure E) lethargy and excessive sleep

D) rapid heart rate and high blood pressure

Why do coniferous plants growing in cold climates have needle-like leaves?

D) reduce water loss

Why is MRSA considered a "superbug"?

D) resistant to a number of different antibiotics

The major components of the central nervous system are

D) the brain and the spinal cord.

In obtaining nutrients from food during phagocytosis, the food vacuole needs to be able to break down the macromolecules of the ingested prey. How is this accomplished?

D) the food vacuole merges with a lysosome to digest the food

The "strings" of celery stalks are actually this type of cell.

D: Collenchyma

The amount of carbon dioxide taken up by the stem is regulated by these cells.

D: Guard cells

Partial pressure of oxygen is seen highest to lowest in what order? 1. Po2 pulmonary artery 2. Po2 pulmonary vein 3. Po2 alveolar air A) 1, 2, 3 B) 3, 1, 2 C) 2, 1, 3 D) 1, 3, 2 E) 3, 2, 1 F) 2, 3, 1

E) 3, 2, 1

What contributes to the resting membrane potential?

E) Sodium potassium pump moving 2 K+ into the cell and 3 Na+ out of the cell

In a laundry machine, amphipathic detergent molecules emulsify greasy stains on clothes, allowing them to form smaller globules that can mix with the water. What digestive molecule performs a similar function?

E) bile salt

The catabolism of lipids to triglycerides is helped by

E) emulsification

Which of the following is NOT a major hypothesis as to how the Cambrian explosion could have come about?

E) increased accuracy of DNA replication

An individual is stung by a wasp. They are given a shot of epinephrine. What might be a possible side effect of the shot?

E) increased heart rate

Euglena deces can be found in freshwater ditches and can use photosynthesis as well as phagocytosis when the proper food sources are available, and so is termed a(n)

E) mixotroph

Organisms that absorb nutrients from dead organisms or their wastes are known as

E) saprobes

What typically comprises phloem sap?

E) sugars, minerals, and amino acids

The __________________ ended about 543 million years ago and immediately preceded the Cambrian period.

Ediacaran

The cardiac conduction can be graphically seen by a(n)

Electrocardiogram

Animals with true differentiated tissues are known as ________________

Eumetazoa

Closed circulatory systems allow fluid to be pumped among cells and into and out of openings.

False

Turtles are classified as amphibians.

False

____________________ is done by some yeast, converting sugars into carbon dioxide and ethanol to make beer and wine.

Fermentation

_______________________ is released from the anterior pituitary gland. It stimulates spermatogenesis in testes, and ovarian follicles to grow and produce estrogen.

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

The basilar membrane in the cochlea bears the organ of corti, which contains the mechanoreceptors of the ear, or ___________.Sound waves make the basilar membrane vibrate, which bends hairs projecting from these cells against the surrounding fluid and depolarizers the cells, thereby triggering a nerve impulse.

Hair cells

The combined action of the liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 to calcitriol, the biologically-active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol circulates in the blood to regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations. These are important for bone growth and remodeling muscles, and the immune system. This information suggests that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, can be thought as a __________ like insulin, testosterone, or epinephrine

Hormone

Match the bacteria that would be best adapted to each habitat. (Each choice may be used only once.)

Human intestine- a symbiont Raw sewage- a chemolithoautotroph salt pond- a halophile Yellowstone hot springs- a thermophile Lake Vostok in Antartica- a psychrophile

The transduction of sound occurs within the

Inner ear

When we say someone has brown eyes, we are describing the color of their:

Iris

is the element in hemoglobin molecules.

Iron

What is the significance of the finding that sponge choanocytes are very similar to choanoflagellates?

It identified the likely ancestor from which animals evolved.

Vitamin ________ is essential in blood clotting and is formed by bacteria in the colon.

K

___________________ meristems allow for plants to increase their girth.

Lateral

_______________ hormones are able to diffuse across membranes.

Lipid-derived

_____________________ released from the anterior pituitary gland. It increases ovulation and production of testosterone.

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

These receptors are sensitive to touch localization and texture, and are abundant in, fingertips, palms and soles?

