Biology 2 chapter 29

chytrids, flagellum

.________________ have flagellated spores or gametes which shows their link to ancestral protists that had flagella. What structure allows these gametes and spores to swim?_____________________.

endodermis

.________________ is a single cylindrical layer of cells inside of the root that forms an outer boundary of the vascular tissue ( xylem and phloem)

angiosperms

Diversification of _______________ began about 145 mya to the present. The flowering plants are the most abundant today.

Yes

Do Bacteria and Archaea have unique rotating flagella?

Yes

Do Bacteria have ribosomes different from those of Archaea and Eukarya?

No

Do protists have a synapomorphy - a key trait found only in protists and no other organisms? ( yes / no)

meiosis

Does mitosis or meiosis produce spores?

mitosis

Does mitosis or meiosis produce the gametophyte from growing spores? ___________

yes

Does pollination by animals encourage speciation? _________________________________

yes

Does transpiration even impact local and global climate? ________________________________

yes

Does transpiration play an important role as a source of rainfall? _________________________

yes

Does vascular tissue help support the body of the plant so that it can stand upright ? _________

photosynthetic

Golden algae, brown algae, red algae, chlorophytes, and charophyceans are some examples of protists that are _____. photoheterotrophic chemoautotrophic decomposers photosynthetic chemoheterotrophic

aquatic, terrestrial

Green algae mainly live in (aquatic / terrestrial )habitats; while most land plants are ( aquatic / terrestrial).

A

Ground tissue is indicated by the letter _____. D C A B E

naked seed

Gymnosperm means "___________________" .

angiosperms

Gymnosperms have naked seeds but no fruits and no flowers ex: pine tree _____________-have seeds enclosed within fruits . "flowering" plants ex: rose

299-145

Gymnosperms were especially abundant and diversified during the time interval of ____________ mya.

secondary xylem

Heartwood and sapwood consist of _____. bark periderm cork secondary phloem secondary xylem

making gametes and making spores

In sexual reproduction of land plants, generations alternate between _____. angiosperms and gymnosperms zygotes and clones making gametes and making spores meiosis and mitosis

leaves, close

Increase in solutes leads to osmosis by which water (enters / leaves) the guard cells by which they expand and the hole opens. At night, the reverse happens so that stomata (open / close).

Chemolithotrophs

Inorganic molecules

foraminiferans

Intricate Calcium carbonate shell

diploid

Is the zygotye diploid or haploid? _______________

apical

Meristems located at the tip of each root and stem are called ____________________

wind, animals, insects, birds, bats

Name some pollinators._____________________________________________________

athletes foot, ringworm, yeast

Some human diseases caused by fungi include ___________ ____________ ( as many an athlete has discovered); _______________ ( which is not caused by a worm at all); ________ infection caused by a yeast Note yeast are unicellular

coenocytic

Some hyphae are ____________ which means that there are no septa; this produces a single gigantic multinucleate cell

crosswalls

Some hyphae are septate which means the _____ _________ separate the nuclei.

trichomes

Some leaf epidermal cells have hairlike appendages called __________________.

decreasing water loss from leaves

Some plants growing in arid climates have small leaves and thick waxy cuticles on the upper epidermis. This is an adaptation for _____. decreasing water breakdown in photosynthesis decreasing water loss from leaves increasing water absorption increasing transpiration

spirochetes

Spiral-shaped bacteria are likely to be placed with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

sporangium

Spores are produced in a complex multicellular structure called a ________________________

meiosis, mitosis

Spores are produced in cones. The male cones produce microspores by ( meiosis / mitosis). The female cones produce megaspores by ( meiosis / mitosis).

mitosis

Spores grow into gametophytes that produce gametes by the process of (mitosis/ meiosis).

meiosis

Sporophytes produce spores by the process of ( mitosis /meiosis).

open, close, opens

Stomata (open / close) in responses to sunlight; but stomata ( open / close) in response to no sunlight. When guard cells are turgid, a stomatal pore (opens /closes) between them.

leaves

Stomata are located on the surface of the ( leaves / roots) of plants.

cellular slime molds

Stramenopiles include all of the following groups EXCEPT ______. diatoms water molds golden algae cellular slime molds brown algae

gram-positive bacteria

Streptococcus pyogenes is classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

stems; leaves

Strolling in the Sonoran Desert, you come upon a stately Saguaro cactus. The large central "trunks" of this cactus are covered with numerous smaller spines. The central stalks are modified _________ used for water storage and spines are modified ______ used for protection. petioles; leaf blades stems; fruits stems; leaves leaves; leaves leaf blades; trichomes

selfing

Successful pollination is almost assured with ( selfing / outcrossing).

sporophyte, heterospory

The dominant stage in pines is the ( sporophyte / gametophyte) which grows into the large tree. Spores are different is size so this is a case of ( homospory / heterospory).

double

The embryo has a food supply because other cells in the ovule were fertilized by a sperm nucleus to form the endosperm. Thus ( single / double ) fertilization is needed

pollen

The transfer of __________from the anther of a flower to the stigma of a flower is called Pollination

True

True or False. Most Gram-negative cells have a plasma membrane surrounded by a cell wall that has two components - a thin gelatinous layer containing peptidoglycan and an outer phospholipid bilayer. False. True.

False

True or False: All protists exhibit parasitic lifestyle. False True

True

True or false? Data showing that the Bacteria were the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms suggest that the Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related to each other than they are to the Bacteria. True False

False

True or false? In most fungi, fertilization is complete after the cells fuse together. True False

True

True or false? Most of the cells in a mushroom contain haploid nuclei. True False

False

True or false? The endosperm in a seed develops into the embryo. True False

30

Under ideal conditions, bacteria can double every _______minutes.

extremely hot conditions

Under what conditions in the daytime, might a leaf close its stomata?

meristem

Undifferentiated cells in plants that retain an ability to undergo mitosis and produce new cells are called ________________________.

Peptidoglycan

Unlike plant cell walls that contain cellulose, bacterial cell walls are composed of _____.

simple water conducting cells, first vascular tissue, tracheids, vessel elements

Use #s to identify Evolutionary sequence in water conducting cells to stronger and stronger support ___ first vascular tissue primary cell wall cellulose with lignin ___ vessel elements primary cell wall cellulose/ secondary cell wall lignin large gas at ends ___ simple water conducting cells primary cell wall cellulose ___ tracheids primary cell wall cellulose with secondary cell wall with lignin pits at ends

Photoautotroph

Use light energy as a source of energy for synthesis of organic compounds (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water. (Ex: Cyanobacteria)

Photoheterotroph

Use light energy to generate ATP but they must take in organic compounds from their environment (an unusual bacterium)

Motility

Varies nonmotile to motile by use of rotating ____________ or by gliding motion.

vascular, seeds

Vascular seedless plants have __________ tissue but do not make_______. Ex: ferns

Cells

Viruses are acellular - not made of _______.

No

Was free oxygen gas present in the air of early earth? ___________________

Tracheids

Water transport is the primary function of which cell type? Parenchyma cells Epidermal cells Tracheids Sieve tube elements

open, drier

What 2 conditions are necessary for transpiration to occur? a) Stomata must ( open / close) as is typical in the daytime. b) The air surrounding leaves is ( drier / wetter) than the air inside leaves which is typical as long as the atmospheric humidity is less than 100%.

mammals and birds

What animals are the most common seed dispersers? _______________________________

protect seeds from physical damage and seed predators, aid in seed dispersal

What are 2 functions of fruits? ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________

Lithotrophs

What are organisms called that use inorganic compounds as electron donors in cellular respiration? organotrophs lithotrophs heterotrophs phototrophs

cooling effect

What are the benefits in terms of effects on leaf temperature? ____________________________

removal of excess water, development of root system

What are the benefits of transpiration from the leaves in terms of water flow from roots?

stomata

What are the holes in leaves called? ______________

flowering plant, fruit

What are traits unique only to the angiosperms? __________________________________________

Eukaryote

What cell is larger and contains a nucleus & other membrane bound organelles?

Prokaryote

What cell is tiny and lacks a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles?

Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus

What characteristics were used to classify organisms before Woese's tree of life analysis? Differences in ribosomal RNA sequences Presence of a membrane-bound nucleus Number of cells in the organism Composition of the cell wall

The host cell provided a protected environment and carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided increased ATP from the carbon compounds.

What did each partner provide the other, and what did each receive in return? The host cell provided a protected environment and carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided increased ATP from the carbon compounds. The host cell provided a protected environment and carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided carbon compounds. The host cell provided carbon compounds for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided decreased ATP from the carbon compounds. The host cell provided a protected environment for the endosymbiont; the endosymbiont provided decreased ATP from the carbon compounds.

pseudopia

What do amoeba's use for swimming?

flagellum

What do euglena use for swimming?

pollen tube

What does a pollen grain grow as a conduit for sperm nuclei to reach the egg? __________

female gametophyte

What does one megaspore develop into by mitosis? ___________________________

movement of seeds away from parent plant

What does seed dispersal mean? _____________________________________________

Bark replaces the epidermis as a protective covering.

What does the bark do for the tree? Bark forms mutualistic associations with fungi to absorb nutrients. Bark absorbs rainwater as it runs down the tree trunk, conserving water. Bark protects the tree from flower visitors that would steal the nectar. Bark replaces the epidermis as a protective covering.

germinating

What does the drying out of the seed prevent? _________________________

megaspore

What does the megasporocyte produce by meiosis? _________________

Eukarya

What domain includes all eukaryotes?

Bacteria And Archaea

What domains include prokaryotes?

The More Cells That Are Decomposed, The More Oxygen Is Removed From That Area Of Water Which Is Referred To As A Dead Zone

What effect does this have on the Gulf? Hint What is a dead zone?

This Causes A Decrease Of Oxygen In Water Because Decomposers Use So Much Energy

What effect does too much fertilizer carried down the Mississippi have on the cyanobacteria and algae in the Gulf?

Proteobacterium, fission, ribosomes, membranes, genosomes

What evidence supports endosymbiosis hypothesis for origin of mitochondria? Mitochondria are 1. Size of ______________ 2. Replicate by ____________ like bacteria 3. Have own ___________ 4. Have double ____________ Have own ___________ or genes

The nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of modern eukaryotes are continuous.

