Biology 2 chapter 29
chytrids, flagellum
.________________ have flagellated spores or gametes which shows their link to ancestral protists that had flagella. What structure allows these gametes and spores to swim?_____________________.
endodermis
.________________ is a single cylindrical layer of cells inside of the root that forms an outer boundary of the vascular tissue ( xylem and phloem)
angiosperms
Diversification of _______________ began about 145 mya to the present. The flowering plants are the most abundant today.
Yes
Do Bacteria and Archaea have unique rotating flagella?
Yes
Do Bacteria have ribosomes different from those of Archaea and Eukarya?
No
Do protists have a synapomorphy - a key trait found only in protists and no other organisms? ( yes / no)
meiosis
Does mitosis or meiosis produce spores?
mitosis
Does mitosis or meiosis produce the gametophyte from growing spores? ___________
yes
Does pollination by animals encourage speciation? _________________________________
yes
Does transpiration even impact local and global climate? ________________________________
yes
Does transpiration play an important role as a source of rainfall? _________________________
yes
Does vascular tissue help support the body of the plant so that it can stand upright ? _________
photosynthetic
Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____. photoheterotrophic chemoautotrophic decomposers photosynthetic chemoheterotrophic
aquatic, terrestrial
Green algae mainly live in (aquatic / terrestrial )habitats; while most land plants are ( aquatic / terrestrial).
A
Ground tissue is indicated by the letter _____. D C A B E
naked seed
Gymnosperm means "___________________" .
angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds but no fruits and no flowers ex: pine tree _____________-have seeds enclosed within fruits . "flowering" plants ex: rose
299-145
Gymnosperms were especially abundant and diversified during the time interval of ____________ mya.
secondary xylem
Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____. bark periderm cork secondary phloem secondary xylem
making gametes and making spores
In sexual reproduction of land plants, generations alternate between _____. angiosperms and gymnosperms zygotes and clones making gametes and making spores meiosis and mitosis
leaves, close
Increase in solutes leads to osmosis by which water (enters / leaves) the guard cells by which they expand and the hole opens. At night, the reverse happens so that stomata (open / close).
Chemolithotrophs
Inorganic molecules
foraminiferans
Intricate Calcium carbonate shell
diploid
Is the zygotye diploid or haploid? _______________
apical
Meristems located at the tip of each root and stem are called ____________________
wind, animals, insects, birds, bats
Name some pollinators._____________________________________________________
athletes foot, ringworm, yeast
Some human diseases caused by fungi include ___________ ____________ ( as many an athlete has discovered); _______________ ( which is not caused by a worm at all); ________ infection caused by a yeast Note yeast are unicellular
coenocytic
Some hyphae are ____________ which means that there are no septa; this produces a single gigantic multinucleate cell
crosswalls
Some hyphae are septate which means the _____ _________ separate the nuclei.
trichomes
Some leaf epidermal cells have hairlike appendages called __________________.
decreasing water loss from leaves
Some plants growing in arid climates have small leaves and thick waxy cuticles on the upper epidermis. This is an adaptation for _____. decreasing water breakdown in photosynthesis decreasing water loss from leaves increasing water absorption increasing transpiration
spirochetes
Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria
sporangium
Spores are produced in a complex multicellular structure called a ________________________
meiosis, mitosis
Spores are produced in cones. The male cones produce microspores by ( meiosis / mitosis). The female cones produce megaspores by ( meiosis / mitosis).
mitosis
Spores grow into gametophytes that produce gametes by the process of (mitosis/ meiosis).
meiosis
Sporophytes produce spores by the process of ( mitosis /meiosis).
open, close, opens
Stomata (open / close) in responses to sunlight; but stomata ( open / close) in response to no sunlight. When guard cells are turgid, a stomatal pore (opens /closes) between them.
leaves
Stomata are located on the surface of the ( leaves / roots) of plants.
cellular slime molds
Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______. diatoms water molds golden algae cellular slime molds brown algae
gram-positive bacteria
Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria
stems; leaves
Strolling in the Sonoran Desert, you come upon a stately Saguaro cactus. The large central "trunks" of this cactus are covered with numerous smaller spines. The central stalks are modified _________ used for water storage and spines are modified ______ used for protection. petioles; leaf blades stems; fruits stems; leaves leaves; leaves leaf blades; trichomes
selfing
Successful pollination is almost assured with ( selfing / outcrossing).
sporophyte, heterospory
The dominant stage in pines is the ( sporophyte / gametophyte) which grows into the large tree. Spores are different is size so this is a case of ( homospory / heterospory).
double
The embryo has a food supply because other cells in the ovule were fertilized by a sperm nucleus to form the endosperm. Thus ( single / double ) fertilization is needed
pollen
The transfer of __________from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower is called Pollination
True
True or False. Most Gram-negative cells have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall that has two components - a thin gelatinous layer containing peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer. False. True.
False
True or False: All protists exhibit parasitic lifestyle. False True
True
True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria. True False
False
True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together. True False
True
True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei. True False
False
True or false? The endosperm in a seed develops into the embryo. True False
30
Under ideal conditions, bacteria can double every _______minutes.
extremely hot conditions
Under what conditions in the daytime, might a leaf close its stomata?
meristem
Undifferentiated cells in plants that retain an ability to undergo mitosis and produce new cells are called ________________________.
Peptidoglycan
Unlike plant cell walls that contain cellulose, bacterial cell walls are composed of _____.
simple water conducting cells, first vascular tissue, tracheids, vessel elements
Use #s to identify Evolutionary sequence in water conducting cells to stronger and stronger support ___ first vascular tissue primary cell wall cellulose with lignin ___ vessel elements primary cell wall cellulose/ secondary cell wall lignin large gas at ends ___ simple water conducting cells primary cell wall cellulose ___ tracheids primary cell wall cellulose with secondary cell wall with lignin pits at ends
Photoautotroph
Use light energy as a source of energy for synthesis of organic compounds (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water. (Ex: Cyanobacteria)
Photoheterotroph
Use light energy to generate ATP but they must take in organic compounds from their environment (an unusual bacterium)
Motility
Varies nonmotile to motile by use of rotating ____________ or by gliding motion.
vascular, seeds
Vascular seedless plants have __________ tissue but do not make_______. Ex: ferns
Cells
Viruses are acellular - not made of _______.
No
Was free oxygen gas present in the air of early earth? ___________________
Tracheids
Water transport is the primary function of which cell type? Parenchyma cells Epidermal cells Tracheids Sieve tube elements
open, drier
What 2 conditions are necessary for transpiration to occur? a) Stomata must ( open / close) as is typical in the daytime. b) The air surrounding leaves is ( drier / wetter) than the air inside leaves which is typical as long as the atmospheric humidity is less than 100%.
mammals and birds
What animals are the most common seed dispersers? _______________________________
protect seeds from physical damage and seed predators, aid in seed dispersal
What are 2 functions of fruits? ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________
Lithotrophs
What are organisms called that use inorganic compounds as electron donors in cellular respiration? organotrophs lithotrophs heterotrophs phototrophs
cooling effect
What are the benefits in terms of effects on leaf temperature? ____________________________
removal of excess water, development of root system
What are the benefits of transpiration from the leaves in terms of water flow from roots?
stomata
What are the holes in leaves called? ______________
flowering plant, fruit
What are traits unique only to the angiosperms? __________________________________________
Eukaryote
What cell is larger and contains a nucleus & other membrane bound organelles?
Prokaryote
What cell is tiny and lacks a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles?
Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus
What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis? Differences in ribosomal RNA sequences Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus Number of cells in the organism Composition of the cell wall
The host cell provided a protected environment and carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided increased ATP from the carbon compounds.
What did each partner provide the other, and what did each receive in return? The host cell provided a protected environment and carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided increased ATP from the carbon compounds. The host cell provided a protected environment and carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided carbon compounds. The host cell provided carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided decreased ATP from the carbon compounds. The host cell provided a protected environment for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided decreased ATP from the carbon compounds.
pseudopia
What do amoeba's use for swimming?
flagellum
What do euglena use for swimming?
pollen tube
What does a pollen grain grow as a conduit for sperm nuclei to reach the egg? __________
female gametophyte
What does one megaspore develop into by mitosis? ___________________________
movement of seeds away from parent plant
What does seed dispersal mean? _____________________________________________
Bark replaces the epidermis as a protective covering.
What does the bark do for the tree? Bark forms mutualistic associations with fungi to absorb nutrients. Bark absorbs rainwater as it runs down the tree trunk, conserving water. Bark protects the tree from flower visitors that would steal the nectar. Bark replaces the epidermis as a protective covering.
germinating
What does the drying out of the seed prevent? _________________________
megaspore
What does the megasporocyte produce by meiosis? _________________
Eukarya
What domain includes all eukaryotes?
Bacteria And Archaea
What domains include prokaryotes?
The More Cells That Are Decomposed, The More Oxygen Is Removed From That Area Of Water Which Is Referred To As A Dead Zone
What effect does this have on the Gulf? Hint What is a dead zone?
This Causes A Decrease Of Oxygen In Water Because Decomposers Use So Much Energy
What effect does too much fertilizer carried down the Mississippi have on the cyanobacteria and algae in the Gulf?