Meissner's corpuscles

If a pen is placed in an individual's palm, what receptor(s) will continuously signal alerting the individual that they are holding the pen?

Meissner's corpuscles AND Merkel cell

If a pen is placed in an individual's palm, what receptor(s) will continuously signal alerting the individual that they are holding the pen? Select all that apply Merkel cell Meissner's corpuscles Ruffini endings Pacinian corpuscles Krause end bulb

Merkel cell Meissner's corpuscles

The amplification of sound primarily occurs within the

Middle ear

The amplification of sound primarily occurs within the:

Middle ear

________________ neurons will send output to a muscle, gland or another neuron.

Motor

_____________________ are individualized cells that send and receive electrical impulses.

Neurons

_________________ are structures formed to fix nitrogen formed when rhizobia live symbiotically with legumes.

Nodules

____________________ is the most important function of fungi in the environment

Nutrient recycling

How could you tell the difference between a wound that cuts open an artery versus a vein?

Option A: The artery is under higher pressure and blood pulses as it spurts out.

These mechanoreceptors are located deep within the dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin

Pacinian corpuscles

These mechanoreceptors are located deep within the dermis of both hairy and glabrous skin.

Pacinian corpuscles

What receptors are protected from the destruction which may occur at the surface of the skin? They can detect small vibrations in machines and help detect roughness when something is dragged across the surface

Pacinian corpuscles

What receptors are protected from the destruction which may occur at the surface of the skin? They can detect small vibrations in machines and help detect roughness when something is dragged across the surface.

Pacinian corpuscles

_______________________ are scientists who study prehistoric life.

Paleontologists

The animal kingdom is divided into two groups, the Eumetazoa and the ____________________

Parazoa

The glucose tolerance test results are back from the lab for two of your patients. Looking at the following graph, what is your diagnosis for each patient?

Patient A - diabetes Patient B - normal

When we see an object and say it is blue, "blue" is a

Perception

When we see an object and say it is blue, "blue"is a:

Perception

Which of the of the following occurs last ? Reception/Sensation Perception Transduction Action Potential

Perception

_________________ are produced by photosynthesis and moved to sinks by the phloem.

Photosynthates

__________ bones are ones that have air spaces and struts so that they are lighter.

Pneumatic

The only phylum in the group Parazoans is

Porifera

_________________ are the only organisms that perform nitrogen fixation.

Prokaryotes

Our sense of the position of our bones, joints, and muscles in space is known as

Proprioception

Our sense of the position of our bones, joints, and muscles in space is known as:

Proprioception

______________ leads to the formation and release of angiotensin.

Renin

Which tactile sensor will be most helpful for you to gracefully hold your warm cup of coffee?

Ruffini ending

You have managed to culture five types of prokaryotes from a certain habitat. When analyzed, samples A and C had large amounts of peptidoglycan, samples B and D had smaller amounts of peptidoglycan, and sample E (which was very tricky to culture) had none at all. What types of prokaryotes do you predict they are?

Sample A: gram-positive Sample B: gram-negative Sample C: gram-positive Sample D: gram-negative Sample E: archaea

At the beginning of your microbiology Ph.D., you are hoping to do field work in exciting locations. In which of the following habitats might you be able to find prokaryotes? Select all that apply.

Select all:A,B,C,D,E,F

__________________ neurons receive information from external and internal receptors and send the information to the spinal cord and brain.

Sensory

___ occurs when a heart chamber contracts and ___ occurs when a heart chamber relaxes.

Systole; diastole

Damage to the thalamus would affect perception of Smell Taste Pain Taste and pain All of the above

Taste and pain (98% of sensory information is relayed by the thalamus with the exception of smell)

As the director of nutrition for the zoo, what special nutritional requirements will the following animals have?

The Red Junglefowl - grit The grizzly bear - plants & meat The Etruscan shrew - The mouflon sheep - high fiber

What statement best describes the brain's role with regard to the heart?

The brain merely regulates the rate of contractions driven by intrinsic electrical impulses within the heart.