What evidence supports the hypothesis that the nuclear envelope of eukaryotes arose from infolding of the plasma membrane? Eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in control of gene expression. No modern bacteria have infolded plasma membranes. The nuclear membrane allows separation of transcription and translation. The nuclear membrane and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of modern eukaryotes are continuous.

colors, smells

What features of flowers may attract pollinators?

secondary xylem

What forms tree growth rings each year? Secondary xylem / secondary phloem / burrowing insects

coal, seedless vascular

What fuel deposits are associated with the carboniferous period? __________ Most plants growing at this time belong to the ___________________ plants such as ferns, horsetails.

Oxygen

What gas is used in the process of decomposition?_______________________________

charophyceae

What group is the closest living relative to land plants? ____________________________

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

What group of fungi has the ability to penetrate its host's cell wall, thus increasing the efficiency with which materials are passed from fungus to host? arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ectomycorrhizal fungi endophytes lichens

green algae

What group of protists did the land plants evolve from? __________________

evolved resistance to some drugs and evolves quickly

What has made development of a vaccine so difficult? _____________________

Study Organisms That Cannot Be Cultured (Grown In The Lab)

What has metagenomic analysis allowed researchers to do for the first time? isolate organisms from an environment and sequence their entire genome identify important morphological differences among species sample organisms from an environment and grow them under defined conditions in the lab study organisms that cannot be cultured (grown in the lab)

basidiomycetes

What have a structure called a basidia composed of club shaped cells that produce by meiosis 4 sexual spores known as basidiospores.

DNA

What is direct sequencing? Take a sample of water or soil; analyze the __________sequence, use data to place the organisms in the sample on a phylogenetic tree.

via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo

What is endosperm? tissue that develops into a protective seed coat surrounding the embryo the male portion of a flowering plant the female portion of a flowering plant via cotyledons, a source of food for the embryo the leaves that are a part of the embryo

Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.

What is lateral gene transfer? Inheritance of a gene through mitosis Inheritance of a gene through meiosis Inheritance of a gene from a parent Physical transfer of a gene from a species in one lineage to a species in another lineage.

leaves

What is mainly responsible for photosynthesis ? ________________________

the ability to change form depending on environmental conditions

What is meant by phenotypic plasticity in roots and shoots? the nature of cell walls that make cells expand and shrink when necessary the ability to harvest resources from the environment the amount of elongation growth in a growing season the ability to change form depending on environmental conditions

Sepals protect the flower bud as the flower is developing.

What is one main function of sepals? Sepals remove pollen from the pollinator and transfer the pollen to the stigma. Sepals have no known function. Sepals are the "master planner" of flowering, releasing signals that control the petals, the carpels, and the stamens. Sepals protect the flower bud as the flower is developing.

transport sugar and amino acids

What is phloem's function? Transport water and minerals / transport sugar and amino acids / photosynthesis

3

What is the # of nuclei once the sperm nuclei join with the polar nuclei? ( 1 /2 / 3)

allows seeds to remain viable until conditions improve

What is the advantage of a dormancy period? ____________________________________

more likely to be successful in transferring flowers of the same species

What is the advantage of animal pollination as compared to wind pollination?

less dependent on habitat

What is the advantage of pollen as compared to sperm swimming to the egg? ___________________________________________________________________________

Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon

What is the basic composition of earth's atmosphere today? _______________________

receives food

What is the benefit to the animal pollinators? ______________

gametophytes

What is the benefit to the flowering plants? ________________________

the plant cannot continue transpiring and will wilt

What is the danger if transpiration occurs when a plant is exposed to a dry condition?

cork cambium

What tissue produces cork cells? Vascular cambium / cork cambium / apical meristem

vascular cambium

What tissue produces secondary phloem? Vascular cambium / cork cambium / apical meristem

vascular cambium

What tissue produces secondary xylem? Vascular cambium / cork cambium / apical meristem

supportive vascular tissue & dominant sporophyte

What trait is shared with both seedless and seed vascular plants but is not found in nonvascular plants ( bryophytes? __________________________

wood, ovules, seeds, pollen

What traits are only shared by the gymnosperms and the angiosperms? ________________________

Acidophile

What type of microbe prefers high acid environments?

Thermoacidophile

What type of microbe prefers high temperature and high acid environments?

Thermophile

What type of microbe prefers high temperature environments?

Halophile

What type of microbe prefers high-salt environments?

Cryophile

What type of microbe prefers low-temperature environments?

Anaerobic

What type of respiration was engaged in by organisms when free oxygen gas was not present?_________

light microscopy

What types of microscopes are used to study protists?

Pollen

Which of the following is developed from the male spore? Zygote Pollen Seed Egg

anthers

Which of the following is found in angiosperms but not in gymnosperms? seeds pollen cones microsporangia anthers

a decrease in the number of primary consumers

Which of the following might be a result of adding a secondary consumer to the aquatic ecosystem illustrated above? an increase in the population of scavengers an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide a decrease in the carbon sink a decrease in the number of primary consumers a decrease in the population of decomposers

mature leaves

Which of the following plant organs may act as a source for translocation of sugars inside a plant? developing flowers young growing leaves mature leaves any non-green tissue

root hairs

_________ ________ are tiny extensions from the root that increase the root surface area for absorption of water and minerals

sepal

_________ are leaf like and enclose and protect the flower bud

gametangium

_________ are reproductive cells that resist drying by encasement in tough coat.

leaves

_________ part mainly responsible for photosynthesis.

flowers

_________ part needed for sexual reproduction in flowering plants.

stems

_________ part of plant generally above ground that support leaves & flowers.

stems

_________ part that grows into new stems, leaves, flowers.

root

_________ pressure is produced by movement of water and ions into the root xylem ------ rejected because it does not work long distance

Pili

__________ are threadlike surface structures that permit attachment or prokaryotes and conjugation,

conifers

__________ diverse modern cone bearing gymnosperms. Male cones produce pollen and female cones produce ovules which develop into "naked seeds " which drop out of the cones.

ginkgos

__________ last survivor. beautiful tree with fan shaped leaves but foul smelling fleshy seeds

root

__________ system 1) anchors a plant in the soil 2) absorbs and transports ions & water 3) stores food.

primary

___________ growth in plants involves cell division in apical meristem Leading to growth in length (height) (Plant grows taller & root grows deeper).

stomata

___________ holes in the leaves to exchange gases

cuticle

___________ is a waxy watertight barrier that coats some plant parts.

spores

___________ reproductive cells surrounded by a protective coating.

sporangia

___________ spore-producing structures

shoot

___________ system = stems leaves flowers fruits stems

dermal

___________ tissue system (xylem and phloem) functions in support and in long-distance transport of water and minerals and nutrients.

roots

___________ to anchor the plants in the ground & leaf to photosynthesize

xylem

___________ to transport water and minerals and nutrients

cuticle

___________ waxy watertight sealant to prevent water loss

fungus

___________-like protists show thread-like growth and are heterotrophic by absorption of food from outside the cells. In this they resemble the fungi.

stomata

____________ are holes in leaves to allow gas exchange

gametes

____________ are sexual reproductive cells ( eggs and sperm).

seeds

____________ consist of a plant embryo, and nutrient stores surrounded by a protective seed coat.

fruits

____________ develop from the flower's seed producing organ ( especially ovary of pistil) and contains seeds. = "ripened ovary"

flower

____________ is a reproductive structure that produces gametes, attracts gametes from other individuals; nourishes plant embryos, and develops seeds and fruits

vascular, xylem, phloem

____________ tissue system is made of xylem and phloem that provide support & transport. ________ transports water & minerals; _________ transports sugars & amino acids in sap.

xylem

____________ vascular tissue transports food (organic compounds like sugar) to roots and other nonphotosynthetic tissues.

xylem

____________ vascular tissue transports water and minerals from root to shoot.

absortive

_____________ feeding occurs when nutrient are taken up directly from the environment, across the plasma membrane usually though transport proteins.

germination

_____________ is the process of a seed beginning to grow with the seed coat opening to allow the embryo to put down its 1st root & 1st shoot.

Seeding Contaminated Sites

_____________- add specific species of bacteria & archaea that degrade toxic compounds.

Fertilizing Contaminated Sites

_____________-encourage growth of existing bacteria & archaea that degrade toxic compounds.

Isolate

______________ a suspected pathogen from a sick organism.

capillary

______________ action is movement of water up a narrow tube ---- rejected because it does not work long distance

xylem

______________ conducts water and dissolved ions in one direction from root to shoot.

epidermis

______________ is the single layer of cells that are the outermost layer of a root.

cohesion

______________ of water is the tendency of water molecules to cling to one another due to H bonding.

dermal

______________ tissue system forms an outer protective covering of epidermis with a waxy cuticle.

transmembrane

______________ transport involves the export of a material from one cell, followed by import of the same substance by an adjacent cell.

Photoautotroph

______________ use light energy as a source of energy for synthesis of organic compounds (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water . ( ex: cyanobacteria)

Biofilms

_______________ are dense bacterial colonies enmeshed in a sticky polysaccharide-rich matrix.

ascomycetes

_______________ have a sac like feature called asci which produce by meiosis (8) sexual spores known as ascospores.

Pathogenicity

_______________ is the ability to cause disease.

transpiration

_______________ is the water evaporation from leaves mainly out of the stomata into drier air

adhesion

_______________ of water is its tendency to stick to the lignified walls of xylem conducting cells.

Photoheterotroph

_______________ use light energy to generate ATP, but they must take in organic compounds from their environment ( an unusual type of bacterium)

Endospore

_______________: bacterial structure that helps it go dormant and survive unfavorable conditions.

guard cells

________________ are cells around stomata that open or close the pore.

flavonoids

________________ are plant pigments that serve as sunscreen for leaves.

collenchyma

________________ are thicker cell walled and function in shoot support while allowing for cells to stretch and elongate.

phloem

________________ conducts sugar, amino acids, chemical signals, in 2 directions from roots to shoots and shoots to roots.

