Biology 2 Chapter 32.
What are the two most common types of mycorrhizae?
Arbuscular and ectomycorrhizae
What are fungal endophytes?
Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms
The glymeromycetes are significant to plants because they. ..
Provide nutrients to them
Ecological benefits of decomposer fungi
They release minerals into the soil. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae. They remove organic debris.
True or false: Arbuscular mycorrhizae are much more common than ectomycorrhizae.
True
Substances provided by the fungal to the photosynthetic partner in a lichen
Water and Minerals
Lichens are very ... to air pollution and can serve as air quality monitors.
sensitive
The fungi comprise the phylum
Ascomycota
What are mycorrhizae?
Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants
The fungal components of ectomycorrhizae are usually members of what phylum?
Basidiomycota
What are ectomycorrhizae?
Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi
Hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow ...
Between the cell wall and plasma membrane of the plant root cell
What describes a relationship which benefits one partner without harming the other?
Commensalism
This type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots and in the spaces between root cells.
Ectomycorrhizae
Arbuscular mycorrhizae affect vascular plants by:
Increasing water and mineral absorbption
Describe the fungi in lichens
It can not grow normally without their photosynthetic partners
The first colonists on a rocky cliff are likely to be:
Lichens
What are three primary minerals that mycorrhizae supply to plants?
Phosphate, Zinc, and Copper
Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits though improved uptake of nutrients?
Plant
Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with what?
Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants
Where do lichens grow?
They can grow in places too extreme for most plants to grow
What proportion of terrestrial plant families form mycorrhizae?
about 90%
Ascomycetes produce sexual spores within a sac called ...
ascus
The main decomposers in the ecosystem are fungi and ....
bacteria
The main decomposers in the biosphere are:
bacteria and fungi
A lichen consists of an association between a fungus and what else?
cyanobacterium or green alga
Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing diseases, are known as fungal ..
endophytes
If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as ..... symbiosis.
facultative
The fungal partner of arbuscular .... belongs to the phylum Glomeromycota.
mycorrhizae
An organism that gains resources from its host (thereby having a negative effect) but does not cause disease (except in some extreme cases) is called ...
parasites
In a mycorrhizal relationship, the host .... produces organic nutrients for use by the ...
plant, fungi
Fungi can form beneficial associations with:
plants and animals
Mycorrhizae were likely important in the colonization of land by early plants because:
the soil was infertile