Proteobacterium, fission, ribosomes, membranes, genosomes
What evidence supports endosymbiosis hypothesis for origin of mitochondria? Mitochondria are 1. Size of ______________ 2. Replicate by ____________ like bacteria 3. Have own ___________ 4. Have double ____________ Have own ___________ or genes
The nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of modern eukaryotes are continuous.
What evidence supports the hypothesis that the nuclear envelope of eukaryotes arose from infolding of the plasma membrane? Eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in control of gene expression. No modern bacteria have infolded plasma membranes. The nuclear membrane allows separation of transcription and translation. The nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of modern eukaryotes are continuous.
colors, smells
What features of flowers may attract pollinators?
secondary xylem
What forms tree growth rings each year? Secondary xylem / secondary phloem / burrowing insects
coal, seedless vascular
What fuel deposits are associated with the carboniferous period? __________ Most plants growing at this time belong to the ___________________ plants such as ferns, horsetails.
Oxygen
What gas is used in the process of decomposition?_______________________________
charophyceae
What group is the closest living relative to land plants? ____________________________
arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host? arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ectomycorrhizal fungi endophytes lichens
green algae
What group of protists did the land plants evolve from? __________________
evolved resistance to some drugs and evolves quickly
What has made development of a vaccine so difficult? _____________________
Study Organisms That Cannot Be Cultured (Grown In The Lab)
What has metagenomic analysis allowed researchers to do for the first time? isolate organisms from an environment and sequence their entire genome identify important morphological differences among species sample organisms from an environment and grow them under defined conditions in the lab study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in the lab)
basidiomycetes
What have a structure called a basidia composed of club shaped cells that produce by meiosis 4 sexual spores known as basidiospores.
DNA
What is direct sequencing? Take a sample of water or soil; analyze the __________sequence, use data to place the organisms in the sample on a phylogenetic tree.
via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo
What is endosperm? tissue that develops into a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo the male portion of a flowering plant the female portion of a flowering plant via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo the leaves that are a part of the embryo
Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.
What is lateral gene transfer? Inheritance of a gene through mitosis Inheritance of a gene through meiosis Inheritance of a gene from a parent Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.
leaves
What is mainly responsible for photosynthesis ? ________________________
the ability to change form depending on environmental conditions
What is meant by phenotypic plasticity in roots and shoots? the nature of cell walls that make cells expand and shrink when necessary the ability to harvest resources from the environment the amount of elongation growth in a growing season the ability to change form depending on environmental conditions
Sepals protect the flower bud as the flower is developing.
What is one main function of sepals? Sepals remove pollen from the pollinator and transfer the pollen to the stigma. Sepals have no known function. Sepals are the "master planner" of flowering, releasing signals that control the petals, the carpels, and the stamens. Sepals protect the flower bud as the flower is developing.
transport sugar and amino acids
What is phloem's function? Transport water and minerals / transport sugar and amino acids / photosynthesis
3
What is the # of nuclei once the sperm nuclei join with the polar nuclei? ( 1 /2 / 3)
allows seeds to remain viable until conditions improve
What is the advantage of a dormancy period? ____________________________________
more likely to be successful in transferring flowers of the same species
What is the advantage of animal pollination as compared to wind pollination?
less dependent on habitat
What is the advantage of pollen as compared to sperm swimming to the egg? ___________________________________________________________________________
Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon
What is the basic composition of earth's atmosphere today? _______________________
receives food
What is the benefit to the animal pollinators? ______________
gametophytes
What is the benefit to the flowering plants? ________________________
the plant cannot continue transpiring and will wilt
What is the danger if transpiration occurs when a plant is exposed to a dry condition?
cork cambium
What tissue produces cork cells? Vascular cambium / cork cambium / apical meristem
vascular cambium
What tissue produces secondary phloem? Vascular cambium / cork cambium / apical meristem
vascular cambium
What tissue produces secondary xylem? Vascular cambium / cork cambium / apical meristem
supportive vascular tissue & dominant sporophyte
What trait is shared with both seedless and seed vascular plants but is not found in nonvascular plants ( bryophytes? __________________________
wood, ovules, seeds, pollen
What traits are only shared by the gymnosperms and the angiosperms? ________________________
Acidophile
What type of microbe prefers high acid environments?
Thermoacidophile
What type of microbe prefers high temperature and high acid environments?
Thermophile
What type of microbe prefers high temperature environments?
Halophile
What type of microbe prefers high-salt environments?
Cryophile
What type of microbe prefers low-temperature environments?
Anaerobic
What type of respiration was engaged in by organisms when free oxygen gas was not present?_________
light microscopy
What types of microscopes are used to study protists?
Pollen
Which of the following is developed from the male spore? Zygote Pollen Seed Egg
anthers
Which of the following is found in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms? seeds pollen cones microsporangia anthers
a decrease in the number of primary consumers
Which of the following might be a result of adding a secondary consumer to the aquatic ecosystem illustrated above? an increase in the population of scavengers an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide a decrease in the carbon sink a decrease in the number of primary consumers a decrease in the population of decomposers
mature leaves
Which of the following plant organs may act as a source for translocation of sugars inside a plant? developing flowers young growing leaves mature leaves any non-green tissue
root hairs
_________ ________ are tiny extensions from the root that increase the root surface area for absorption of water and minerals
sepal
_________ are leaf like and enclose and protect the flower bud
gametangium
_________ are reproductive cells that resist drying by encasement in tough coat.
leaves
_________ part mainly responsible for photosynthesis.
flowers
_________ part needed for sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
stems
_________ part of plant generally above ground that support leaves & flowers.
stems
_________ part that grows into new stems, leaves, flowers.
root
_________ pressure is produced by movement of water and ions into the root xylem ------ rejected because it does not work long distance
Pili
__________ are threadlike surface structures that permit attachment or prokaryotes and conjugation,
conifers
__________ diverse modern cone bearing gymnosperms. Male cones produce pollen and female cones produce ovules which develop into "naked seeds " which drop out of the cones.
ginkgos
__________ last survivor. beautiful tree with fan shaped leaves but foul smelling fleshy seeds
root
__________ system 1) anchors a plant in the soil 2) absorbs and transports ions & water 3) stores food.
primary
___________ growth in plants involves cell division in apical meristem Leading to growth in length (height) (Plant grows taller & root grows deeper).
stomata
___________ holes in the leaves to exchange gases
cuticle
___________ is a waxy watertight barrier that coats some plant parts.
spores
___________ reproductive cells surrounded by a protective coating.
sporangia
___________ spore-producing structures
shoot
___________ system = stems leaves flowers fruits stems
dermal
___________ tissue system (xylem and phloem) functions in support and in long-distance transport of water and minerals and nutrients.
roots
___________ to anchor the plants in the ground & leaf to photosynthesize
xylem
___________ to transport water and minerals and nutrients
cuticle
___________ waxy watertight sealant to prevent water loss
fungus
___________-like protists show thread-like growth and are heterotrophic by absorption of food from outside the cells. In this they resemble the fungi.
stomata
____________ are holes in leaves to allow gas exchange
gametes
____________ are sexual reproductive cells ( eggs and sperm).
seeds
____________ consist of a plant embryo, and nutrient stores surrounded by a protective seed coat.
fruits
____________ develop from the flower's seed producing organ ( especially ovary of pistil) and contains seeds. = "ripened ovary"
flower
____________ is a reproductive structure that produces gametes, attracts gametes from other individuals; nourishes plant embryos, and develops seeds and fruits
vascular, xylem, phloem
____________ tissue system is made of xylem and phloem that provide support & transport. ________ transports water & minerals; _________ transports sugars & amino acids in sap.
xylem
____________ vascular tissue transports food (organic compounds like sugar) to roots and other nonphotosynthetic tissues.
xylem
____________ vascular tissue transports water and minerals from root to shoot.
absortive
_____________ feeding occurs when nutrient are taken up directly from the environment, across the plasma membrane usually though transport proteins.
germination
_____________ is the process of a seed beginning to grow with the seed coat opening to allow the embryo to put down its 1st root & 1st shoot.
Seeding Contaminated Sites
_____________- add specific species of bacteria & archaea that degrade toxic compounds.
Fertilizing Contaminated Sites
_____________-encourage growth of existing bacteria & archaea that degrade toxic compounds.
Isolate
______________ a suspected pathogen from a sick organism.
capillary
______________ action is movement of water up a narrow tube ---- rejected because it does not work long distance
xylem
______________ conducts water and dissolved ions in one direction from root to shoot.
epidermis
______________ is the single layer of cells that are the outermost layer of a root.
cohesion
______________ of water is the tendency of water molecules to cling to one another due to H bonding.
dermal
______________ tissue system forms an outer protective covering of epidermis with a waxy cuticle.
transmembrane
______________ transport involves the export of a material from one cell, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell.