Zygomycetes

________________ feature a sporangium that produces asexual spores.

secondary

________________ growth in woody plants involves cell division in lateral meristems which increase width of stems and roots.

sclerenchyma

________________ has a primary cell wall and a thick secondary cell wall that contains lignin as well as cellulose. supports stems after growth stops.

zygomycetes, zygosporangium

________________ have flagellated spores or gametes which shows their link to ancestral protists that had flagella. What structure allows these gametes and spores to swim?_____________________.

seaweed

________________ multicellular brown or red or green algae

surface tension

________________ of water at the surface of leaves form a meniscus that pulls on neighboring liquid water and on to water in veins of the leaf.

ground

________________ tissue system functions in photosynthesis, storage, and support

parenchyma

_________________ cells are thin cell walled, abundant and versatile plant cells.

transpiration

_________________ is the evaporation of water through holes (stomata) in plant leaves.

biennial

_________________ life cycle of plant completed in two years

perennial

_________________ life cycle of plant is more than two years and can be many many

herbaceous

_________________ plant that does not possess woody tissue

woody

_________________ plant that does possess woody tissue

vascular tissue

_________________ provided way to move water, minerals and nutrients & upright support

cohesion-tension

_________________ theory states water is pulled up trees along a water potential gradient via forces generated by transpiration at leaf surfaces ----------- accepted because it does work long distance

apoplastic

_________________ transport is the movement of solutes along cell walls and the spaces between cells.

Antibiotics

__________________ are molecules that kill bacteria or stop them from growing.

phytoplankton

__________________ are tiny algae that float in water and are unable to maintain their position.

dinoflagellates

__________________ have armored cellulose cell walls with two flagella.

Flagellum

__________________ is a whiplike rotating structure in some bacteria that causes movement

Cytoplasm

__________________ is the fluid part of the cell

Nucleoid

__________________ is the region where the DNA in a single circular chromosome is located

Cell Wall

__________________ is the rigid protective structure located directly outside of the plasma membrane.

Ribosomes

__________________ make proteins

diatoms

__________________ unicellular with glassy shells.

chloroplasts

___________________ are plastids that do photosynthesis

trasnloaction

___________________ is the process by which phloem transports substances from source to sink.

Bioremediation

___________________ is the use of bacteria and archaea to clean up pollution at contaminated sites.

protozoans

____________________ are animal-like protists that are heterotrophic, motile and unicellular

Facultative Aerobes

____________________ can only live where there is no oxygen as oxygen poisons

green algae

____________________ closest relative of land plants because like plants they have cellulose in cell walls, food storage as starch, and same pigments with plants.

vacuole

____________________ is large and holds a lot of water, nutrients, waste.

Obligate Anaerobes

_____________________ can live in the presence or absence of oxygen

zone of maturation

_____________________ cells become mature example root hairs grow out of epidermis

casparian strip

__________________________ is a waxy layer which forms a water-repellent cylinder at the endodermis.

zone of cell division

___________________________ is the meristem where cells divide rapidly

alternation of generation

___________________________ means there is a sporophyte and a gametophye generation.

zone of elongation

____________________________ is where cells increase in length

root cap

_____________________________ protects the growing root

plasmodesmata

_____________________exist in gaps between the plant cell walls of 2 adjacent cells.

Obligate Aerobes

____________________require oxygen to live

annual

__________________life cycle of plant completed in one year

symplastic

_________________transport is the movement of a substance from the cytosol of one cell to the cytosol of an adjacent cell via membrane-lined channels called plasmodesmata

cell wall

________________supports the cell;

Metagenomic

______________analysis allows rapid identification of organisms never seen before.

cycads

___________ornamentals with spreading palm like leaves and conspicuous seed producing cones.

gnetophytes

___________unusual adaptations and each genus is unique

branching

type of veins in dicots

parallel

type of veins in monocot?

Chemoorganoautotroph

use organic molecules for energy but then make their own food

circle

vascular tissue pattern in dicots

scattered

vascular tissue pattern in monocots

cilia

what do paramecium use for swimming?

leaves

what is B?

buds

what is H?

stem

what is I?

root hairs

what is K?

taproot

what is L?

photosynthesis

Algae are autotrophs that make food by _______________.

true

_______ Tendrils are modified leaves that aid in climbing.

true

_______ Thorns are modified stems that help protect the plant from attacks by herbivores.

true

_______ Tubers (ex: potatoes) are underground swollen rhizomes that function to store carbohydrates

fruits

________ part contains seeds of plants.

true

________A cactus stem enlarges into a water-storage organ

false

________A plant's shoot system grows in directions to minimize its chances of capturing light

false

________Adventitious roots develop from the root system

true

________Anchor roots anchor stems to walls and to other plants

false

________Pneumatophores allow water exchange between roots and the atmosphere.

true

________Prop roots stabilize the stem while growing out of the stem.

true

________Roots, stems, and leaves show phenotypic plasticity which means changeable form based on environmental conditions;

paraphyletic

"Protists do not form a monophyletic group" Instead protists are (monophyletic / paraphyletic / polyphyletic) which is a group that includes a common ancestral population but not all of its descendants.

Heterotrophs

"other feeders"

Autotrophs

"self feeders"

4 or 5

# of petals in dicots

multiples of 3

# of petals in monocots

monocots

( Monocots / Eudicots) have fibrous root system with many thin roots spread our shallowly in the soil.

eudicots

( Monocots / Eudicots) have taproot system with a main vertical root with other smaller roots coming off.

photosynthesis

Algae are the base of ____________ food chains because they are primary producers in water bodies.

periphyton

Algae that live on rocks or other plants or other algae are called ______________________.

self

( Self / cross) pollination is when the same individual plant pollen is transferred to the stigma of the same flower.

double, triploid

( Single / Double) fertilization is it when one sperm nucleus unites with the egg to form the zygote and another sperm nucleus unites with polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm. The zygote is ( diploid / haploid / triploid)

Sexual

(Asexual / Sexual) reproduction is based on meiosis and fusion of gametes . It results in daughter cells that are genetically different form their parents and from each other.

Asexual

(Asexual / sexual) reproduction is based on mitosis and cell division in Protists. It results in daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent.

Asexual

(Asexual / sexual) reproduction may result in the formation of cysts which are cells with thick protective walls that remain dormant through periods of unfavorable climate or low food availability.

cross

(Self / Cross)) pollination is when pollen is carried from the anther of one individual to the stigma of a different individual.

diploid, mitosis

2 gametes unite during fertilization to form a ( haploid / diploid) zygote. The zygote divides my (mitosis / meiosis) to grow into the sporophyte. The alternation between a sporophyte and a gametophyte generation is called alternation of generations.

fruit, seeds

After fertilization, the ovary develops into a __________ that contains the seeds. The fruit protects the ________ within.

Pathogen

Any microbe or virus that causes disease is called a ____________.

food

A __________ chain describes nutritional relationships among organisms and thus how chemical energy flows through ecosystems.

source, sink

A _________________ is where the sugar is produced; a ____________ is where the sugar is consumed or dropped off.

mycorhizzae

A ______________________ is an association between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of most seed plants.

the unsealed tube only

A bacterium was grown in two test tubes filled with media rich in glucose. One tube was sealed to produce anaerobic conditions, and the other was not. A third uninoculated, unsealed tube was used as a control. Glucose utilization by this bacterium causes acid production, which is indicated by a lightening of the media color. If the bacterium is able to produce ATP only by aerobic respiration, we expect lightening of media in _____. the unsealed tube only the sealed and unsealed tubes only the control tube only the sealed tube only all three tubes

stigma, style, and ovary

A carpel is composed of _____. zygote, anther, and endosperm ovule, megasporocyte, and anther ovary, ovule, and anther stigma, style, and ovary petal, sepal, and stamen

mycelium

A collection of these hyphae is called a ___________.

spore

A fungal ___________ is a reproductive structure that can be produced sexually or asexually and is resistant to drying out.

archegonia, spore

A gametangium that produces eggs is a _____________________________ The egg and sperm unite to form a zygote that develops into a multicellular___________ that is retained on the (mother) plant and nourished.

antheridia, embryo

A gametangium that produces sperm is a ______________________. (__________contain sperm)

Nuclear envelope

A key synapomorphy of Eukaryotes is the ( plasma membrane / nuclear envelope) which surrounds the nucleus.

fungus, photosynthetic algae

A lichen is a mutualistic relationship of a ___________ and a _______________.

II only

A monocot stem is represented by _____. I only II only III only IV only I and III

ciliate

A paramecium is a(n) _____. diatom metazoan apicomplexan dinoflagellate ciliate

woody eudicot

A plant has the following characteristics: a taproot system, several growth rings evident in a cross section of the stem, and a layer of bark around the outside. Which of the following best describes the plant? woody annual woody monocot herbaceous eudicot herbaceous monocot woody eudicot

Modified stem, tuber

A potato is a type of __________ known as a ___________ Modified stem, tuber Root, lateral root Modified root, pneumatophore Modified stem, stolon

microsporangium

A sporangium that produce microspores is a ____________________

megasporangium

A sporangium that produces megaspores is a ______________________

mycelium

A spore may grow into a new ______________ within the substrate.

anther and filament

A stamen consists of _____. stigma and anther ovary and sepal anther and filament stigma and style stigma and filament

Archaea

A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? Animalia Eukarya Archaea Protista Fungi

sheets

Absorption of light in a leaf is through ( tube / sheets). .

tubes

Absorption of water and minerals in a root system relies on ( tubes / sheets) .

charophytes

According to our current knowledge of plant evolution, which group of organisms should feature cell division most similar to that of land plants? cyanobacteria multicellular green algae unicellular green algae red algae charophytes

Two

According to the endosymbiosis theory, how many membranes should a mitochondrion have? Two Zero One Three

The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food? The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The engulfed cell allowed the host cell to metabolize glucose. The host cell would have been poisoned if it had digested the engulfed cell. The host cell was able to survive anaerobic conditions with the engulfed cell alive. The engulfed cell provided the host cell with carbon dioxide.

pressure potential differences between source and sink

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, what mechanism causes the movement of phloem sap from sources to sink tissues? the transpirational pull from the leaves pressure potential differences between source and sink root pressure solute potential differences between source and sink

Water and sucrose flow up the stem.

According to the pressure-flow hypothesis, which direction are sucrose and water flowing when roots are sources and leaves are sinks? Water and sucrose flow down the stem. Water flows up the stem and sucrose flows down the stem. Water flows down the stem and sucrose flows up the stem. Water and sucrose flow up the stem.

Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota

According to this phylogenetic tree, which of these pairs of prokaryotic subgroups share the most recent common ancestor? Euryarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria Proteobacteria ... Crenarchaeota Proteobacteria ... Euryarchaeota Euryarchaeota ... Crenarchaeota Crenarchaeota ... Cyanobacteria

pumping of solutes across the membrane

Active transport involves _____. transport of solute down a concentration gradient diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) pumping of solutes across the membrane

multicellular with complex tissues

All land Plants are ( unicellular / colonial / multicellular with complex tissues) but green algae may be any of these

ciliates

All of the organisms classified as _____ move and feed using cilia. ciliates diplomonads apicomplexans dinoflagellates diatoms

contain a nucleus

All protists _____. are unicellular are smaller than animal cells have a cell wall contain a nucleus are photosynthetic

gametophyte → gamete → fusion →? sporophyte → spore → gametophyte

Alternation of generations occurs in some protists. Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events for this mode of reproduction? gametophyte → fusion → sporophyte → spore → gamete → gametophyte sporophyte → spore fusion → gametophyte → gamete → sporophyte gametophyte → gamete → fusion →? sporophyte → spore → gametophyte gamete → fusion → gametophyte →? spore → sporophyte → gamete

Good Hygiene

An example of a good sanitation practice is _______________________________________.

enrichment culture

An organic solvent widely used in industrial processes, 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) is a major environmental pollutant affecting human health and damaging the ozone layer. Recently researchers isolated the first bacteria able to degrade TCA. They found that the bacteria use hydrogen as an electron donor, TCA as electron acceptor, and acetate as a carbon source. Based on the preceding information, deduce the method used to isolate these bacteria. enrichment culture direct sequencing seeding Gram staining

colonial protists

Ancestors of the multicellular eukaryotic organisms (fungi, plants, and animals ) are found in the ancestral _______________ ( colonial protists that were made of individual cells staying together while still independent).

petroleum

And accumulation of dead organisms on the bottom of the ocean begins the formation of _______________________

fruits enclosing seeds

Angiosperms are the most successful terrestrial plants. Which of the following features is unique to them and helps account for their success? sperm cells without flagella wind pollination dominant gametophytes fruits enclosing seeds embryos enclosed within seed coats

male

Antheridia is a ( female / male) gametangium

Fungi

Antibiotics are produced in nature by soil-dwelling bacteria and _____________.

an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

Aquatic nitrate pollution can result in _____. algal bloom oxygen depletion fish kills hypoxia an algal bloom that, when the algae die and are decomposed by bacteria, leads to hypoxia and the death of fish

female

Archegonium is a ( female / male ) gametangium

Yes

Are antibiotics useful in fighting off some bacterial infections?________

No

Are antibiotics useful in fighting off virus infections? _______

Gram Positive

Are gram positive or negative bacteria most affected by penicillin?

yes

Are land plants monophyletic? __________________ (There was only one successful transition from freshwater environments to land and that is the common ancestor of all land plants)

1.5

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover that the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. About how many meters above the ground is the nail? 0.5 1.5 15.0 28.5 3.0

support plant as wood

As resin fills in the older xylem (heartwood), what function does this older secondary xylem serve? Transport water and minerals / transport sugar and amino acids / support plant as wood

Different cell types express different genes.

At the cellular level, what does this criterion imply? Cells must be able to move. The organism must be able to reproduce sexually. Different cell types express different genes. Individual cells must be extremely large.

Unicellular

Bacteria and Archaea are ( unicellular / multicellular ) organisms.

Everywhere

Bacteria and Archaea are found almost_______

Cycle

Bacteria and Archaea drive the Nitrogen __________- movement of N atoms through ecosystems.

Toxins

Bacteria cause disease by producing _______(poisons).

Archaea, Bacteria

Based on such rRNA (ribosomal RNA) data, Woese drew a tree of life with 3 Domains: ___________ , _____________ and Eukarya

meiosis

Basidia produce spores by a process known as _____. decomposition mitosis meiosis hyphae binary fission

Plaques

Biofilms pose health challenges to humans. : Dental ____________ on teeth

eukaryotes, autotrophic, cellulose, starch, chlorophylls

Both Green Algae and Land Plants: are ( prokaryotes / eukaryotes), (autotrophic / heterotrophic), Have cell walls made of ( peptidoglycan / cellulose / chitin), mainly store energy as ((starch / oil ) and have essential photosynthetic pigments (chlorophylls / fucoxanthin / phycoerythrin )

deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients

Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become _____. unable to fix carbon dioxide unable to synthesize peptidoglycan unable to fix nitrogen deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients antibiotic resistant

thalassiosira punctigera

Dinoflagellates p 567 What is the only diploid cell in this life cycle? ________________

stoma

Carbon dioxide enters the inner spaces of the leaf through the _____. stoma walls of guard cells epidermal trichomes cuticle phloem

Dinoflagellates

Cell wall made of cellulose plates of armor

Antibiotics

Chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, which inhibit the growth of bacteria, are known as _____. antibodies aflatoxins antigens hallucinogens antibiotics

hyphae

Chitin in cell walls of fungi protect the fungi from bacterial attack. Fungi grow many branching ____________.

endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria

Chloroplasts arose via _____. endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria endosymbiosis of dinoflagellates endosymbiosis of α-Proteobacteria endosymbiosis of euglenids

aquatic, simplest

Chytrids primarily live in (terrestrial / aquatic) environments. Chytrids are the (simplest / most complex) fungi.

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Conifers and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of _____. decreased surface area, reducing water loss increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange increased surface area, increasing gas exchange

dead

Cord cambium is ( alive / dead) _______________________

alive

Cork is ( alive / dead) _______________________________

oxygenic photosynthesis

Cyanobacteria are thought to be the first organisms to evolve ____. oxygenic photosynthesis fermentation chemolithotrophy aerobic respiration

gyrodinium uncatenum

Diatoms What are the only haploid cells in this life cycle? ____________________

possess two flagella

Dinoflagellates _____. possess two flagella include species that cause malaria are all autotrophic lack mitochondria have walls that are usually composed of silica plates

All

Domain Eukarya includes Kingdoms (Protista / Fungi / Plantae / Animalia.)

Fungi, Plants, Animals

Domain Eukarya includes: ( Bacteria / Archaea / Protists / Fungi / Plants / Animals)

Monophyletic

Domain Eukarya is a ( monophyletic / paraphyletic / polyphyletic) group because all eukaryotes trace their ancestry to a common ancestor and includes all of the descendants.

the zygote and endosperm

Double fertilization is a component of the angiosperm life cycle, and produces _____. the pollen tube and ovules the zygote and endosperm the endosperm and pollen tube the zygote and pollen tube

style

Down what part of the carpel do the sperm nuclei travel from the stigma to the ovary? ______________

oxygen, carbon dioxide

During photosynthesis, plants produce _______ gas , make food and remove the gas ____________

endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons

Endosperm is a major part of monocot seeds. In most eudicots, _____. the same thing is true; there is a substantial amount of endosperm endosperm nutrients are repackaged into the cotyledons endosperm replaces cotyledons in the seed endosperm never even starts to form after double fertilization

Culture

Enrichment ___________ requires a specific set of growing conditions for a species.

root hairs

Epidermal cells in roots may have ________ ___________ that are root extensions that help in water & mineral absorption by increasing surface area to volume ratio.

cuticle

Epidermal cells in the shoot system protect by secreting a waxy layer called the _____________.

1.75

Eukaryote fossils first appear in the fossil record______ billion years ago.

Archaea

Eukaryotes are more closely related to ( Bacteria / Archaea)

Unicellular, colonial, multicellular

Eukaryotes may be ( unicellular / colonial / multicellular )

bacteria, binary fission, ribosomes, genes

Evidence for endosymbiotic origin of chloroplast 1. Chloroplasts are same size as ________________ 2. Chloroplasts replicate by ____________________ like bacteria 3. Chloroplasts have their own _________________ for making proteins 4. Chloroplasts have double membrane consistent with engulfing mechanism of origin 5. Chloroplasts have their own genome or _____________ ( in fact these genes are similar to cyanobacterial genes) 6. Many cyanobacteria live inside the cells of protists and animals today.

pseudopia

Ex Amoeba engulf food using long fingerlike projections called ___________________

cilia

Ex: Stentor sweep food to their gullets with water currents set up by beating _________

parasites

Ex: ______________ absorb their nutrients inside a host basically stealing food from the host

decomposers

Ex: ________________ feed on dead organic matter or detritus

photosynthesis

Ex: diatoms, dinoflagellates, and seaweed make food through __________________

They are inside the ovules, and they are called embryo sacs.

Female gametophytes in angiosperms are hidden, and protected. Where are they found, and what are they also called? They are inside the carpel, and they are called protoseeds. They are inside the ovules, and they are called embryo sacs. They are inside the anthers, and they are called pollen. They are inside the megasporangium, and they are called eggs.

pollen

Fertilization in plants is the union of a sperm nucleus from the pollen grain with the egg in the ovule. Thus the male gametophyte is the _________ grain as it contains the sperm nuclei

cotton

Fibers such as __________ or flax and wood for building

they produce oxygen

Flowers offer the ecological advantages of __________________________________________

artificial

Food - Agriculture has used _____________ selection to select for traits that improve crops

underside

For leaves in very dry conditions, the stomata may be located on the ( upside / underside) of the leaf.

carbon dioxide, oxygen

For photosynthesis, plants use stomata to take in the gas _______________ and release the gas ______________

ovaries

Fruits develop from _____. fertilized eggs ovaries microsporangia receptacles ovules

disperse seeds

Fruits evolved primarily as structures specialized to _____. protect seeds provide food for humans provide a source of food to the plant's embryo disperse seeds protect pollen

provide clean air, reduced energy costs, food source

Fruits offer the ecological advantages of

plants

Fuel - wood, coal, petroleum and natural gas derive from ___________ growing today or in past.

they increase surface area allowing extension of roots, they use extracellular digestion to split large molecules, they use lignin degradation to break down wood, they use cellulose degradation to break down cell walls

Fung are earth's recycling engineers Explain how fungi are so effective as decomposers? ? surface area______________________________________________________________ ? extracellular digestion_________________________________________________________ ? lignin degradation____________________________________________________________ ? cellulose degradation__________________________________________________________

is extracellular, meaning that it takes place outside the organism

Fungal digestion _____. takes place inside a stomach-like structure does not occur, as fungi do not digest nutrients is extracellular, meaning that it takes place outside the organism takes place inside a food vacuole

have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae

Fungal mycelia _____. have a large surface area composed of branching hyphae are found almost exclusively in dry areas are found almost exclusively in aquatic environments have a small surface area to prevent water loss

bacteria

Fungi along with ____________ decompose dead organisms and organic waste.

surroundings

Fungi release digestive enzymes into their _____. surroundings gastrovascular cavity stomach hyphae mycelia

eukaryotes, multicellular, absorption, have, protists, glycogen, non-motile, chitin, animals

Fungi: Are (prokaryotes / eukaryotes) Are mostly (unicellular / multicellular) Are heterotrophic by (ingestion / absorption) (have /do not have) cell walls Evolved from ( protists / plants / animals) Store carbohydrates as (glycogen / starch ) Are (motile / non-motile) Have cell walls of ( peptidoglycan / cellulose / chitin). Are more closely related to ( plants / animals).

embryo

Gametes are produced in complex multicellular structure called a ____________________________

haploid gametes

Gametophytes produce ______. diploid spores haploid gametes diploid gametes haploid spores

paraphyletic

Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals; thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9]:1135-44.) According to the phylogenetic tree in the figure above, G. intestinalis constitutes a _____ group. polyphyletic paraphyletic monophyletic

It is part of a monophyletic group that also includes G. intestinalis.