Your doctor has just prescribed an inhaled steroid-based drug to treat your asthma What do you predict about its mechanism of action?

The drug crosses cell membranes, binds to an intracellular receptor, enters the nucleus and regulates gene transcription.

What chambers pump oxygenated blood?

The left atrium and the left ventricle

In the desert, you encounter a toad and a tortoise. What is the biggest advantage the tortoise has over the toad for dealing with this particular environment?

The tortoise does not need water to reproduce.

What was the advantage for fish having a jaw and paired fins?

They became mobile predators.

Naturally occurring antibiotics are produced by either fungi or bacteria. Why would bacteria make and secrete a chemical that would kill bacteria?

To kill competitive bacterial species

In open circulatory systems there is no difference between blood and interstitial fluid.

True

Sound waves arriving at a listener first strike the _____.

Tympanic membrane

are blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart.

Veins

A letter from your research partner says: "I'm enclosing two new, never-before-seen species - a fungus and an animal. We'll be famous! Be sure to feed each of them according to my instructions." Unfortunately, the labels fell off the vials. Which is the animal and which is the fungus? Vial A -- A multicellular eukaryote with cell walls visible in the thin mycelia. It has mitochondria but lacks chloroplasts. Vial B -- A small multicellular organism with gap junctions between the epithelial cells, muscles, and a simple nervous system.

Vial A- fungus Vial B- animal

___________________ deficiency can lead to scurvy and easy bruising, due to improper collagen synthesis.

Vitamin C

_________________ deficiency can lead to rickets, or osteomalacia because it is necessary for calcium absorption.

Vitamin D

Synaptic vesicles are released from a neuron due to the action of:

Voltage-gated calcium channels

_______ describes the length between two peaks of sound waves.

Wavelength

What do Merkel's disks and Meissner's corpuscles have in common?

activation by fine/light touch

When you hear your instructor speaking, the words are first transmitted through the air to reach your outer ear, then through ______________ to the tympanic membrane, then through _____________ to the oval window, then through ______________ in the cochlea, and finally through _____________ to the auditory cortex.

air, bone, fluid, action potentials

You are doing a lab practical on digestion. Your instructor has provided enzymes for you to identify, based on their ability to degrade sample nutrients. Based on the test results below, note the identity of each enzyme. ("+" indicates that the enzyme degraded the sample.)

aminopeptidase - Enzyme 3 amylase - Enzyme 4 lipase - Enzyme 2 pepsin - Enzyme 1 sucrase - Enzyme 5

The evolution of the egg was an important advance that allowed reptiles and birds to live on land.

amniotic

All of the following are considered amniotes EXCEPT

amphibians.

AB red blood cells have what antigen(s) on their surface?

antigens A and B

For a bite of food traveling through the human digestive tract, list the structures it will pass through in order. Use "X" for structures that the food will NOT pass through. (Call the first structure to be passed #1, then #2 etc.)

anus - 3 esophagus - 1 gall bladder - X gizzard - X large intestine - 2 liver - X

Coronary arteries arise from

aorta

An important feature of amphibians is that they

are tetrapods. use cutaneous respiration. have pedicellate teeth. all of the choices are correct.

In the cardiac cycle, the right and left AV valves open when

atrial pressure is larger than ventricular pressure.

The semicircular canals are used for

balance

The only living descendents of one of the major clades of dinosaurs are

birds

After the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions and rearrangements of cells, a hollow structure composed of anywhere from 6 to 32 cells is formed which is called a ____________________

blastula

Hemolymph is a combination of

blood and interstitial fluid.

Hair cells are used for

both hearing and balance

Parathyroid hormone release is inhibited by ______. This is an example of _______ stimuli

calcium; humoral

Taste buds

can only perceive taste if the tastant is in a solution

Taste buds: are found on the inferior surface of the tongue can perceive 4 tastes. are replaced daily can only perceive taste if the tastant is in a solution.

can only perceive taste if the tastant is in a solution.

The exchange of nutrients and wastes occurs between

capillaries and tissue cells.

Blood travels the slowest through the

capillaries.