Photoautotroph
______________ use light energy as a source of energy for synthesis of organic compounds (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water . ( ex: cyanobacteria)
Biofilms
_______________ are dense bacterial colonies enmeshed in a sticky polysaccharide-rich matrix.
ascomycetes
_______________ have a sac like feature called asci which produce by meiosis (8) sexual spores known as ascospores.
Pathogenicity
_______________ is the ability to cause disease.
transpiration
_______________ is the water evaporation from leaves mainly out of the stomata into drier air
adhesion
_______________ of water is its tendency to stick to the lignified walls of xylem conducting cells.
Photoheterotroph
_______________ use light energy to generate ATP, but they must take in organic compounds from their environment ( an unusual type of bacterium)
Endospore
_______________: bacterial structure that helps it go dormant and survive unfavorable conditions.
guard cells
________________ are cells around stomata that open or close the pore.
flavonoids
________________ are plant pigments that serve as sunscreen for leaves.
collenchyma
________________ are thicker cell walled and function in shoot support while allowing for cells to stretch and elongate.
phloem
________________ conducts sugar, amino acids, chemical signals, in 2 directions from roots to shoots and shoots to roots.
Zygomycetes
________________ feature a sporangium that produces asexual spores.
secondary
________________ growth in woody plants involves cell division in lateral meristems which increase width of stems and roots.
sclerenchyma
________________ has a primary cell wall and a thick secondary cell wall that contains lignin as well as cellulose. supports stems after growth stops.
zygomycetes, zygosporangium
________________ have flagellated spores or gametes which shows their link to ancestral protists that had flagella. What structure allows these gametes and spores to swim?_____________________.
seaweed
________________ multicellular brown or red or green algae
surface tension
________________ of water at the surface of leaves form a meniscus that pulls on neighboring liquid water and on to water in veins of the leaf.
ground
________________ tissue system functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support
parenchyma
_________________ cells are thin cell walled, abundant and versatile plant cells.
transpiration
_________________ is the evaporation of water through holes (stomata) in plant leaves.
biennial
_________________ life cycle of plant completed in two years
perennial
_________________ life cycle of plant is more than two years and can be many many
herbaceous
_________________ plant that does not possess woody tissue
woody
_________________ plant that does possess woody tissue
vascular tissue
_________________ provided way to move water, minerals and nutrients & upright support
cohesion-tension
_________________ theory states water is pulled up trees along a water potential gradient via forces generated by transpiration at leaf surfaces ----------- accepted because it does work long distance
apoplastic
_________________ transport is the movement of solutes along cell walls and the spaces between cells.
Antibiotics
__________________ are molecules that kill bacteria or stop them from growing.
phytoplankton
__________________ are tiny algae that float in water and are unable to maintain their position.
dinoflagellates
__________________ have armored cellulose cell walls with two flagella.
Flagellum
__________________ is a whiplike rotating structure in some bacteria that causes movement
Cytoplasm
__________________ is the fluid part of the cell
Nucleoid
__________________ is the region where the DNA in a single circular chromosome is located
Cell Wall
__________________ is the rigid protective structure located directly outside of the plasma membrane.
Ribosomes
__________________ make proteins
diatoms
__________________ unicellular with glassy shells.
chloroplasts
___________________ are plastids that do photosynthesis
trasnloaction
___________________ is the process by which phloem transports substances from source to sink.
Bioremediation
___________________ is the use of bacteria and archaea to clean up pollution at contaminated sites.
protozoans
____________________ are animal-like protists that are heterotrophic, motile and unicellular
Facultative Aerobes
____________________ can only live where there is no oxygen as oxygen poisons
green algae
____________________ closest relative of land plants because like plants they have cellulose in cell walls, food storage as starch, and same pigments with plants.
vacuole
____________________ is large and holds a lot of water, nutrients, waste.
Obligate Anaerobes
_____________________ can live in the presence or absence of oxygen
zone of maturation
_____________________ cells become mature example root hairs grow out of epidermis
casparian strip
__________________________ is a waxy layer which forms a water-repellent cylinder at the endodermis.
zone of cell division
___________________________ is the meristem where cells divide rapidly
alternation of generation
___________________________ means there is a sporophyte and a gametophye generation.
zone of elongation
____________________________ is where cells increase in length
root cap
_____________________________ protects the growing root
plasmodesmata
_____________________exist in gaps between the plant cell walls of 2 adjacent cells.
Obligate Aerobes
____________________require oxygen to live
annual
__________________life cycle of plant completed in one year
symplastic
_________________transport is the movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata
cell wall
________________supports the cell;
Metagenomic
______________analysis allows rapid identification of organisms never seen before.
cycads
___________ornamentals with spreading palm like leaves and conspicuous seed producing cones.
gnetophytes
___________unusual adaptations and each genus is unique
branching
type of veins in dicots
parallel
type of veins in monocot?
Chemoorganoautotroph
use organic molecules for energy but then make their own food
circle
vascular tissue pattern in dicots
scattered
vascular tissue pattern in monocots
cilia
what do paramecium use for swimming?
leaves
what is B?
buds
what is H?
stem
what is I?
root hairs
what is K?
taproot
what is L?
photosynthesis
Algae are autotrophs that make food by _______________.
true
_______ Tendrils are modified leaves that aid in climbing.
true
_______ Thorns are modified stems that help protect the plant from attacks by herbivores.
true
_______ Tubers (ex: potatoes) are underground swollen rhizomes that function to store carbohydrates
fruits
________ part contains seeds of plants.
true
________A cactus stem enlarges into a water-storage organ
false
________A plant's shoot system grows in directions to minimize its chances of capturing light
false
________Adventitious roots develop from the root system
true
________Anchor roots anchor stems to walls and to other plants
false
________Pneumatophores allow water exchange between roots and the atmosphere.
true
________Prop roots stabilize the stem while growing out of the stem.
true
________Roots, stems, and leaves show phenotypic plasticity which means changeable form based on environmental conditions;
paraphyletic
"Protists do not form a monophyletic group" Instead protists are (monophyletic / paraphyletic / polyphyletic) which is a group that includes a common ancestral population but not all of its descendants.
Heterotrophs
"other feeders"
Autotrophs
"self feeders"
4 or 5
# of petals in dicots
multiples of 3
# of petals in monocots
monocots
( Monocots / Eudicots) have fibrous root system with many thin roots spread our shallowly in the soil.
eudicots
( Monocots / Eudicots) have taproot system with a main vertical root with other smaller roots coming off.
photosynthesis
Algae are the base of ____________ food chains because they are primary producers in water bodies.
periphyton
Algae that live on rocks or other plants or other algae are called ______________________.
self
( Self / cross) pollination is when the same individual plant pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower.
double, triploid
( Single / Double) fertilization is it when one sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the zygote and another sperm nucleus unites with polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm. The zygote is ( diploid / haploid / triploid)
Sexual
(Asexual / Sexual) reproduction is based on meiosis and fusion of gametes . It results in daughter cells that are genetically different form their parents and from each other.
Asexual
(Asexual / sexual) reproduction is based on mitosis and cell division in Protists. It results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent.
Asexual
(Asexual / sexual) reproduction may result in the formation of cysts which are cells with thick protective walls that remain dormant through periods of unfavorable climate or low food availability.
cross
(Self / Cross)) pollination is when pollen is carried from the anther of one individual to the stigma of a different individual.
diploid, mitosis
2 gametes unite during fertilization to form a ( haploid / diploid) zygote. The zygote divides my (mitosis / meiosis) to grow into the sporophyte. The alternation between a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation is called alternation of generations.
fruit, seeds
After fertilization, the ovary develops into a __________ that contains the seeds. The fruit protects the ________ within.
Pathogen
Any microbe or virus that causes disease is called a ____________.
food
A __________ chain describes nutritional relationships among organisms and thus how chemical energy flows through ecosystems.
source, sink
A _________________ is where the sugar is produced; a ____________ is where the sugar is consumed or dropped off.
mycorhizzae
A ______________________ is an association between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants.
the unsealed tube only
A bacterium was grown in two test tubes filled with media rich in glucose. One tube was sealed to produce anaerobic conditions, and the other was not. A third uninoculated, unsealed tube was used as a control. Glucose utilization by this bacterium causes acid production, which is indicated by a lightening of the media color. If the bacterium is able to produce ATP only by aerobic respiration, we expect lightening of media in _____. the unsealed tube only the sealed and unsealed tubes only the control tube only the sealed tube only all three tubes
stigma, style, and ovary
A carpel is composed of _____. zygote, anther, and endosperm ovule, megasporocyte, and anther ovary, ovule, and anther stigma, style, and ovary petal, sepal, and stamen
mycelium
A collection of these hyphae is called a ___________.
spore
A fungal ___________ is a reproductive structure that can be produced sexually or asexually and is resistant to drying out.
archegonia, spore
A gametangium that produces eggs is a _____________________________ The egg and sperm unite to form a zygote that develops into a multicellular___________ that is retained on the (mother) plant and nourished.
antheridia, embryo
A gametangium that produces sperm is a ______________________. (__________contain sperm)
Nuclear envelope
A key synapomorphy of Eukaryotes is the ( plasma membrane / nuclear envelope) which surrounds the nucleus.
fungus, photosynthetic algae
A lichen is a mutualistic relationship of a ___________ and a _______________.
