Biology 2 Chapter 32.

What are the two most common types of mycorrhizae?

Arbuscular and ectomycorrhizae

What are fungal endophytes?

Fungi that live within tissues of other organisms

The glymeromycetes are significant to plants because they. ..

Provide nutrients to them

Ecological benefits of decomposer fungi

They release minerals into the soil. They release carbon dioxide for plants and algae. They remove organic debris.

True or false: Arbuscular mycorrhizae are much more common than ectomycorrhizae.

True

Substances provided by the fungal to the photosynthetic partner in a lichen

Water and Minerals

Lichens are very ... to air pollution and can serve as air quality monitors.

sensitive

The fungi comprise the phylum

Ascomycota

What are mycorrhizae?

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of plants

The fungal components of ectomycorrhizae are usually members of what phylum?

Basidiomycota

What are ectomycorrhizae?

Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi

Hyphae of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow ...

Between the cell wall and plasma membrane of the plant root cell

What describes a relationship which benefits one partner without harming the other?

Commensalism

This type of mycorrhizae grows on the surfaces of tree roots and in the spaces between root cells.

Ectomycorrhizae

Arbuscular mycorrhizae affect vascular plants by:

Increasing water and mineral absorbption

Describe the fungi in lichens

It can not grow normally without their photosynthetic partners

The first colonists on a rocky cliff are likely to be:

Lichens

What are three primary minerals that mycorrhizae supply to plants?

Phosphate, Zinc, and Copper

Which member of a mycorrhizal relationship benefits though improved uptake of nutrients?

Plant

Fungi have formed mutualistic symbioses with what?

Some animal species, such as ants and ruminants

Where do lichens grow?

They can grow in places too extreme for most plants to grow

What proportion of terrestrial plant families form mycorrhizae?

about 90%

Ascomycetes produce sexual spores within a sac called ...

ascus

The main decomposers in the ecosystem are fungi and ....

bacteria

The main decomposers in the biosphere are:

bacteria and fungi

A lichen consists of an association between a fungus and what else?

cyanobacterium or green alga

Fungi that live within the leaf and stem tissues of plants without causing diseases, are known as fungal ..

endophytes

If a symbiotic fungus can survive without its host, this relationship is described as ..... symbiosis.

facultative

The fungal partner of arbuscular .... belongs to the phylum Glomeromycota.

mycorrhizae

An organism that gains resources from its host (thereby having a negative effect) but does not cause disease (except in some extreme cases) is called ...

parasites

In a mycorrhizal relationship, the host .... produces organic nutrients for use by the ...

plant, fungi

Fungi can form beneficial associations with:

plants and animals

Mycorrhizae were likely important in the colonization of land by early plants because:

the soil was infertile