The most important cycling of carbon happens through the movement of

carbon dioxide

A fellow student has an ambitious goal. "I want to create an artificial blood to give to patients with blood diseases." If the student wants to completely replace the blood in a human body, what function(s) will his engineered fluid need to be able to do? Select all that apply.

carry oxygen carry carbon dioxide stabilize pH stabilize temperature carry nutrients carry hormones clot fight germs stabilize osmotic pressure

Ray skeletons are made up of primarily

cartilage.

The multicellular animals differ from plants and fungi in that they don't have ____________________

cell walls

The eumetazoa and the parazoa evolved from a common ancestral organism that resembles the protists of today called

choanoflagellates

The start of animal development begins with a series of mitotic cell divisions of the zygote called ___________________

cleavage

Note whether each feature of the ear is used for balance, hearing, or both. cochlea hair cells, malleus, incus, and stapes semicircular canals tympanic membrane

cochlea- hearing hair cells- both malleus, incus, and stapes- hearing semicircular canals balance tympanic membrane- hearing

A small number of protists can behave as individual cells or work together in different ways similar to a multicellular organism with the cells being together in a

colony

The type of symbiotic relationship where one member benefits while the other is not affected is ___________________

commensalism

In long term stress situations, which hormone can lead to an increased risk of heart disease?

cortisol

What special structures do the following animals require in their GI tract?

cow - rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum bird - crop and gizzard rabbit - long cecum

Within the therapsids, the ancestors of mammals were likely a group called the

cynodonts

In La Jolla, California, a popular tourist spot became smelly from several inches of bird guano (feces) accumulating on rocks over the ocean. A company was hired to spray the rocks with a solution of Bacillus that degraded the guano and reduced the smell. The CEO of the company explained the process like this: "The simple version is to imagine you're out in the woods. A deer falls over dead. You're left with a mess, but microbes living in the soil wake up and go, 'oh look, there's a food source.' When they finish consuming the remainder of the deer, they die off back to their naturally occurring levels." This bioremediation approach in La Jolla mimics a natural process called microbial _________________________

decomposition

As surface area of the cerebral cortex ________________ the intelligence and complex social behaviors decreases.

decreases

Amphibians lay their eggs in moist environments to prevent

dehydration

During _______________ of an action potential, both gates of the voltage regulated sodium channels are open and the voltage regulated potassium channels are closed.

depolarization

Most of the mechanoreceptors are located in the

dermis

Most of the mechanoreceptors are located in the _______

dermis

The chordates are

deuterostomes.

In the Silurian period, gnathostomes evolved from a lamprey-like ancestor. What TWO changes allowed gnathostomes to expand from the sedentary suspension feeding of jawless fishes to become mobile predators? (Select two.)

development of a jaw development of two sets of paired fins

The glucose tolerance test results are back from the lab for two of your patients. Looking at the following graph, what is your diagnosis for each patient? Patient A Patient B

diabetes normal

The _________________ is a large muscle involved in breathing and separates the thoracic and abdominal cavity.

diaphragm

Birds are classified as _________________, whereas mammals are classified as

diapsids; synapsids.

The heart fills with blood during

diastole

Humans are able to distinguish two million shades of color. Why?

different proportion of cone cells respond to different wavelengths

Individuals allergic to wasps and bees carry epinephrine pens. How does injection of epinephrine help if the person is stung? Select all that apply dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles binds to receptors on the venom and degrades the chemical constricts muscles in the airway decreases heart rate and causes blood vessel dilation causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure

dilation of muscles in airways such as bronchioles causes blood vessels to constrict, increasing blood pressure

In type 1 diabetes, the pancreas _________ ;in type II diabetes, the cells in the body are ____

does not produce insulin; unable to respond to insulin.