II only
A monocot stem is represented by _____. I only II only III only IV only I and III
ciliate
A paramecium is a(n) _____. diatom metazoan apicomplexan dinoflagellate ciliate
woody eudicot
A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? woody annual woody monocot herbaceous eudicot herbaceous monocot woody eudicot
Modified stem, tuber
A potato is a type of __________ known as a ___________ Modified stem, tuber Root, lateral root Modified root, pneumatophore Modified stem, stolon
microsporangium
A sporangium that produce microspores is a ____________________
megasporangium
A sporangium that produces megaspores is a ______________________
mycelium
A spore may grow into a new ______________ within the substrate.
anther and filament
A stamen consists of _____. stigma and anther ovary and sepal anther and filament stigma and style stigma and filament
Archaea
A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? Animalia Eukarya Archaea Protista Fungi
sheets
Absorption of light in a leaf is through ( tube / sheets). .
tubes
Absorption of water and minerals in a root system relies on ( tubes / sheets) .
charophytes
According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? cyanobacteria multicellular green algae unicellular green algae red algae charophytes
Two
According to the endosymbiosis theory, how many membranes should a mitochondrion have? Two Zero One Three
The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose. The host cell would have been poisoned if it had digested the engulfed cell. The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide.
pressure potential differences between source and sink
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what mechanism causes the movement of phloem sap from sources to sink tissues? the transpirational pull from the leaves pressure potential differences between source and sink root pressure solute potential differences between source and sink
Water and sucrose flow up the stem.
According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, which direction are sucrose and water flowing when roots are sources and leaves are sinks? Water and sucrose flow down the stem. Water flows up the stem and sucrose flows down the stem. Water flows down the stem and sucrose flows up the stem. Water and sucrose flow up the stem.
Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota
According to this phylogenetic tree, which of these pairs of prokaryotic subgroups share the most recent common ancestor? Euryarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria ... Crenarchaeota Proteobacteria ... Euryarchaeota Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota Crenarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria
pumping of solutes across the membrane
Active transport involves _____. transport of solute down a concentration gradient diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pumping of solutes across the membrane
multicellular with complex tissues
All land Plants are ( unicellular / colonial / multicellular with complex tissues) but green algae may be any of these
ciliates
All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia. ciliates diplomonads apicomplexans dinoflagellates diatoms
contain a nucleus
All protists _____. are unicellular are smaller than animal cells have a cell wall contain a nucleus are photosynthetic
gametophyte → gamete → fusion →? sporophyte → spore → gametophyte
Alternation of generations occurs in some protists. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for this mode of reproduction? gametophyte → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gamete → gametophyte sporophyte → spore fusion → gametophyte → gamete → sporophyte gametophyte → gamete → fusion →? sporophyte → spore → gametophyte gamete → fusion → gametophyte →? spore → sporophyte → gamete
Good Hygiene
An example of a good sanitation practice is _______________________________________.
enrichment culture
An organic solvent widely used in industrial processes, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) is a major environmental pollutant affecting human health and damaging the ozone layer. Recently researchers isolated the first bacteria able to degrade TCA. They found that the bacteria use hydrogen as an electron donor, TCA as electron acceptor, and acetate as a carbon source. Based on the preceding information, deduce the method used to isolate these bacteria. enrichment culture direct sequencing seeding Gram staining
colonial protists
Ancestors of the multicellular eukaryotic organisms (fungi, plants, and animals ) are found in the ancestral _______________ ( colonial protists that were made of individual cells staying together while still independent).
petroleum
And accumulation of dead organisms on the bottom of the ocean begins the formation of _______________________
fruits enclosing seeds
Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? sperm cells without flagella wind pollination dominant gametophytes fruits enclosing seeds embryos enclosed within seed coats
male
Antheridia is a ( female / male) gametangium
Fungi
Antibiotics are produced in nature by soil-dwelling bacteria and _____________.
an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish
Aquatic nitrate pollution can result in _____. algal bloom oxygen depletion fish kills hypoxia an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish
female
Archegonium is a ( female / male ) gametangium
Yes
Are antibiotics useful in fighting off some bacterial infections?________
No
Are antibiotics useful in fighting off virus infections? _______
Gram Positive
Are gram positive or negative bacteria most affected by penicillin?
yes
Are land plants monophyletic? __________________ (There was only one successful transition from freshwater environments to land and that is the common ancestor of all land plants)
1.5
As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? 0.5 1.5 15.0 28.5 3.0
support plant as wood
As resin fills in the older xylem (heartwood), what function does this older secondary xylem serve? Transport water and minerals / transport sugar and amino acids / support plant as wood
Different cell types express different genes.
At the cellular level, what does this criterion imply? Cells must be able to move. The organism must be able to reproduce sexually. Different cell types express different genes. Individual cells must be extremely large.
Unicellular
Bacteria and Archaea are ( unicellular / multicellular ) organisms.
Everywhere
Bacteria and Archaea are found almost_______
Cycle
Bacteria and Archaea drive the Nitrogen __________- movement of N atoms through ecosystems.
Toxins
Bacteria cause disease by producing _______(poisons).
Archaea, Bacteria
Based on such rRNA (ribosomal RNA) data, Woese drew a tree of life with 3 Domains: ___________ , _____________ and Eukarya
meiosis
Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission
Plaques
Biofilms pose health challenges to humans. : Dental ____________ on teeth
eukaryotes, autotrophic, cellulose, starch, chlorophylls
Both Green Algae and Land Plants: are ( prokaryotes / eukaryotes), (autotrophic / heterotrophic), Have cell walls made of ( peptidoglycan / cellulose / chitin), mainly store energy as ((starch / oil ) and have essential photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls / fucoxanthin / phycoerythrin )
deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients
Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become _____. unable to fix carbon dioxide unable to synthesize peptidoglycan unable to fix nitrogen deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients antibiotic resistant
thalassiosira punctigera
Dinoflagellates p 567 What is the only diploid cell in this life cycle? ________________
stoma
Carbon dioxide enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the _____. stoma walls of guard cells epidermal trichomes cuticle phloem
Dinoflagellates
Cell wall made of cellulose plates of armor
Antibiotics
Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as _____. antibodies aflatoxins antigens hallucinogens antibiotics
hyphae
Chitin in cell walls of fungi protect the fungi from bacterial attack. Fungi grow many branching ____________.
endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
Chloroplasts arose via _____. endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria endosymbiosis of dinoflagellates endosymbiosis of α-Proteobacteria endosymbiosis of euglenids
aquatic, simplest
Chytrids primarily live in (terrestrial / aquatic) environments. Chytrids are the (simplest / most complex) fungi.
decreased surface area, reducing water loss
Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____. decreased surface area, reducing water loss increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange increased surface area, increasing gas exchange
dead
Cord cambium is ( alive / dead) _______________________
alive
Cork is ( alive / dead) _______________________________
oxygenic photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria are thought to be the first organisms to evolve ____. oxygenic photosynthesis fermentation chemolithotrophy aerobic respiration
gyrodinium uncatenum
Diatoms What are the only haploid cells in this life cycle? ____________________
possess two flagella
Dinoflagellates _____. possess two flagella include species that cause malaria are all autotrophic lack mitochondria have walls that are usually composed of silica plates
All
Domain Eukarya includes Kingdoms (Protista / Fungi / Plantae / Animalia.)
Fungi, Plants, Animals
Domain Eukarya includes: ( Bacteria / Archaea / Protists / Fungi / Plants / Animals)
Monophyletic
Domain Eukarya is a ( monophyletic / paraphyletic / polyphyletic) group because all eukaryotes trace their ancestry to a common ancestor and includes all of the descendants.
the zygote and endosperm
Double fertilization is a component of the angiosperm life cycle, and produces _____. the pollen tube and ovules the zygote and endosperm the endosperm and pollen tube the zygote and pollen tube
style
Down what part of the carpel do the sperm nuclei travel from the stigma to the ovary? ______________
oxygen, carbon dioxide
During photosynthesis, plants produce _______ gas , make food and remove the gas ____________
endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons
Endosperm is a major part of monocot seeds. In most eudicots, _____. the same thing is true; there is a substantial amount of endosperm endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons endosperm replaces cotyledons in the seed endosperm never even starts to form after double fertilization
Culture
Enrichment ___________ requires a specific set of growing conditions for a species.
root hairs
Epidermal cells in roots may have ________ ___________ that are root extensions that help in water & mineral absorption by increasing surface area to volume ratio.
cuticle
Epidermal cells in the shoot system protect by secreting a waxy layer called the _____________.
1.75
Eukaryote fossils first appear in the fossil record______ billion years ago.
Archaea
Eukaryotes are more closely related to ( Bacteria / Archaea)
Unicellular, colonial, multicellular
Eukaryotes may be ( unicellular / colonial / multicellular )
bacteria, binary fission, ribosomes, genes
Evidence for endosymbiotic origin of chloroplast 1. Chloroplasts are same size as ________________ 2. Chloroplasts replicate by ____________________ like bacteria 3. Chloroplasts have their own _________________ for making proteins 4. Chloroplasts have double membrane consistent with engulfing mechanism of origin 5. Chloroplasts have their own genome or _____________ ( in fact these genes are similar to cyanobacterial genes) 6. Many cyanobacteria live inside the cells of protists and animals today.
pseudopia
Ex Amoeba engulf food using long fingerlike projections called ___________________
cilia
Ex: Stentor sweep food to their gullets with water currents set up by beating _________
parasites
Ex: ______________ absorb their nutrients inside a host basically stealing food from the host
decomposers
Ex: ________________ feed on dead organic matter or detritus
photosynthesis
Ex: diatoms, dinoflagellates, and seaweed make food through __________________
They are inside the ovules, and they are called embryo sacs.