Giardia intestinalis can cause disease in several different mammalian species, including humans. Giardia organisms (G. intestinalis) that infect humans are similar morphologically to those that infect other mammals; thus they have been considered a single species. However, G. intestinalis has been divided into different subgroups based on their host and a few other characteristics. In 1999, a DNA sequence comparison study tested the hypothesis that these subgroups actually constitute different species. The following phylogenetic tree was constructed from the sequence comparison of rRNA from several subgroups of G. intestinalis and a few other morphologically distinct species of Giardia. The researchers concluded that the subgroups of Giardia are sufficiently different from one another genetically that they could be considered different species. (T. Monis et al. 1999. Molecular systematics of the parasitic protozoan Giardia intestinalis. Mol. Biol. Evol. 16[9]:1135-44.) By examining the phylogenetic tree diagrammed in the figure above, what conclusion can you draw about the species G. microti?

diatoms

Glassy cell wall of silicon dioxide forms

Plants don't have to depend on water to transfer sperm.

How did pollination help plants to spread into drier habitats? Pollen needs dry air to blow in the wind. Plants don't have to depend on water to transfer sperm. Pollen was carried by animals to dry habitats. Plants can produce more pollen in dry habitats because it doesn't mold as easily.

people eat shellfish that feed heavily on protists that emphasize saxitoxins

How does paralytic shellfish poisoning occur?

One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm.

How is fertilization in flowering plants different from fertilization in other plant groups? One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with a polar nucleus to form a diploid cell that forms a nutrient-rich tissue. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with two polar nuclei to form a cell that develops into endosperm. Two sperm nuclei fuse with a polar nucleus to form a diploid zygote. One sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form a diploid zygote.

2

How many cotyledons does a dicot have?

1

How many cotyledons does a monocot have?

475

How many million years ago, did the first land plants live? __________

2

How many polar nuclei form? ______________________________________

2

How many sperm nuclei are formed inside the pollen? ( 1 /2 /3)

1, 1

How many times did vascular tissue evolve? _______ How many times did seeds evolve? ___________

High, High

Hydrothermal vents at the bottom of the ocean are extreme habitats with (high / low) pressure and (high / low) temperature relative to the average ocean temperature.

same, different

If spores are the (same / different) size, the plant is homosporous; if spores are (same/ different) sizes, the plant is heterosporous.

ectomycorrhizae

If the fungi coat tree root surfaces and grow into spaces between root cells, they are______________________.

endomycorrhizae

If the hyphae penetrate spaces between root cell walls and plasma membrane they are _____________________.

mutualistic

If the relationship is beneficial to both , it is called a ______________ relationship.

sugar

Imagine that you are given some chemoorganotrophic bacteria to grow. What should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria? ammonia sugar light methane hydrogen sulfide

sexual

In a changing environment the type of reproduction that is most advantageous is ( asexual / sexual) because it results in diversity of offspring and a diversity of genotypes.

via sexual reproduction

In a rapidly changing environment, protists tend to reproduce _____. via sexual reproduction via cloning via asexual reproduction via fission

Sexual

In a stable environment the type of reproduction that is most advantageous is ( asexual / sexual).

stigma

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. style stigma anther ovary ovulate cone

water and minerals

In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner? carbohydrates protection from harmful ultraviolet light antibiotics water and minerals fixed nitrogen

haploid, dominant, gametes, motile, nonmotile

In bryophytes , a Gametophyte generation : Is (diploid / haploid), (dominant / dependent ) and, makes ( spores / gametes) by mitosis. ( Nonmotile / Motile) sperm swim in water with flagella; Eggs are (nonmotile / motile ).

diploid, dependent, spores

In bryophytes, a sporophyte generation: Is ( diploid / haploid) , (dominant / dependent) and grows out of the female gametophyte Makes ( spores / gametes) by meiosis .

haploid, less noticeable, gametes, motile, nonmotile

In ferns ( vascular seedless plants) , a Gametophyte generation : Is (diploid / haploid), (dominant / less noticeable ), makes ( spores / gametes) by mitosis. (Nonmotile / Motile) sperm swim in water with flagella; Eggs are (nonmotile / motile ).

seed coat

In flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _____. endosperm sporophyte seed coat fruit cotyledon

Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.

It has been hypothesized that fungi and plants have a mutualistic relationship because plants make sugars available for the fungi's use. What is the best evidence in support of this hypothesis? Fungi survive better when they are associated with plants. Fungi associated with plants have the ability to undergo photosynthesis and produce their own sugars, while those not associated with plants do not produce their own sugars. Radioactive labeling experiments show that plants pass crucial raw materials to the fungus for manufacturing sugars. Radioactively labeled sugars produced by plants eventually show up in the fungi with which they are associated.

DNA

It involves extracting and sequencing _________ from a sample and identifying species and biochemical pathways by comparing the DNA sequences with those of known genes.

Sanitation

Key to prevention of transmission of pathogens is good _______________.

unicellular, colonial, multicellular, terrestrial

Land plants evolved from (unicellular / colonial / multicellular) green algae that lived in ( marine / freshwater/ terrestrial) habitats.

xylem, phloem

Lateral meristems include ___________cambium & _________cambium.

photosynthesis

Leaf parenchyma cells include chloroplasts to do ______________________.

cyanobacteria or algae

Lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and _____. mosses or cyanobacteria mosses or sponges green algae or liverworts cyanobacteria or algae mosses or algae

potassium

Light stimulates H+-ATPase proton pumps so ATP energy is available which leads to the guard cell uptake of ions especially ___________________ ( K+) and other solutes.

Salmonella, Escherichia Coli

List 2 bacterial diseases: ______________________________ _______________________

hyphae

Long, branching fungal filaments are called _____. septa ascus mycelia roots hyphae

transpiration

Loss of water from the aerial parts of plants is called _____. high heat of vaporization gas exchange respiration dehydration transpiration

fungi

Many ____________ produce toxins and hallucinogenic substances. An example is ergots of rye that can make people delusional.

Medicine, Animal

Many bacteria today are antibiotic-resistant as a result of too much use of antibiotics as ___________________ and in _____________ feed (ex: cattle feed).

Asexually

Many eukaryotes reproduce ( asexually / sexually) by mitosis and cell division

Sexually

Many eukaryotes reproduce ( asexually / sexually) which requires meiosis and cell division

eggs, sperm

Mature gametophytes produce __________ in female gametangia and __________ in male gametangia.

Methane

Methanogens are microbes that release __________ into the air.

stamen

Microsporangia in flowering plants are located in the _____. petals carpel sepals stamen receptacle

50,000

Millions of species exist. Only __ species have formal names and descriptions.

ribosomal small subunit RNA

Molecular phylogenies were first used to separate bacterial and archaeal lineages based upon the sequence data from which of the following molecules? DNA polymerase ribosomal small subunit RNA the peptidoglycan-producing enzyme the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll

decomposers

Most fungi are _____. photoautotrophs decomposers herbivores carnivores chemoautotrophs

food

Most mycelium growth is not seen as it happens within soil. The mycelium sends out digestive enzymes into the substrate to digest _________.

Phylogenetic, Ribosomes

Most useful __________________tree for Bacteria and Archaea is based on studies of RNA molecules found in __________________ (organelles that make proteins)

depends upon active transport of sugars into the sieve-tube elements

Movement of phloem sap from a source to a sink _____. occurs through the apoplast of sieve-tube elements results mainly from diffusion of sugars into companion cells depends upon active transport of sugars into the sieve-tube elements depends on active transport of water into sieve- tube elements at the source depends on tension, or negative pressure potential

sporophyte

Multicellular diploid form is called a __________________ because it produces haploid spores by meiosis

gametophyte

Multicellular haploid form is called a _________________ because it produces haploid gametes by mitosis and cell division.

Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

Multicellularity and large body size of eukaryotic organisms requires high metabolic rates and efficient ATP production by aerobic respiration. How did bacteria change Earth's atmosphere to enable aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere by reducing the amount of iron oxides that are able to react instantly with oxygen. Nitrogen fixation by cyanobacteria decreased the amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, leading to simultaneous increase of oxygen. Splitting of water during anaerobic respiration by cyanobacteria dramatically increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. Oxygenic photosynthesis by cyanobacteria significantly increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere.

to other multicellular organisms

Multicellularity has advantages: Attachment What might a multicellular organism attach to in environments? _____________________

a virus

Multicellularity has advantages: Protection What might be the danger to an organism?

producing and obtaining food, reproduction

Multicellularity has advantages: Specialization What might cells specialize to do? _______________________________________

haploid

Mycelia produced in asexual reproduction are _____. zygotic heterokaryotic haploid diploid

vascular

Nonvascular plants (also called bryophytes) lack _________________tissue .

dicot, monocot

Note vascular tissues (xylem and phloem) are arranged in vascular bundles. Look at the cross section of the stem in a monocot and dicot. Which of these has their vascular bundles in a circle? _____ Which of these has their vascular bundles scattered? _____________

seed, fruit

Once the egg within the ovule is fertilized, the ovule develops into a ____________ The ovary then begins transforming into a __________ which holds the seeds.

pollen, sperm

Once the pollen sticks to the stigma, a _____________ tube forms sending along two _______ nuclei

fertilization

Once the sperm nuclei join with the egg within the ovule in the process called _____________ a zygote forms.

a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots

One important difference between the anatomy of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that _____. vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent from leaves a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent from roots root cells have cell walls and leaf cells do not only leaves have phloem and only roots have xylem leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not

Nitrogen Fixation

Only certain bacteria (ex: cyanobacteria) and archaea do ____________ ______________which converts molecular nitrogen (N2) from the air into ammonia.

cellulose, lignin

Only certain fungi and bacteria can break down the ___________ and __________ that makes the cell walls of plants.