In chordates, the hollow nerve cord is located ____________ to the notochord.

dorsal

What feature of extinct mammals would have helped them to survive the cold during the ice ages?

endothermy

Which of the following adaptations might have been facilitated by the earlier evolution of feathers?

endothermy

People with phenylketonuria (PKU) are missing the enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine. In addition to problems from the buildup of phenylalanine, they can suffer from low levels of hormones derived from tyrosine. Which of the following hormones may be deficient in untreated PKU patients?

epinephrine

Chitin in arthropods form the

exoskeleton

Blood pressure ______________as it reaches the venae cavae where it is emptied into the right atrium.

falls

Lampreys are vertebrate jawless

fishes

_____________ support and nourish neurons in the nervous system.

glia

Animals that possess jaws are known as

gnathostomes.

The parts of the plant that help store sugars and water, serve as sites for photosynthesis, and provide support for transport tissue are the _______________ tissues.

ground

The basilar membrane in the Cochlea bears the Organ of Corti, which contains the mechanoreceptors of the ear, or _________________. Sound waves make the basilar membrane vibrate, which bends hairs projecting from these cells against the surrounding fluid and depolarizes the cells, thereby triggering a nerve impulse

hair cells

Cochlea is used for

hearing

The malleus, incus, and stapes are used for

hearing

The tympanic membrane is used for

hearing

The mixture of blood and interstitial fluid is

hemolymph

The combined action of the liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 to calcitriol, the biologically-active form of vitamin D. Calcitriol circulates in the blood to regulate calcium and phosphate concentrations. These are important for bone growth and remodeling, muscles, and the immune system. This information suggests that the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol, can be thought of as a ________________ , like insulin, testosterone, or epinephrine.

hormone,endocrine signal

A genetic defect causes Meissner's corpuscles to be much slower in adapting to stimulation than their normally rapid rate of adaptation. What might you expect to observe in a patient with this defect?

hypersensitivity to irritating clothing AND problems with fine motor dexterity

Many fungi are multicellular and have a vegetative stage of threadlike structures called ___________________

hyphae

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes heart rate to ________________ and salivation to

increase; decrease.

Sound intensity ______ when more hair cells are stimulated.

increases

Sound intensity ____________ when more hair cells are stimulated.

increases

The _______________ returns blood from the body regions below the diaphragm.

inferior vena cava

After eating dinner, what hormone levels increase?

insulin

When we say someone has brown eyes, we are describing the color of their

iris

Hagfishes and lampreys are grouped together as the_____________fishes.

jawless

Which of the following characteristics are associated primarily with primates?

larger brains, claws flattened to nails, and a trend to hold the body upright

The insects that farm fungi by providing it with nutrients, keeping competing fungi away, and later harvesting it as food are the ___________________

leaf-cutting ants

The _______________ receives blood that has just left the lungs.

left atrium

All vertebrate eyes have this structure which is a transparent disk that can change shape to bend and focus light on retina

lens

What is a main advantage of ectothermy?

less calories needed to maintain body temperature

Synapsids include which of the following?

mammals and therapsids

What leukocyte is an agranulocyte?

monocyte

A mass of observable hyphae is called a(n) __________________

mycelium

Cnidarians have the most primitive nervous system composed of

nerve net.

The electrical signal will "jump" over myelinated sections and travel along the axon at the

nodes of Ranvier.

Old World monkeys and New World monkeys are differentiated not only in their location but also morphologically by their

noses.

The flexible, rod-shaped structure found between the digestive tube and the nerve cord and provides skeletal support through the length of the body of all embryonic chordates is the

notochord.

Catfish and the damselfish eat phytoplankton and small fish and shrimp. They are classified as _____________________

omnivores

For each of the following diseases or conditions, note the location of the defect in the human digestive tract:

overproduction of bile salts - liver achalasia - problems swallowing food gastritis - gastric acid damages the organ wall poor absorption of water from stool - large intestine

A disease that is affecting a large number of individuals at the same time over a large geographical area, usually worldwide, is known as a(n)

pandemic

Although many fungi are helpful in decomposing dead things, sometimes they can also invade living organisms and cause harm, thus making them ____________________

parasites

The ___________________ system will increase motility and blood flow through the gastrointestinal tract.

parasympathetic

Low levels of calcium in the blood will cause the to release which stimulates osteoclasts and inhibits osteoblasts.