Female gametophytes in angiosperms are hidden, and protected. Where are they found, and what are they also called? They are inside the carpel, and they are called protoseeds. They are inside the ovules, and they are called embryo sacs. They are inside the anthers, and they are called pollen. They are inside the megasporangium, and they are called eggs.
pollen
Fertilization in plants is the union of a sperm nucleus from the pollen grain with the egg in the ovule. Thus the male gametophyte is the _________ grain as it contains the sperm nuclei
cotton
Fibers such as __________ or flax and wood for building
they produce oxygen
Flowers offer the ecological advantages of __________________________________________
artificial
Food - Agriculture has used _____________ selection to select for traits that improve crops
underside
For leaves in very dry conditions, the stomata may be located on the ( upside / underside) of the leaf.
carbon dioxide, oxygen
For photosynthesis, plants use stomata to take in the gas _______________ and release the gas ______________
ovaries
Fruits develop from _____. fertilized eggs ovaries microsporangia receptacles ovules
disperse seeds
Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____. protect seeds provide food for humans provide a source of food to the plant's embryo disperse seeds protect pollen
provide clean air, reduced energy costs, food source
Fruits offer the ecological advantages of
plants
Fuel - wood, coal, petroleum and natural gas derive from ___________ growing today or in past.
they increase surface area allowing extension of roots, they use extracellular digestion to split large molecules, they use lignin degradation to break down wood, they use cellulose degradation to break down cell walls
Fung are earth's recycling engineers Explain how fungi are so effective as decomposers? ? surface area______________________________________________________________ ? extracellular digestion_________________________________________________________ ? lignin degradation____________________________________________________________ ? cellulose degradation__________________________________________________________
is extracellular, meaning that it takes place outside the organism
Fungal digestion _____. takes place inside a stomach-like structure does not occur, as fungi do not digest nutrients is extracellular, meaning that it takes place outside the organism takes place inside a food vacuole
have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae
Fungal mycelia _____. have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae are found almost exclusively in dry areas are found almost exclusively in aquatic environments have a small surface area to prevent water loss
bacteria
Fungi along with ____________ decompose dead organisms and organic waste.
surroundings
Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia
eukaryotes, multicellular, absorption, have, protists, glycogen, non-motile, chitin, animals
Fungi: Are (prokaryotes / eukaryotes) Are mostly (unicellular / multicellular) Are heterotrophic by (ingestion / absorption) (have /do not have) cell walls Evolved from ( protists / plants / animals) Store carbohydrates as (glycogen / starch ) Are (motile / non-motile) Have cell walls of ( peptidoglycan / cellulose / chitin). Are more closely related to ( plants / animals).
embryo
Gametes are produced in complex multicellular structure called a ____________________________
haploid gametes
Gametophytes produce ______. diploid spores haploid gametes diploid gametes haploid spores
paraphyletic
Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals; thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9]:1135-44.) According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a _____ group. polyphyletic paraphyletic monophyletic
It is part of a monophyletic group that also includes G. intestinalis.
Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals; thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9]:1135-44.) By examining the phylogenetic tree diagrammed in the figure above, what conclusion can you draw about the species G. microti?
diatoms
Glassy cell wall of silicon dioxide forms
Plants don't have to depend on water to transfer sperm.
How did pollination help plants to spread into drier habitats? Pollen needs dry air to blow in the wind. Plants don't have to depend on water to transfer sperm. Pollen was carried by animals to dry habitats. Plants can produce more pollen in dry habitats because it doesn't mold as easily.
people eat shellfish that feed heavily on protists that emphasize saxitoxins
How does paralytic shellfish poisoning occur?
One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm.
How is fertilization in flowering plants different from fertilization in other plant groups? One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with a polar nucleus to form a diploid cell that forms a nutrient-rich tissue. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm. Two sperm nuclei fuse with a polar nucleus to form a diploid zygote. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote.
2
How many cotyledons does a dicot have?
1
How many cotyledons does a monocot have?
475
How many million years ago, did the first land plants live? __________
2
How many polar nuclei form? ______________________________________
2
How many sperm nuclei are formed inside the pollen? ( 1 /2 /3)
1, 1
How many times did vascular tissue evolve? _______ How many times did seeds evolve? ___________
High, High
Hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean are extreme habitats with (high / low) pressure and (high / low) temperature relative to the average ocean temperature.
same, different
If spores are the (same / different) size, the plant is homosporous; if spores are (same/ different) sizes, the plant is heterosporous.
ectomycorrhizae
If the fungi coat tree root surfaces and grow into spaces between root cells, they are______________________.
endomycorrhizae
If the hyphae penetrate spaces between root cell walls and plasma membrane they are _____________________.
mutualistic
If the relationship is beneficial to both , it is called a ______________ relationship.
sugar
Imagine that you are given some chemoorganotrophic bacteria to grow. What should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria? ammonia sugar light methane hydrogen sulfide
sexual
In a changing environment the type of reproduction that is most advantageous is ( asexual / sexual) because it results in diversity of offspring and a diversity of genotypes.
via sexual reproduction
In a rapidly changing environment, protists tend to reproduce _____. via sexual reproduction via cloning via asexual reproduction via fission
Sexual
In a stable environment the type of reproduction that is most advantageous is ( asexual / sexual).
stigma
In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. style stigma anther ovary ovulate cone
water and minerals
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? carbohydrates protection from harmful ultraviolet light antibiotics water and minerals fixed nitrogen
haploid, dominant, gametes, motile, nonmotile
In bryophytes , a Gametophyte generation : Is (diploid / haploid), (dominant / dependent ) and, makes ( spores / gametes) by mitosis. ( Nonmotile / Motile) sperm swim in water with flagella; Eggs are (nonmotile / motile ).
diploid, dependent, spores
In bryophytes, a sporophyte generation: Is ( diploid / haploid) , (dominant / dependent) and grows out of the female gametophyte Makes ( spores / gametes) by meiosis .
haploid, less noticeable, gametes, motile, nonmotile
In ferns ( vascular seedless plants) , a Gametophyte generation : Is (diploid / haploid), (dominant / less noticeable ), makes ( spores / gametes) by mitosis. (Nonmotile / Motile) sperm swim in water with flagella; Eggs are (nonmotile / motile ).
seed coat
In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. endosperm sporophyte seed coat fruit cotyledon
Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.
It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants. Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars. Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars. Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.
DNA
It involves extracting and sequencing _________ from a sample and identifying species and biochemical pathways by comparing the DNA sequences with those of known genes.
Sanitation
Key to prevention of transmission of pathogens is good _______________.
unicellular, colonial, multicellular, terrestrial
Land plants evolved from (unicellular / colonial / multicellular) green algae that lived in ( marine / freshwater/ terrestrial) habitats.
xylem, phloem
Lateral meristems include ___________cambium & _________cambium.
photosynthesis
Leaf parenchyma cells include chloroplasts to do ______________________.
cyanobacteria or algae
Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _____. mosses or cyanobacteria mosses or sponges green algae or liverworts cyanobacteria or algae mosses or algae
potassium
Light stimulates H+-ATPase proton pumps so ATP energy is available which leads to the guard cell uptake of ions especially ___________________ ( K+) and other solutes.
Salmonella, Escherichia Coli
List 2 bacterial diseases: ______________________________ _______________________
hyphae
Long, branching fungal filaments are called _____. septa ascus mycelia roots hyphae
transpiration
Loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called _____. high heat of vaporization gas exchange respiration dehydration transpiration
fungi
Many ____________ produce toxins and hallucinogenic substances. An example is ergots of rye that can make people delusional.
Medicine, Animal
Many bacteria today are antibiotic-resistant as a result of too much use of antibiotics as ___________________ and in _____________ feed (ex: cattle feed).
Asexually
Many eukaryotes reproduce ( asexually / sexually) by mitosis and cell division
Sexually
Many eukaryotes reproduce ( asexually / sexually) which requires meiosis and cell division
eggs, sperm
Mature gametophytes produce __________ in female gametangia and __________ in male gametangia.
Methane
Methanogens are microbes that release __________ into the air.
stamen
Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the _____. petals carpel sepals stamen receptacle
50,000
Millions of species exist. Only __ species have formal names and descriptions.
ribosomal small subunit RNA
Molecular phylogenies were first used to separate bacterial and archaeal lineages based upon the sequence data from which of the following molecules? DNA polymerase ribosomal small subunit RNA the peptidoglycan-producing enzyme the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll
decomposers
Most fungi are _____. photoautotrophs decomposers herbivores carnivores chemoautotrophs
food
Most mycelium growth is not seen as it happens within soil. The mycelium sends out digestive enzymes into the substrate to digest _________.
Phylogenetic, Ribosomes
Most useful __________________tree for Bacteria and Archaea is based on studies of RNA molecules found in __________________ (organelles that make proteins)
depends upon active transport of sugars into the sieve-tube elements
Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink _____. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements results mainly from diffusion of sugars into companion cells depends upon active transport of sugars into the sieve-tube elements depends on active transport of water into sieve- tube elements at the source depends on tension, or negative pressure potential
sporophyte
Multicellular diploid form is called a __________________ because it produces haploid spores by meiosis
gametophyte
Multicellular haploid form is called a _________________ because it produces haploid gametes by mitosis and cell division.
Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms requires high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere by reducing the amount of iron oxides that are able to react instantly with oxygen. Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria decreased the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, leading to simultaneous increase of oxygen. Splitting of water during anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria dramatically increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.
to other multicellular organisms
Multicellularity has advantages: Attachment What might a multicellular organism attach to in environments? _____________________
a virus
Multicellularity has advantages: Protection What might be the danger to an organism?
producing and obtaining food, reproduction
Multicellularity has advantages: Specialization What might cells specialize to do? _______________________________________
haploid
Mycelia produced in asexual reproduction are _____. zygotic heterokaryotic haploid diploid
vascular
Nonvascular plants (also called bryophytes) lack _________________tissue .
dicot, monocot
Note vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are arranged in vascular bundles. Look at the cross section of the stem in a monocot and dicot. Which of these has their vascular bundles in a circle? _____ Which of these has their vascular bundles scattered? _____________
seed, fruit
Once the egg within the ovule is fertilized, the ovule develops into a ____________ The ovary then begins transforming into a __________ which holds the seeds.
pollen, sperm
Once the pollen sticks to the stigma, a _____________ tube forms sending along two _______ nuclei
fertilization
Once the sperm nuclei join with the egg within the ovule in the process called _____________ a zygote forms.
a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots
One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not
Nitrogen Fixation
Only certain bacteria (ex: cyanobacteria) and archaea do ____________ ______________which converts molecular nitrogen (N2) from the air into ammonia.
cellulose, lignin
Only certain fungi and bacteria can break down the ___________ and __________ that makes the cell walls of plants.
Chemoorganotroph
Organic molecules
Bacteria
Organisms in Domain (Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya ) have a cell wall with peptidoglycan.
Eukarya
Organisms in Domain (Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya ) have cells with a nuclear envelope.
All
Organisms in Domain Eukarya include ( unicellular / colonial / multicellular ) organisms
chlamydias
Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria
autotrophs; heterotrophs
Organisms that synthesize their own C-C molecules from single-carbon starting materials are named _____, while those that absorb preformed C-C compounds are _____. chemoorganotrophs; heterotrophs autotrophs; heterotrophs autotrophs; chemoorganotrophs phototrophs; chemotrophs
B
Ovules are found within structure _____. A B C D E
Immune
Slimy capsule helps disease bacteria to evade the _______________ system of the host.
Disease
Pathogen means ______________- causing.
malaria
Periodic bouts of high fever and chills occur when what type of cells burst out with the protists? __________________________
medicines
Pharmaceuticals - Many ___________ to treat diseases come from plants. Ex: morphine, aspirin
sieve-tube, companion
Phloem has 2 cell types :_________element & _________________cell
a bulb in early spring
Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the following is most likely to function as a source? a growing leaf in early spring a shoot tip in late fall a bulb in early spring a growing root in late summer
Cellular
Photosynthesis made _________ respiration possible.
E
Pith is indicated by the letter _____. A C E D B
green algae, nonvascular plants, vascular seed plants, seed plants
Place a number next to each to show order of appearance in fossil record ____ seed plants ______nonvascular plants ____vascular seed plants_____ green algae
Algae
Plant-like protists are _____________.
cyanobacteria
Some bacteria already evolved photosystems I and II . Both photosytems occur in the bacteria called ______________________.
cyanobacteria
Plantlike photosynthesis that releases oxygen (O2) occurs in _____. archaea cyanobacteria chemoautotrophic bacteria chlamydias actinomycetes
soil, erosion
Plants build and hold __________________thus plants prevent ____________ which is loss of soil by action of wind and water.
determinate, indeterminate
Plants cell growth is ____________________ because plants grow as long as they live; while animal cell growth is ___________________ because animals stop growing at a certain size.
produce more cells
Plants contain meristems whose major function is to _____. attract pollinators photosynthesize produce flowers absorb ions produce more cells
sexual, asexual
Plants engage in both ____________ reproduction which involves eggs and sperms uniting in fertilization to form a zygote.; and __________________ reproduction which does not involve fertilization and results in the production of clones.
climate
Plants hold water and moderate _________________.
apicomplexan
Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____. entamoeba diatom apicomplexan plasmodial slime molds ciliate
leave
Potassium and other solutes are pumped out of guard cells causing water to ( enter / leave) resulting in pore closure.
these protists produce chemical energy by fixing CO2
Primary production by photosynthetic protists is considered "primary" because _____. these protists are the oldest lineage to photosynthesize these protists are the first to colonize new areas. these protists produce chemical energy by fixing CO2 these protists are the most abundant on Earth
phagocytosis
Process by which protist ingest their food (bacteria, archaea, other protists) is called _________________.
outcrossing
Production of genetically diverse offspring is most likely with ( selfing / outcrossing).
Bacteria And Archaea
Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria and Protista Bacteria and Eukarya Archaea and Monera Eukarya and Monera
Binary Fission
Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by___________ _________.
dermal
Protective outermost tissue forms the ___________ tissue system.
euglenas
Protein strips just under plasma membrane
protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack
Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _____. bacteria decompose protists protists are photosynthetic protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack bacteria are not made of cells protists eat bacteria
Eukarya
Protists are extremely diverse eukaryotes in Domain ( Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya)
unicellular
Protists are mostly ( unicellular / multicellular) microscopic organisms although some are multicellular..
most complex
Protists are the ( simplest / most complex) eukaryotic organisms.
moist
Protists live in ( dry / moist ) habitats that include aquatic habitats and wet soils.
parasites
Protozoans obtain food from the environment as : _______________ that get nourishments from hosts who are harmed in the process.
plankton
Protozoans obtain food from the environment as : _________________ that float in water bodies and cannot control where they move. Protozoan plankton are part of the larger group called zooplankton.
IV only
Refer to the figure above. A woody eudicot is represented by _____. II only III only IV only I and III
Determine the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria.
Researchers have found a new type of bacteria, and they want to determine its phylum. What would be the most reliable method to do so? Perform an analysis of metabolic pathways. Conduct a Gram-stain test. Analyze the morphological characteristics of the bacteria. Determine the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria.
increase the surface area for absorption
Root hairs are most important to a plant because they _____. store starches provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria contain xylem tissue increase the surface area for absorption anchor a plant in the soil
pathogens
The cuticle prevents water loss and protects against attack by ______________
alive
Secondary phloem is ( alive / dead)
wood, bark
Secondary xylem first functions in water transport but as it fills with resin it forms ___________. Together secondary phloem & cork cambium & cork form ____________
tissue, embryo
Seed vascular plants have vascular ___________ and seeds. A seed consists of an ______________, food supply surrounded by seed coat.
reduce fossil fuel use, improve soil
Seeds offer the ecological advantages of __________________________________________
pathogenic fungi
The terms blights, smuts, rusts are associated with plant diseases caused by ____________
xylem
Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the _____. phloem cork cambium companion and sieve-tube members xylem cortex
female
The ( male / female ) gametophyte is the embryo sac containing ovule.
male
The ( male / female) gametophyte is the pollen grain within which form sperm nuclei.
the cell wall
The Gram stain, commonly used to classify a bacterial isolate into one of two groups, is based upon the characteristics of which of the following structures? the flagella the cell wall the genetic material the ribosomes
cork
The ______ cambium produces cork cells to the outside.
stamen
The _______ consists of the anther where pollen is made and filament. It is the male part. The pollen is the male gametaphyte.
petals
The ________ are often colorful and attract pollinators to the flower
carpel
The __________ consists of the stigma which is sticky to catch pollen, the style down which the pollen tube grows, and the ovary where the ovules are made.
cortex
The ____________ is ground tissue which is specialized for storage and movement of water and minerals in the root toward xylem.
sporophyte, spores, meiosis, mitosis, gametophyte
The ______________ generation produces _________ by ________________. The spores then divide by __________ and grow into the _____________________.
epidermis
The ______________ is the outermost layer of plant cells.
endosymbiosis theory
The ___________________ helps explain how eukaryote cells obtained membranous organelles including : nucleus, ER, Golgi body
endosymbiosis, mitochondria,
The ____________________ hypothesis helps explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts came to be in eukaryote cells. The bigger prokaryote ate an aerobic prokaryote that evolved into the _________________ and the photosynthetic cyanobacterium was eaten by the bigger prokaryote and they became _______________.
pressure flow
The _________________________ hypothesis explains sugar translocation as a process driven by differences in turgor pressure that occur between a sugar source (for example leaves, and a sugar sink ( ex developing fruits.)
endosymbiosis
The ____________________theory contends that eukaryotic chloroplast originated when a protist engulfed a cyanobacterium.
an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. the increased probability of contact between different mating types the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition
diplomonads ...parabasalids
The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria. fungi ... stramenopiles dinoflagellates ... metazoans chlorophytes ... ciliates diplomonads ...parabasalids euglenozoans ... alveolates
chlamydias
The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria
Prokaryotic
The common ancestor of all species living today was a ( prokaryotic / eukaryotic ) cell.