Chemoorganotroph

Organic molecules

Bacteria

Organisms in Domain (Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya ) have a cell wall with peptidoglycan.

Eukarya

Organisms in Domain (Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya ) have cells with a nuclear envelope.

All

Organisms in Domain Eukarya include ( unicellular / colonial / multicellular ) organisms

chlamydias

Organisms that can cause nongonococcal urethritis are classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

autotrophs; heterotrophs

Organisms that synthesize their own C-C molecules from single-carbon starting materials are named _____, while those that absorb preformed C-C compounds are _____. chemoorganotrophs; heterotrophs autotrophs; heterotrophs autotrophs; chemoorganotrophs phototrophs; chemotrophs

B

Ovules are found within structure _____. A B C D E

Immune

Slimy capsule helps disease bacteria to evade the _______________ system of the host.

Disease

Pathogen means ______________- causing.

malaria

Periodic bouts of high fever and chills occur when what type of cells burst out with the protists? __________________________

medicines

Pharmaceuticals - Many ___________ to treat diseases come from plants. Ex: morphine, aspirin

sieve-tube, companion

Phloem has 2 cell types :_________element & _________________cell

a bulb in early spring

Phloem transport of sucrose is often described as going from source to sink. Which of the following is most likely to function as a source? a growing leaf in early spring a shoot tip in late fall a bulb in early spring a growing root in late summer

Cellular

Photosynthesis made _________ respiration possible.

E

Pith is indicated by the letter _____. A C E D B

green algae, nonvascular plants, vascular seed plants, seed plants

Place a number next to each to show order of appearance in fossil record ____ seed plants ______nonvascular plants ____vascular seed plants_____ green algae

Algae

Plant-like protists are _____________.

cyanobacteria

Some bacteria already evolved photosystems I and II . Both photosytems occur in the bacteria called ______________________.

cyanobacteria

Plantlike photosynthesis that releases oxygen (O2) occurs in _____. archaea cyanobacteria chemoautotrophic bacteria chlamydias actinomycetes

soil, erosion

Plants build and hold __________________thus plants prevent ____________ which is loss of soil by action of wind and water.

determinate, indeterminate

Plants cell growth is ____________________ because plants grow as long as they live; while animal cell growth is ___________________ because animals stop growing at a certain size.

produce more cells

Plants contain meristems whose major function is to _____. attract pollinators photosynthesize produce flowers absorb ions produce more cells

sexual, asexual

Plants engage in both ____________ reproduction which involves eggs and sperms uniting in fertilization to form a zygote.; and __________________ reproduction which does not involve fertilization and results in the production of clones.

climate

Plants hold water and moderate _________________.

apicomplexan

Plasmodium, the parasitic organism that causes malaria, is a _____. entamoeba diatom apicomplexan plasmodial slime molds ciliate

leave

Potassium and other solutes are pumped out of guard cells causing water to ( enter / leave) resulting in pore closure.

these protists produce chemical energy by fixing CO2

Primary production by photosynthetic protists is considered "primary" because _____. these protists are the oldest lineage to photosynthesize these protists are the first to colonize new areas. these protists produce chemical energy by fixing CO2 these protists are the most abundant on Earth

phagocytosis

Process by which protist ingest their food (bacteria, archaea, other protists) is called _________________.

outcrossing

Production of genetically diverse offspring is most likely with ( selfing / outcrossing).

Bacteria And Archaea

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria and Protista Bacteria and Eukarya Archaea and Monera Eukarya and Monera

Binary Fission

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually by___________ _________.

dermal

Protective outermost tissue forms the ___________ tissue system.

euglenas

Protein strips just under plasma membrane

protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because _____. bacteria decompose protists protists are photosynthetic protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack bacteria are not made of cells protists eat bacteria

Eukarya

Protists are extremely diverse eukaryotes in Domain ( Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya)

unicellular

Protists are mostly ( unicellular / multicellular) microscopic organisms although some are multicellular..

most complex

Protists are the ( simplest / most complex) eukaryotic organisms.

moist

Protists live in ( dry / moist ) habitats that include aquatic habitats and wet soils.

parasites

Protozoans obtain food from the environment as : _______________ that get nourishments from hosts who are harmed in the process.

plankton

Protozoans obtain food from the environment as : _________________ that float in water bodies and cannot control where they move. Protozoan plankton are part of the larger group called zooplankton.

IV only

Refer to the figure above. A woody eudicot is represented by _____. II only III only IV only I and III

Determine the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria.

Researchers have found a new type of bacteria, and they want to determine its phylum. What would be the most reliable method to do so? Perform an analysis of metabolic pathways. Conduct a Gram-stain test. Analyze the morphological characteristics of the bacteria. Determine the ribosomal RNA sequence of the bacteria.

increase the surface area for absorption

Root hairs are most important to a plant because they _____. store starches provide a habitat for nitrogen-fixing bacteria contain xylem tissue increase the surface area for absorption anchor a plant in the soil

pathogens

The cuticle prevents water loss and protects against attack by ______________

alive

Secondary phloem is ( alive / dead)

wood, bark

Secondary xylem first functions in water transport but as it fills with resin it forms ___________. Together secondary phloem & cork cambium & cork form ____________

tissue, embryo

Seed vascular plants have vascular ___________ and seeds. A seed consists of an ______________, food supply surrounded by seed coat.

reduce fossil fuel use, improve soil

Seeds offer the ecological advantages of __________________________________________

pathogenic fungi

The terms blights, smuts, rusts are associated with plant diseases caused by ____________

xylem

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was/were the _____. phloem cork cambium companion and sieve-tube members xylem cortex

female

The ( male / female ) gametophyte is the embryo sac containing ovule.

male

The ( male / female) gametophyte is the pollen grain within which form sperm nuclei.

the cell wall

The Gram stain, commonly used to classify a bacterial isolate into one of two groups, is based upon the characteristics of which of the following structures? the flagella the cell wall the genetic material the ribosomes

cork

The ______ cambium produces cork cells to the outside.

stamen

The _______ consists of the anther where pollen is made and filament. It is the male part. The pollen is the male gametaphyte.

petals

The ________ are often colorful and attract pollinators to the flower

carpel

The __________ consists of the stigma which is sticky to catch pollen, the style down which the pollen tube grows, and the ovary where the ovules are made.

cortex

The ____________ is ground tissue which is specialized for storage and movement of water and minerals in the root toward xylem.

sporophyte, spores, meiosis, mitosis, gametophyte

The ______________ generation produces _________ by ________________. The spores then divide by __________ and grow into the _____________________.

epidermis

The ______________ is the outermost layer of plant cells.

endosymbiosis theory

The ___________________ helps explain how eukaryote cells obtained membranous organelles including : nucleus, ER, Golgi body

endosymbiosis, mitochondria,

The ____________________ hypothesis helps explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts came to be in eukaryote cells. The bigger prokaryote ate an aerobic prokaryote that evolved into the _________________ and the photosynthetic cyanobacterium was eaten by the bigger prokaryote and they became _______________.

pressure flow

The _________________________ hypothesis explains sugar translocation as a process driven by differences in turgor pressure that occur between a sugar source (for example leaves, and a sugar sink ( ex developing fruits.)

endosymbiosis

The ____________________theory contends that eukaryotic chloroplast originated when a protist engulfed a cyanobacterium.

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

The adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to _____. the increased probability of contact between different mating types the ability to form haustoria and parasitize other organisms avoiding sexual reproduction until the environment changes the potential to inhabit almost all terrestrial habitats an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

diplomonads ...parabasalids

The cells of _____ and _____ have modified mitochondria. fungi ... stramenopiles dinoflagellates ... metazoans chlorophytes ... ciliates diplomonads ...parabasalids euglenozoans ... alveolates

chlamydias

The chemoheterotroph Proteus vulgaris is a rod-shaped bacterium classified with _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

Prokaryotic

The common ancestor of all species living today was a ( prokaryotic / eukaryotic ) cell.

Organism

The cultured organism is inoculated into a healthy host ____________

root hairs

The epidermis is modified by __________ __________ which project out and increase the total absorptive surface area.

eggs, sperm

The female gametophytes produce relatively larger (eggs / sperm) as compared to the male gametophytes that produce relatively tiny ( eggs / sperm).

ground

The function of _____________ tissue system is making and storing important molecules.

transport sugars throughout the plant

The function of sieve-tube elements is to _____. transport carbon dioxide into leaves transport water upward transport sugars throughout the plant transport water downward

spore

The fundamental reproductive cell produced by fungi is the _______. spore swimming gamete asci basidia

gametes, zygote, sporophyte

The gametophyte produces ______________ by mitosis. The gametes must unite in fertilization to form a _____________. The zygote divides by mitosis and grows into the _________________ generation

Infectious

The germ theory of disease asserts that certain diseases are _____________ meaning that they can be passed from person to person.

stoma, guard

The hole is a ____________and cells that regulate opening and closing are ___________cells.

seaweed

The large multicellular algae are called _____________

brown algae

The largest seaweeds are _____. red algae brown algae green algae diatoms dinoflagellates

cortex

The letter A indicates the _____. vascular bundle phloem xylem cortex pith

epidermis

The letter A indicates the _____. epidermis endodermis vascular cylinder xylem cortex

pollen grains

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as _____. pollen grains embryo sacs megaspores male sporophytes endosperm

Alveolata

The members of _____ are characterized by cells with small membrane-bounded cavities under their cell membranes. Stramenopila Rhodophyta Alveolata Chlorophyta Mycetozoa

spores

The mushroom emerges above ground to release _____________ that will disperse.