parathyroid; PTH

Which of the following occurs last?

perception

The human retina contains these types of cells

photoreceptors

Individuals with thrombocytopenia often have problems in the formation of blood clots. Often, it is a problem with

platelets

A genetic defect causes Meissner's corpuscles to be much slower in adapting to stimulation than their normally rapid rate of adaptation. What might you expect to observe in a patient with this defect? Select all that apply Hypersensitivity to temperature Problems with fine motor dexterity Problems with large motor dexterity Hypersensitivity to irritating clothing Problems with large motor dexterity bedsores

problems with fine motor dexterity hypersensitivity to irritating clothing

Receptors that detect limb position and tension are

proprioceptors

Receptors that detect limb position and tension are

proprioceptors.

__________________ begin digestion in the stomach.

proteins

Cocaine overdose often results in death due to an "adrenergic storm" sudden, high levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Based on what you know about the role of these hormones, what is likely to be the proximate cause of death when levels are too high?

rapid heart rate and high blood pressure

What is the function for flight of the contour feathers of birds?

reduce drag

The statement, "all cats are gray in the dark", is likely to be true if ____.

rods are active in the dark, and the retina is stimulated in the dark

Most fungi derive their nutrients from decaying organic matter and so are known as _________________

saprobes, saprobytes

Sensory receptors for balance are located in

semicircular canals.

Ssory receptors for balance are located in cochlear semicircular canals. auditory ossicles. tympanum. spiral organ.

semicircular canals.

Which of the following are modifications that help frogs avoid predators?

skin that can act as camouflage and produce poisons

Some antifungal drugs like amphotericin B target ergosterol found in fungal plasma membranes whereas humans have cholesterol, so this is providing ______________________

specificity

A closed circulatory system is found in what organism(s)? Select all that apply.

squid earthworms

Cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve are stimulated by

stereocilia on hair cells of the spiral organ.

Cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve are stimulated by perilymph. vibrating of the oval window. tectorial membrane movement. stereocilia on hair cells of the spiral organ Ebasilar membrane remaining stationary.

stereocilia on hair cells of the spiral organ.

Prokaryotes in a microbial mat can form a sedimentary structure of precipitated minerals called

stromatolites

Blood pressure during contractions is _________ and in a healthy adult is normally

systolic; 120 mmHg.

are agranulocytes which directly attack viral infected cells.

t lymphocytes, t cells, T-lymphocy

Apes are generally larger than monkeys and do not have

tails.

Damage to the thalamus would affect perception of ___________

taste, and pain

Ventricular systole causes

the atrioventricular valves to close, and then the semilunar valves to open.

Prior to the use of molecular data, animals were classified mainly using morphological characteristics and __________________

the fossil record

The major force of generating blood flow is

the heart pumping.

Reptiles cannot use cutaneous respiration because

the keratin and waxy lipids in their skin prevent the exchange of materials with the environment.

The major distinguishing feature between apes and monkeys is

the presence of a tail.

Deoxygenated blood is found with these chambers of the heart

the right atrium and the right ventricle.

The right side of the human heart is smaller than the left because

the right side only has to pump blood through the pulmonary circulation.

The notochord is replaced in vertebrates by

the spine.

Estrogen and testosterone have very different biological activities, due to

their binding to different intracellular receptors.

High levels of calcium in the blood will cause the _______ to release________which inhibits osteoclasts and increases osteoblasts.

thyroid; calcitonin

The primary function of a lymphocyte is

to fight against foreign antigens

Many of the following animals are amphibious (spend part of life in water, part on land). But which are actually members of Amphibia? Select all that apply.

toads frogs newts salamanders

What two features likely helped gnathostomes to replace most jawless fishes during the Devonian period?

two sets of paired fins and jaws

Sound waves arriving at a listener first strike the

tympanic membrane

In plant stems, the xylem and phloem form a structure called a

vascular bundle

In vertebrates, the embryonic notochord is eventually replaced by the

vertebral column

_______________ describes the length between two peaks of sound waves.

wavelength

In the cardiac cycle, cardiac systole is

when the atria or ventricles contract.