Organism
The cultured organism is inoculated into a healthy host ____________
root hairs
The epidermis is modified by __________ __________ which project out and increase the total absorptive surface area.
eggs, sperm
The female gametophytes produce relatively larger (eggs / sperm) as compared to the male gametophytes that produce relatively tiny ( eggs / sperm).
ground
The function of _____________ tissue system is making and storing important molecules.
transport sugars throughout the plant
The function of sieve-tube elements is to _____. transport carbon dioxide into leaves transport water upward transport sugars throughout the plant transport water downward
spore
The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the _______. spore swimming gamete asci basidia
gametes, zygote, sporophyte
The gametophyte produces ______________ by mitosis. The gametes must unite in fertilization to form a _____________. The zygote divides by mitosis and grows into the _________________ generation
Infectious
The germ theory of disease asserts that certain diseases are _____________ meaning that they can be passed from person to person.
stoma, guard
The hole is a ____________and cells that regulate opening and closing are ___________cells.
seaweed
The large multicellular algae are called _____________
brown algae
The largest seaweeds are _____. red algae brown algae green algae diatoms dinoflagellates
cortex
The letter A indicates the _____. vascular bundle phloem xylem cortex pith
epidermis
The letter A indicates the _____. epidermis endodermis vascular cylinder xylem cortex
pollen grains
The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. pollen grains embryo sacs megaspores male sporophytes endosperm
Alveolata
The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes. Stramenopila Rhodophyta Alveolata Chlorophyta Mycetozoa
spores
The mushroom emerges above ground to release _____________ that will disperse.
3.5
The oldest fossils of bacteria ever found are_______billion years old.
water
The opening and closing of stomata influence ___________ transport through the xylem by speeding or slowing the transport.
carpel
The ovary is most often located in the _____. stamen receptacle sepals petals carpel
oxygen and glucose
The photosynthesic bacterium provided the host with _____________________________ in exchange for protection and access to light.
zygote
The plant embryo develops from the ( zygote / embryo / seed coat).
embryo
The pointer is indicating a diploid cell that develops into the _____. embryo seed coat ovule endosperm carpel
cyanobacteria
The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria
cyanobacteria
The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria
liver, red blood
The protozoan Plasmodium invades the cells of malaria victims. What type of human cells harbor this parasite? _______________ cells and ______________________cells
D
The region surrounded by guard cells is indicated by the letter _____. A C E B D
meiosis
The seed germinates and grows into a sporophyte by the process of ( mitosis /meiosis) .
contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption
The surface area of a plant's root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system. The extensive surface area of roots is an adaptation associated with _____. contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption the release of carbon dioxide generated by photosynthesis the internal structure of the vascular tissue in roots the storage of nutrients within the root system
Culture
The suspected pathogen is grown in a pure _________________.
symbiosis
The term _______________ means living together.
co-evolution
The term __________________ of angiosperms refers to the reciprocal influence that flowering plant evolution had on evolution of animal pollinators and vice versa.
cohesive and adhesive forces of the water column under evaporative tension
The transport of a water column up a very tall tree can be explained by _____. positive pressure in xylem that pushes water up root pressure that pushes water up cohesive and adhesive forces of the water column under evaporative tension gravitational pull
xylem, phloem
The vascular cambium produces secondary ____________ to the inside and secondary _____________ to the outside.
evaporative cooling and mineral transport
The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of _____. evaporative cooling and mineral transport increased turgor and increased growth mineral transport and increased growth evaporative cooling and increased turgor
cuticle, open
The waxy ( cuticle / mesophyll) prevents water loss from cells closest to sunlight Stomata can be kept ( open /closed).
diploid, haploid
There's alternation between (haploid / diploid ) sporophyte & ( haploid / diploid ) gametophytes.
yes
Therefore, would you expect a fungal mycelium to be likely to dry out in dry conditions? _______________
alternation
This transition between sporophyte and gametophyte generation is called __________________ of generation.
Isolate bacterium from an infected sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection.
To establish a link between a specific bacterium and a skin disease, researchers have shown that bacterium was present in sick persons but not in healthy individuals. They isolated the bacterium in a pure culture and demonstrated that experimental healthy animals injected with this culture became sick. What other experiment do researchers need to perform to be absolutely sure that the bacterium is responsible for the disease? Isolate bacterium from an infected sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection. Demonstrate that the bacterium is not able to live outside of humans or animals. Demonstrate that the bacterium belongs to the pathogenic lineage.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of haploid nuclei.
What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other. If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of haploid nuclei. Fertilization precedes pollination.
Oxygen
What is the electron acceptor for humans in the electron transport chain? Sugars Sulfate Oxygen Water
radical
What is the embryonic root? _______________________________________
ovary
What is the female gametophyte ( what structure formed the egg? _____________________
transport of water and minerals
What is the first function of xylem as in sapwood? Transport of water and minerals / transport of sugar and amino acids / support of the plant
cohesion-tension
What is the force behind the process known as "transpiration" in plants? Water is absorbed into the roots through root hairs. cohesion-tension Water is absorbed into the leaves through stomata. Carbon dioxide is absorbed through stomata.
to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria
What is the goal of bioremediation? to improve human health with the help of living organisms such as bacteria to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria to improve bacteria for production of useful chemicals to kill pathogenic bacteria with the use of antibiotics to improve soil quality for plant growth by using bacteria
sperm of a flower
What is the male gametophyte? _________________________________
dormancy
What is the period when a seed will not germinate after it has been dispersed?___________
cotyledons
What is the term for seed - leaves? __________________________________
hypocotyl
What is the term for the embryonic stem ? ____________________________
carbon
What is the term for the movement of carbon atoms through biological organisms, chemical processes and geological processes? _________ cycle
bloom
What is the term when a unicellular algal population grows rapidly and reaches high densities in an aquatic environment?___________
359-299
What is the time span of the Carboniferous Period? _______________mya
cuticle
What is the waxy covering on leaves called that prevents water loss?__________
secondary xylem
What is the wood of the tree composed of? Secondary phloem / cork / secondary xylem
Euglena
What is this?
amoeba
What is this?
paramecium
What is this?
pollination
What is transfer of pollen from flower anther to flower stigma ? _____________
nonvascular plants
What kind of plants were the first land plants? _______________________
microspore
What kind of spore produced the pollen? ( microspore / megaspore)
Fusion of hyphae
What life cycle step allows fungi to reproduce sexually without gametes? Formation of gametophytic mycelium Formation of sporophytic mycelium Meiosis Fusion of hyphae
sedimentary
What may happen to the dead cells and CaCO3 shells that accumulate on the bottom of the ocean.? ____________ rocks may form from the shells.
Metagenomics
What method would you use to best identify the diversity of bacterial and archaeal species in the soil present on your campus? Culture bacteria from a sample. Microscope Metagenomics Enrichment
water
What must the seed take in for seed germination to begin? ______________________
travel via pollen tube
What must the sperm do to reach the egg? ____________________________________________
stems
What organ holds the leaves up to the light and connects roots to leaves? _____________
mitochondria, nucleus, cytoskeleton
What organelles are membranous and are hypothesized to have been formed by infolding the plasma membrane?
Prokaryotes
What organisms are most numerous on Earth? plants prokaryotes eukaryotes archaea insects
Bacteria
What organisms were pumping oxygen out through photosynthesis?_____________
stigma
What part of the carpel is sticky and traps pollen? ______________________
sepal
What parts form an outer protective whorl? __________________
petals
What parts furnish a visual advertisement to pollinators? _____________________
carpels
What parts produce ovules ? ________________________
stamen
What parts produce pollen? _________________________
roots
What plant organs absorb water and minerals from soil? ___________
photosynthesis
What process moves carbon atoms into primary producers? Hint : How do producers make food
pollinators
What promotes cross-pollination?
filament
What structure holds up the anther? _____________________________
nuclear envelope
What synapomorphy defines the Eukarya? meiosis and sexual reproduction nuclear envelope fission multicellularity
they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water
When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. This does not happen to plant cells, because _____. they have cell walls, which prevent the entry of water by osmosis the composition of their plasma membranes differs from that of animal-cell plasma membranes in a way that provides much greater strength they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water certain gated channel proteins embedded in their plasma membranes open as osmotic pressure decreases, allowing excess water to leave the cell they have large central vacuoles, which provide abundant space for storage of incoming water
embryo
When one sperm nuclei and egg unite, a zygote results which then forms the ___________.
fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____. sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae
The Organic Matter Builds Up As They Rot And Suck The Oxygen Away From The Water.
When the algae and cyanobacteria die in great numbers, they sink to the bottom. What happens next?
plasmodium
When the mosquito bites, what fluid from the mosquito enters the human? __________
base
Where are ovules located? __________________
2 nuclei from mitotic division in a microspore
Where are pollen grains produced? _____________________________
on the under-surface of the fern frond
Where are sori (clusers of sporangia) located on a fern leaf? ________________________
Basidia
Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? Spores Basidia Mycelium Hyphae
diploid zygote via meiosis
Where does sexual reproduction occur in the mosquito?__________________
anther
Where in the stamen are they produced? _______________________
At the base of Plantae
Where on the phylogenetic tree should the origin of chloroplasts appear? At the base of green algae and land plants At the base of the group Bikonta At the base of Eukaryotes At the base of Plantae
chlorophytes
Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup? diatoms chlorophytes red algae brown algae golden algae
endodermis
Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast? endodermis epidermis cortex pericycle exodermis
Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and manufacture their own proteins.