3.5

The oldest fossils of bacteria ever found are_______billion years old.

water

The opening and closing of stomata influence ___________ transport through the xylem by speeding or slowing the transport.

carpel

The ovary is most often located in the _____. stamen receptacle sepals petals carpel

oxygen and glucose

The photosynthesic bacterium provided the host with _____________________________ in exchange for protection and access to light.

zygote

The plant embryo develops from the ( zygote / embryo / seed coat).

embryo

The pointer is indicating a diploid cell that develops into the _____. embryo seed coat ovule endosperm carpel

cyanobacteria

The prokaryotic cells that built stromatolites are classified as _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

cyanobacteria

The prokaryotic cells that were the first to add significant quantities of oxygen to Earth's atmosphere are classified as _____. proteobacteria chlamydias spirochetes gram-positive bacteria cyanobacteria

liver, red blood

The protozoan Plasmodium invades the cells of malaria victims. What type of human cells harbor this parasite? _______________ cells and ______________________cells

D

The region surrounded by guard cells is indicated by the letter _____. A C E B D

meiosis

The seed germinates and grows into a sporophyte by the process of ( mitosis /meiosis) .

contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption

The surface area of a plant's root system is substantially larger than the surface area of its shoot system. The extensive surface area of roots is an adaptation associated with _____. contact with soil particles for mineral and water absorption the release of carbon dioxide generated by photosynthesis the internal structure of the vascular tissue in roots the storage of nutrients within the root system

Culture

The suspected pathogen is grown in a pure _________________.

symbiosis

The term _______________ means living together.

co-evolution

The term __________________ of angiosperms refers to the reciprocal influence that flowering plant evolution had on evolution of animal pollinators and vice versa.

cohesive and adhesive forces of the water column under evaporative tension

The transport of a water column up a very tall tree can be explained by _____. positive pressure in xylem that pushes water up root pressure that pushes water up cohesive and adhesive forces of the water column under evaporative tension gravitational pull

xylem, phloem

The vascular cambium produces secondary ____________ to the inside and secondary _____________ to the outside.

evaporative cooling and mineral transport

The water lost during transpiration is a side effect of the plant's exchange of gases. However, the plant derives some benefit from this water loss in the form of _____. evaporative cooling and mineral transport increased turgor and increased growth mineral transport and increased growth evaporative cooling and increased turgor

cuticle, open

The waxy ( cuticle / mesophyll) prevents water loss from cells closest to sunlight Stomata can be kept ( open /closed).

diploid, haploid

There's alternation between (haploid / diploid ) sporophyte & ( haploid / diploid ) gametophytes.

yes

Therefore, would you expect a fungal mycelium to be likely to dry out in dry conditions? _______________

alternation

This transition between sporophyte and gametophyte generation is called __________________ of generation.

Isolate bacterium from an infected sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection.

To establish a link between a specific bacterium and a skin disease, researchers have shown that bacterium was present in sick persons but not in healthy individuals. They isolated the bacterium in a pure culture and demonstrated that experimental healthy animals injected with this culture became sick. What other experiment do researchers need to perform to be absolutely sure that the bacterium is responsible for the disease? Isolate bacterium from an infected sick animal and demonstrate that it is the same bacterium as the one used for infection. Demonstrate that the bacterium is not able to live outside of humans or animals. Demonstrate that the bacterium belongs to the pathogenic lineage.

Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of haploid nuclei.

What is the difference between pollination and fertilization in flowering plants? Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that male and female gametes are near each other. If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary. Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma. Fertilization is the fusion of haploid nuclei. Fertilization precedes pollination.

Oxygen

What is the electron acceptor for humans in the electron transport chain? Sugars Sulfate Oxygen Water

radical

What is the embryonic root? _______________________________________

ovary

What is the female gametophyte ( what structure formed the egg? _____________________

transport of water and minerals

What is the first function of xylem as in sapwood? Transport of water and minerals / transport of sugar and amino acids / support of the plant

cohesion-tension

What is the force behind the process known as "transpiration" in plants? Water is absorbed into the roots through root hairs. cohesion-tension Water is absorbed into the leaves through stomata. Carbon dioxide is absorbed through stomata.

to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria

What is the goal of bioremediation? to improve human health with the help of living organisms such as bacteria to clean up areas polluted with toxic compounds by using bacteria to improve bacteria for production of useful chemicals to kill pathogenic bacteria with the use of antibiotics to improve soil quality for plant growth by using bacteria

sperm of a flower

What is the male gametophyte? _________________________________

dormancy

What is the period when a seed will not germinate after it has been dispersed?___________

cotyledons

What is the term for seed - leaves? __________________________________

hypocotyl

What is the term for the embryonic stem ? ____________________________

carbon

What is the term for the movement of carbon atoms through biological organisms, chemical processes and geological processes? _________ cycle

bloom

What is the term when a unicellular algal population grows rapidly and reaches high densities in an aquatic environment?___________

359-299

What is the time span of the Carboniferous Period? _______________mya

cuticle

What is the waxy covering on leaves called that prevents water loss?__________

secondary xylem

What is the wood of the tree composed of? Secondary phloem / cork / secondary xylem

Euglena

What is this?

amoeba

What is this?

paramecium

What is this?

pollination

What is transfer of pollen from flower anther to flower stigma ? _____________

nonvascular plants

What kind of plants were the first land plants? _______________________

microspore

What kind of spore produced the pollen? ( microspore / megaspore)

Fusion of hyphae

What life cycle step allows fungi to reproduce sexually without gametes? Formation of gametophytic mycelium Formation of sporophytic mycelium Meiosis Fusion of hyphae

sedimentary

What may happen to the dead cells and CaCO3 shells that accumulate on the bottom of the ocean.? ____________ rocks may form from the shells.

Metagenomics

What method would you use to best identify the diversity of bacterial and archaeal species in the soil present on your campus? Culture bacteria from a sample. Microscope Metagenomics Enrichment

water

What must the seed take in for seed germination to begin? ______________________

travel via pollen tube

What must the sperm do to reach the egg? ____________________________________________

stems

What organ holds the leaves up to the light and connects roots to leaves? _____________

mitochondria, nucleus, cytoskeleton

What organelles are membranous and are hypothesized to have been formed by infolding the plasma membrane?

Prokaryotes

What organisms are most numerous on Earth? plants prokaryotes eukaryotes archaea insects

Bacteria

What organisms were pumping oxygen out through photosynthesis?_____________

stigma

What part of the carpel is sticky and traps pollen? ______________________

sepal

What parts form an outer protective whorl? __________________

petals

What parts furnish a visual advertisement to pollinators? _____________________

carpels

What parts produce ovules ? ________________________

stamen

What parts produce pollen? _________________________

roots

What plant organs absorb water and minerals from soil? ___________

photosynthesis

What process moves carbon atoms into primary producers? Hint : How do producers make food

pollinators

What promotes cross-pollination?

filament

What structure holds up the anther? _____________________________

nuclear envelope

What synapomorphy defines the Eukarya? meiosis and sexual reproduction nuclear envelope fission multicellularity

they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water

When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution and water enters the cell via osmosis, the volume of the cell increases until it bursts. This does not happen to plant cells, because _____. they have cell walls, which prevent the entry of water by osmosis the composition of their plasma membranes differs from that of animal-cell plasma membranes in a way that provides much greater strength they have cell walls, which provide pressure to counteract the pressure of the incoming water certain gated channel proteins embedded in their plasma membranes open as osmotic pressure decreases, allowing excess water to leave the cell they have large central vacuoles, which provide abundant space for storage of incoming water

embryo

When one sperm nuclei and egg unite, a zygote results which then forms the ___________.

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the _____. sheeting is transparent so that photosynthesis can continue fungicide might also kill the native yeasts residing on the surfaces of the grapes lichens growing on the vines' branches are not harmed fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

The Organic Matter Builds Up As They Rot And Suck The Oxygen Away From The Water.

When the algae and cyanobacteria die in great numbers, they sink to the bottom. What happens next?

plasmodium

When the mosquito bites, what fluid from the mosquito enters the human? __________

base

Where are ovules located? __________________

2 nuclei from mitotic division in a microspore

Where are pollen grains produced? _____________________________

on the under-surface of the fern frond

Where are sori (clusers of sporangia) located on a fern leaf? ________________________

Basidia

Where does meiosis occur in a mushroom? Spores Basidia Mycelium Hyphae

diploid zygote via meiosis

Where does sexual reproduction occur in the mosquito?__________________

anther

Where in the stamen are they produced? _______________________

At the base of Plantae

Where on the phylogenetic tree should the origin of chloroplasts appear? At the base of green algae and land plants At the base of the group Bikonta At the base of Eukaryotes At the base of Plantae

chlorophytes

Which algal group has chloroplasts much like those of green plants in structure and pigment makeup? diatoms chlorophytes red algae brown algae golden algae

endodermis

Which cells in a root form a protective barrier to the vascular system where all materials must move through the symplast? endodermis epidermis cortex pericycle exodermis

Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and manufacture their own proteins.

Which evidence is consistent with the endosymbiotic hypothesis for the origin of the mitochondrion? Mitochondria are much smaller than an average bacterium. Streptomycin inhibits eukaryotic and mitochondrial ribosomes. All genes vital for the functioning of mitochondria are found in the nucleus. Mitochondria have their own ribosomes and manufacture their own proteins.

Stramenopila

Which group is characterized by cells with fine hairlike projections on their flagella? Euglenozoa Stramenopila Alveolata Metazoa Rhodophyta

Prokarya

Which group was not described in Woese's tree of life analysis? Archaea Eukarya Prokarya Bacteria

tubes and shoots

Which has more surface area relative to volume? ( Tubes and sheets / cubes)

Sperm and egg

Which human cells undergo plasmogamy? Neurons Sperm and egg Hair cells Muscle cells

Mycelium

Which is the longest living part of the fungal life cycle? Mushroom Spore Mycelium Zygote

Ribosomal RNA

Which molecule did Carl Woese study to produce his tree of life? Ribosomal RNA DNA Ribosome Messenger RNA

green beans

Which of the following "vegetables" is botanically a fruit? radish lettuce potato green beans celery

flagellated spores

Which of the following characteristics is unique to chytrids compared to other groups of fungi? flagellated spores autotrophic mode of nutrition zoospores nucleotide sequences of several genes cell walls of cellulose

All of the above are correct.