Which evidence is consistent with the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of the mitochondrion? Mitochondria are much smaller than an average bacterium. Streptomycin inhibits eukaryotic and mitochondrial ribosomes. All genes vital for the functioning of mitochondria are found in the nucleus. Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and manufacture their own proteins.
Stramenopila
Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella? Euglenozoa Stramenopila Alveolata Metazoa Rhodophyta
Prokarya
Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis? Archaea Eukarya Prokarya Bacteria
tubes and shoots
Which has more surface area relative to volume? ( Tubes and sheets / cubes)
Sperm and egg
Which human cells undergo plasmogamy? Neurons Sperm and egg Hair cells Muscle cells
Mycelium
Which is the longest living part of the fungal life cycle? Mushroom Spore Mycelium Zygote
Ribosomal RNA
Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? Ribosomal RNA DNA Ribosome Messenger RNA
green beans
Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? radish lettuce potato green beans celery
flagellated spores
Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? flagellated spores autotrophic mode of nutrition zoospores nucleotide sequences of several genes cell walls of cellulose
All of the above are correct.
Which of the following conditions can be varied in an enrichment culture to isolate bacteria that prefer a specific set of conditions? pH temperature food source All of the above are correct.
development of wood and bark
Which of the following describes secondary growth? development of leaves and flowers growth of herbaceous tissue development of fruit development of wood and bark growth in height
Hyphae are produced by mitosis.
Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? The mycelium forms. Hyphae are produced by mitosis. Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. A heterokaryotic mycelium forms.
an anaerobic archaean species
Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on Earth? a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment a bacterium found on another planet or moon an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps a bacterium capable of living at extremely high salinity an anaerobic archaean species
porous cell walls
Which of the following features of plant cells allows for apoplastic movement of water? porous cell walls endodermal cells large central vacuole plasmodesmata
Mycelia
Which of the following is NOT a reproductive structure in fungi? Zygosporangia Basidia Asci Mycelia
A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.
Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true? A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral population and all of its descendants. A paraphyletic group has not experienced lateral gene transfer. A monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants. A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.
The swellings that develop into cotyledons are located at the end of the embryo on top of the row of single cells.
Which of the following statements about seed formation in a flowering plant is true? The swellings that develop into cotyledons are located at the end of the embryo on top of the row of single cells. The terminal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a row of single cells that eventually forms the embryo. Hypocotyls are the seed leaves of the embryonic plant. The basal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a globular mass that is the route for nutrient transfer to the developing embryo.
a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group
Which of the following statements best describes the term synapomorphy? a trait that is shared by more than one monophyletic group the state of having several traits in common with different monophyletic groups a trait that evolved in several different monophyletic groups simultaneously a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group
stomata on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves
Which of the following structural features of plants would not be expected to reduce transpiration? sunken stomata abundant epidermal hairs on leaves and stems stomata on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves thick cuticle on leaves and stems reduced leaf size
Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced.
Which of the following supports the finding that sugar translocation in phloem is an active (energy-requiring) process? Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced. ATPases are abundant in the plasma membranes of the mesophyll cells. Movement of water occurs from xylem to phloem and back again. Strong pH differences exist between the cytoplasm of the companion cell and the mesophyll cell.
chloroplast
Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? flagella chloroplast mitochondrion mitosome
red algae
Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water? green algae diatoms brown algae metazoans red algae
sporophyte (capsule) of a moss
Which of these are spore-producing structures? archegonium of a moss or fern antheridium of a moss or fern sporophyte (capsule) of a moss gametophyte of a moss
animal wastes and fertilizers
Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers? the burning of fossil fuels by factories and cars animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by cars animal wastes and fertilizers fertilizer runoff and the burning of fossil fuels by cars animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by factories
kinetoplastids
Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? metazoans brown algae ciliates kinetoplastids diatoms
oomycetes
Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight? plasmodial slime molds oomycetes red algae diatoms plants
diatoms
Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica? brown algae diatoms plasmodial slime molds diplomonads plants
cork
Which of these is not part of bark ? secondary xylem / secondary phloem / cork cambium / cork
double fertilization
Which of these is unique to flowering plants? an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue pollen production a dominant sporophyte generation haploid gametophytes double fertilization
Petals
Which part of a plant attracts pollinators? Petals Carpel Sepal Stamen
Pollination
Which process involves the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma? Germination Pollination Gametogenesis Fertilization
Mycelium
Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? Basidia Gills Mycelium Spore
Pollen tube
Which structure formed by the male gametophyte allows sperm to reach the ovary of a flowering plant? Stigma Pollen tube Anther Micropyle
Mycelium
Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? Mycelium Asci Basidium Motile spores
Plasmogamy
Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? Spore Karyogamy Plasmogamy Heterokaryotic
Pollen grains
Which term describes the male gametophytes of flowering plants? Pollen grains Micropyle Microsporocytes Megaspores
brown algae, red algae, and green algae
Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds? brown algae, red algae, and green algae dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and green algae plants, fungi, and choanoflagellates chlorophytes, charophyceans, and red algae diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae
phloem
Which vascular tissue transports food (sugar sap)? ___________________
xylem
Which vascular tissue transports water and minerals ? ________________
Adventitious roots
While walking a cornfield, you notice roots emerging from the corn stalks themselves, and you suspect that these roots are helping to hold the plants upright. These roots belong to a category of roots known as Adventitious roots Taproots Special roots Fibrous roots Root hairs
primary consumers
Who eats the primary producers first?
Bean cotyledons are exposed to light.
Why are cotyledons green in beans but not in corn? Corn cotyledons photosynthesize a different spectrum of light. Bean cotyledons require more nutrition to grow. Bean cotyledons are exposed to light. Corn kernels are yellow to ward off herbivory.
People can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellate blooms.
Why can dinoflagellate blooms be harmful to humans? Dinoflagellate blooms are not harmful; they are just unsightly. During algal blooms, dinoflagellate population densities reach very high levels. Dinoflagellates produce toxins that kill shellfish. People can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellate blooms.
to protect themselves from prey
Why do dinoflagellates make toxins? ____________________________________________________
They have shallow root systems.
Why do lawns need to be frequently watered in dry regions? They have leaves with thick cuticles. They have deep root systems. Their secondary growth requires large amounts of water. They have shallow root systems.
One species provides the necessary chemical for the other to survive.
Why do species that release H2S as a by-product often live side by side with species that use H2S as an electron donor? H2S is equivalent to water. Both species live near hydrothermal vents. Both species are highly dependent on H2S. One species provides the necessary chemical for the other to survive.
This is where root hairs emerge.
Why does most of the water absorption by roots take place in the zone of cellular maturation? This is where the stomata are. This is where the oldest part of the roots are. This is where the thickest part of the root is. This is where root hairs emerge.
Pressure from xylem water moves nutrients through the phloem.
Why is it important that the xylem is adjacent to the phloem? The phloem is a critical component of the cohesion-tension theory. The phloem provides a solute potential that drives xylem water movement. Pressure from xylem water moves nutrients through the phloem. The phloem protects the xylem from damage.
Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.
Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans? Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection. Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function. Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill. Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.
allows seeds to get nutrients they need
Why is seed dispersal important? _______________________________________________
toxins
Why may dinoflagellate algal blooms be harmful? (hint; what do they make?) _______________
Because drugs that target peptidoglycan do not affect eukaryotes
Why will erythromycin not kill eukaryote cells? __________________________
8 haploid nuclei and 7 cells
Within the ovule within the embryo sac, how many eggs form? ________________
tracheids, vessel
Xylem has 2 cell types: ________ and _________ element.
dead
Xylem is ( alive / dead).
D
Xylem is indicated by the letter _____. C D E B A
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will significantly outnumber those incapable of fixing nitrogen.
You acquire a soil sample and run an enrichment culture on it. You provide the organisms in the culture with all of the ingredients required for growth except for nitrogen. What result do you expect to have at the end of your experiment? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will significantly outnumber those incapable of fixing nitrogen. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will be present, but will be significantly outnumbered by non-nitrogen-fixing species. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will not be present in the culture. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will be present but not at significantly greater numbers than non-nitrogen-fixing species.
ascomycete
You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? chytrid zygomycete ascomycete deuteromycete basidiomycete
zygosporangium
Zygomycetes are named for structure in their sexual reproduction - the ______________.
Amoebic dysentery
_____ Entamoeba histolytica protozoan amoeba
Make toxins during harmful algal blooms
______ Dinoflagellates an alga
Diarrhea for weeks
______ Giardia a protozoan flagellate
Wiped out potato crops in Ireland 1845-47
______ Phytophthora infestans a water mold
Malaria is one of world's worst infectious diseases transmitted by mosquito
______ Plasmodium falciparum a protozoan
African sleeping sickness transmitted by tsetse fly
______Trypanosoma gambiens protozoa flagellate
true
_______ Bulbs ( ex: onions) are stems that store food
false
_______ Rhizomes ( ex: iris) are stems that grow vertically
true
_______ Stolons (ex: strawberry) are stems that grow underground horizontally
Chemolithoautotroph
are able to use energy obtained by chemical changes of inorganic compounds to make organic compounds (ex: some bacteria that live in hydrothermal vents.
Chemoorganoheterotroph
must obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a source of carbon ( food)
Chemolithoheterotroph
obtain energy from inorganic molecules and get organic molecules from others.