Which of the following conditions can be varied in an enrichment culture to isolate bacteria that prefer a specific set of conditions? pH temperature food source All of the above are correct.

development of wood and bark

Which of the following describes secondary growth? development of leaves and flowers growth of herbaceous tissue development of fruit development of wood and bark growth in height

Hyphae are produced by mitosis.

Which of the following events occurs first in the development of a spore into a mature mushroom? The mycelium forms. Hyphae are produced by mitosis. Haploid nuclei fuse to form a diploid nucleus. A heterokaryotic mycelium forms.

an anaerobic archaean species

Which of the following extremophiles might researchers most likely use as a model for the earliest organisms on Earth? a bacterium that thrives in a highly acidic environment a bacterium found on another planet or moon an archaean capable of surviving in the polar ice caps a bacterium capable of living at extremely high salinity an anaerobic archaean species

porous cell walls

Which of the following features of plant cells allows for apoplastic movement of water? porous cell walls endodermal cells large central vacuole plasmodesmata

Mycelia

Which of the following is NOT a reproductive structure in fungi? Zygosporangia Basidia Asci Mycelia

A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.

Which of the following statements about phylogenetic trees is true? A paraphyletic group consists of an ancestral population and all of its descendants. A paraphyletic group has not experienced lateral gene transfer. A monophyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants. A paraphyletic group consists of a common ancestor and some of its descendants.

The swellings that develop into cotyledons are located at the end of the embryo on top of the row of single cells.

Which of the following statements about seed formation in a flowering plant is true? The swellings that develop into cotyledons are located at the end of the embryo on top of the row of single cells. The terminal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a row of single cells that eventually forms the embryo. Hypocotyls are the seed leaves of the embryonic plant. The basal cell formed from mitosis of the zygote divides to form a globular mass that is the route for nutrient transfer to the developing embryo.

a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group

Which of the following statements best describes the term synapomorphy? a trait that is shared by more than one monophyletic group the state of having several traits in common with different monophyletic groups a trait that evolved in several different monophyletic groups simultaneously a trait common in a single monophyletic group, but not generally found outside of that group

stomata on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves

Which of the following structural features of plants would not be expected to reduce transpiration? sunken stomata abundant epidermal hairs on leaves and stems stomata on upper and lower surfaces of the leaves thick cuticle on leaves and stems reduced leaf size

Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced.

Which of the following supports the finding that sugar translocation in phloem is an active (energy-requiring) process? Sucrose occurs in higher concentrations in companion cells than in the mesophyll cells where it is produced. ATPases are abundant in the plasma membranes of the mesophyll cells. Movement of water occurs from xylem to phloem and back again. Strong pH differences exist between the cytoplasm of the companion cell and the mesophyll cell.

chloroplast

Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? flagella chloroplast mitochondrion mitosome

red algae

Which of these algal groups possess a photosynthetic pigment that allows them to live in deep water? green algae diatoms brown algae metazoans red algae

sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

Which of these are spore-producing structures? archegonium of a moss or fern antheridium of a moss or fern sporophyte (capsule) of a moss gametophyte of a moss

animal wastes and fertilizers

Which of these are the two major sources of nitrate pollution in rivers? the burning of fossil fuels by factories and cars animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by cars animal wastes and fertilizers fertilizer runoff and the burning of fossil fuels by cars animal wastes and the burning of fossil fuels by factories

kinetoplastids

Which of these groups consist of parasitic flagellated cells, such as Trypanosoma, the organism that causes sleeping sickness? metazoans brown algae ciliates kinetoplastids diatoms

oomycetes

Which of these groups includes both aquatic decomposers and the parasites responsible for late potato blight? plasmodial slime molds oomycetes red algae diatoms plants

diatoms

Which of these groups is characterized by glasslike walls containing silica? brown algae diatoms plasmodial slime molds diplomonads plants

cork

Which of these is not part of bark ? secondary xylem / secondary phloem / cork cambium / cork

double fertilization

Which of these is unique to flowering plants? an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue pollen production a dominant sporophyte generation haploid gametophytes double fertilization

Petals

Which part of a plant attracts pollinators? Petals Carpel Sepal Stamen

Pollination

Which process involves the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma? Germination Pollination Gametogenesis Fertilization

Mycelium

Which structure allows the growing mushroom to nourish itself? Basidia Gills Mycelium Spore

Pollen tube

Which structure formed by the male gametophyte allows sperm to reach the ovary of a flowering plant? Stigma Pollen tube Anther Micropyle

Mycelium

Which structure is not directly involved in the reproduction of at least one major group of fungi? Mycelium Asci Basidium Motile spores

Plasmogamy

Which term describes the fusion of cytoplasm from two individuals? Spore Karyogamy Plasmogamy Heterokaryotic

Pollen grains

Which term describes the male gametophytes of flowering plants? Pollen grains Micropyle Microsporocytes Megaspores

brown algae, red algae, and green algae

Which three groups contain large algae known as seaweeds? brown algae, red algae, and green algae dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and green algae plants, fungi, and choanoflagellates chlorophytes, charophyceans, and red algae diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae

phloem

Which vascular tissue transports food (sugar sap)? ___________________

xylem

Which vascular tissue transports water and minerals ? ________________

Adventitious roots

While walking a cornfield, you notice roots emerging from the corn stalks themselves, and you suspect that these roots are helping to hold the plants upright. These roots belong to a category of roots known as Adventitious roots Taproots Special roots Fibrous roots Root hairs

primary consumers

Who eats the primary producers first?

Bean cotyledons are exposed to light.

Why are cotyledons green in beans but not in corn? Corn cotyledons photosynthesize a different spectrum of light. Bean cotyledons require more nutrition to grow. Bean cotyledons are exposed to light. Corn kernels are yellow to ward off herbivory.

People can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellate blooms.

Why can dinoflagellate blooms be harmful to humans? Dinoflagellate blooms are not harmful; they are just unsightly. During algal blooms, dinoflagellate population densities reach very high levels. Dinoflagellates produce toxins that kill shellfish. People can get paralytic shellfish poisoning during dinoflagellate blooms.

to protect themselves from prey

Why do dinoflagellates make toxins? ____________________________________________________

They have shallow root systems.

Why do lawns need to be frequently watered in dry regions? They have leaves with thick cuticles. They have deep root systems. Their secondary growth requires large amounts of water. They have shallow root systems.

One species provides the necessary chemical for the other to survive.

Why do species that release H2S as a by-product often live side by side with species that use H2S as an electron donor? H2S is equivalent to water. Both species live near hydrothermal vents. Both species are highly dependent on H2S. One species provides the necessary chemical for the other to survive.

This is where root hairs emerge.

Why does most of the water absorption by roots take place in the zone of cellular maturation? This is where the stomata are. This is where the oldest part of the roots are. This is where the thickest part of the root is. This is where root hairs emerge.

Pressure from xylem water moves nutrients through the phloem.

Why is it important that the xylem is adjacent to the phloem? The phloem is a critical component of the cohesion-tension theory. The phloem provides a solute potential that drives xylem water movement. Pressure from xylem water moves nutrients through the phloem. The phloem protects the xylem from damage.

Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function.

Why is it more difficult to treat fungal infections than bacterial infections in humans? Fungi are larger organisms than bacteria and thus require stronger drugs to stop an infection. Fungal and animal cells and proteins are similar. Thus, drugs that disrupt fungal cell or protein function may also disrupt human cell or protein function. Most fungi are multicellular and thus the drugs required to treat a fungal infection must be able to kill several types of cells; bacteria, on the other hand, are unicellular and thus simpler to kill. Fungi are able to mutate more quickly than bacteria, so they quickly develop resistance to antifungal drugs.

allows seeds to get nutrients they need

Why is seed dispersal important? _______________________________________________

toxins

Why may dinoflagellate algal blooms be harmful? (hint; what do they make?) _______________

Because drugs that target peptidoglycan do not affect eukaryotes

Why will erythromycin not kill eukaryote cells? __________________________

8 haploid nuclei and 7 cells

Within the ovule within the embryo sac, how many eggs form? ________________

tracheids, vessel

Xylem has 2 cell types: ________ and _________ element.

dead

Xylem is ( alive / dead).

D

Xylem is indicated by the letter _____. C D E B A

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will significantly outnumber those incapable of fixing nitrogen.

You acquire a soil sample and run an enrichment culture on it. You provide the organisms in the culture with all of the ingredients required for growth except for nitrogen. What result do you expect to have at the end of your experiment? Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will significantly outnumber those incapable of fixing nitrogen. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will be present, but will be significantly outnumbered by non-nitrogen-fixing species. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will not be present in the culture. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria will be present but not at significantly greater numbers than non-nitrogen-fixing species.

ascomycete

You are given an organism to identify. It has a fruiting body that contains many structures with eight haploid spores lined up in a row. What kind of a fungus is this? chytrid zygomycete ascomycete deuteromycete basidiomycete

zygosporangium

Zygomycetes are named for structure in their sexual reproduction - the ______________.

Amoebic dysentery

_____ Entamoeba histolytica protozoan amoeba

Make toxins during harmful algal blooms

______ Dinoflagellates an alga

Diarrhea for weeks

______ Giardia a protozoan flagellate

Wiped out potato crops in Ireland 1845-47

______ Phytophthora infestans a water mold

Malaria is one of world's worst infectious diseases transmitted by mosquito

______ Plasmodium falciparum a protozoan

African sleeping sickness transmitted by tsetse fly

______Trypanosoma gambiens protozoa flagellate

true

_______ Bulbs ( ex: onions) are stems that store food

false

_______ Rhizomes ( ex: iris) are stems that grow vertically

true

_______ Stolons (ex: strawberry) are stems that grow underground horizontally

Chemolithoautotroph

are able to use energy obtained by chemical changes of inorganic compounds to make organic compounds (ex: some bacteria that live in hydrothermal vents.

Chemoorganoheterotroph

must obtain organic molecules for both energy and as a source of carbon ( food)

Chemolithoheterotroph

obtain energy from inorganic molecules and get organic molecules from others.