Biology 2 Final

An average person has about _____ neurons.

1 trillion

Prokaryotes generally range in size from

1-10 µm

The colonial flagellate hypothesis states that animals descended from a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells. Place the probable steps in the order which this would occur.

1. The colony of aggregated cells forms a hollow sphere 2. Individual cells become specialized for reproduction. 3. A few flagellated cells form an aggregate 4.Infolding of certain cells creates tissue layers

The first known multicellular organisms evolved approximately how many years ago?

1.4 BYA

Ivanowsky first recognized that something smaller than a bacterium, called a filterable virus, was able to cause disease in the year

1892

The oxygen in the atmosphere developed approximately _____ billion years ago

2.0

The first eukaryotic cells probably arose about _____ billion years ago

2.2

Fossils of prokaryotic cells are dated as far back as approximately _____ billion years ago

3.8

Plant species A has a diploid number of 28 chromosomes, while Plant species B has a diploid number of 14 chromosomes. Species A and B produce a hybrid through alloploidy. The diploid number of chromosomes of the hybrid is

42

Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is/are true? A. Fungi may enter the cortex of B. plant roots but do not enter the cytoplasm of plant cells. C. Plants are harmed, while fungi benefit. D. The presence of the fungi gives plants a greater absorptive surface for the intake of minerals. E. A and C are correct.

A and C are correct.

Which of the following statements describes mycorrhizae?

A mycorrhiza is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of most plants.

Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of

A visceral mass, mantle, and foot

Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by

A water vascular system that regulates water pressure

Match the terms with the labeled structures on the diagram.

A- Dendrite B- Cell body C-Nucleus D- Mylein sheath E- Axon

At one time it was thought to be impossible to operate within the body cavities. Then the Canadian doctor, William Beaumont, operated on a patient with a gunshot wound to the stomach. A few decades later came breakthroughs in heart operations and transplants. The 1990s was called the decade of the brain because of the extensive research being done on how the brain functions. Name the body cavities associated with these breakthroughs in order.

Abdominal-thoracic-dorsal

The first person who proposed that small organic molecules could have arisen by chemical evolution was

Aleksander Oparin

Who was the individual who proposed the hypothesis of continental drift during the 1920s?

Alfred Wegener

Which of the following statements is true regarding the theory of continental drift?

Alfred Wegener believed that the continents formed a supercontinent called Pangea

Which of the following features is not one of the key features that led to the success of the arthropods A. Segmented body B.exoskeleton C.brain and a ventral nerve cord D.contain a variety of respiratory organs E. All are features that made arthropods successful

All are features that made arthropods successful

Once members of a species are geographically isolated, what factors may cause them to differ from each other over time? A. natural selection B. genetic drift C. new mutations D. sexual selection E. All of the above are correct

All of the above are correct

Monotremes A. are egg laying mammals. B.include the echidnas, or spiny anteaters, and the duck-billed platypus. C. nurse their younG D. All of the answer choices are correct

All of the answer choices are correct

The mammalian lineages include A. placental mammals B. marsupials C. monotremes D. All of the answer choices are correct

All of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following features would be used to construct a phylogenetic tree? A. homologous structures B. fossil record data C. mtDNA sequences D. amino acid sequences E. All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct

The biological species concept is limited, and may not be applied to A.asexually reproducing organisms. B. organisms known only in the fossil record. C. species that could possibly interbreed if they lived near one another. D. All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following is a function of the skin? A. protecting underlying body parts from physical trauma B. preventing water loss C. thermoregulation D. monitor touch, pressure, temperature, and pain E. All of the answer choices are functions of the skin

All of the answer choices are functions of the skin

When a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis, what occurs? A. Autoploidy is occurring. B. An increase in the number of chromosomes above the parent species occurs. C. A triploid or tetraploid plant may occur D. All of the answer choices are true

All of the answer choices are true

Mass extinctions A. have occurred at least 5 times in the Earth's history. B. may have been due to climatic changes after meteorite collisions. C. may have been due to changing environments caused by continental drift D. All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Nonscientists often use the words ''name," ''identify," and ''classify" interchangeably. When they want to know what an organism is, they may ask "Can you name this?" or "Can you identify this?" or "Can you classify this?" Which of the following is/are correct usage(s) of the term(s)? A. Only the scientist who first describes a new species actually names it. B. Classifying is grouping, and to classify something requires several organisms so you can group one as closer to a second and distant from a third. C. A farmer using a key to detect pest insect species in his fields is identifying insects but not naming or necessarily classifying them. D. A scientist who publishes the name and description of a new species must necessarily also know both how to identify and classify the species. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

Sharks A.ack bony skeletons. B.have dermal denticles. C.have a keen sense of smell. D.have teeth derived from epidermal scales. E. All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Taxonomy A. is the branch of biology dealing with the naming, identification, and classification of organisms. B. uses a binomial system developed by Linnaeus. C. uses reproductive isolation as the basis of definition of a species. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes. Therefore, A. it belongs to the genus Heraclides. B. It belongs to the species Heraclides cresphontes C. the specific epithet is cresphontes. D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following would result in reproductive isolation? A. Two populations of crickets are indistinguishable in physical features, but the females in each group only come to the different songs of their males. B. Fruit flies on one Hawaiian island live for hundreds of generations and do not come in contact with fruit flies on another island except when blown there by rare tropical storms. C. One brood of the seventeen-year cicada emerged in 1987 (and will do so every 17 years) and lives a few months as adults; another brood emerged in 1992 (and will do so every 17 years); the larvae of both feed side-by-side on tree roots. D. A lion and a tiger mate in the artificial confines of a zoo but the offspring is infertile. E. All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

With the appearance of photosynthetic cyanobacteria and aerobic bacteria during the Precambrian era, A. an oxidizing atmosphere developed on Earth. B. the formation of the ozone shield occurred. C. the amount of UV light reaching the Earth was reduced and chemical evolution slowed. D. All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Yeasts A.are often members of Ascomycota. B. reproduce asexually by budding. C. are responsible for beer, wine, and bread production. D. All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Similarities between the archaea and eukarya include A. the same ribosomal proteins. B. similar tRNA. C. similar initiation of transcription. D. that they are more closely related to each other than to the bacteria. E. All of the choices are correct similarities.

All of the choices are correct similarities

Bilaterally symmetrical animals A. Tend to be active & move forward B. exhibit cephalization C. have right & left sides when cut longitudionally D. All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct.

Halophiles A. require a high salt environment. B. Increase the chloride level within their cells. C. may be chemoheterotrophs or photosynthetic. D. use bacteriorhodopsin to capture solar energy. E. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Reproductive isolation A. means there is no gene flow between two groups of organisms. B. is necessary for species to remain separate. C. is maintained by certain prezygotic and postzygotic barriers. D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

The use of a molecular clock may be used to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time A. if nucleic acid changes are neutral and not tied to adaptation. B. if nucleic acid changes occur at a fairly constant rate. C. but is more strongly supported when it can be compared with the fossil record. D. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Considering that leaf stoma have the conflicting functions of allowing gaseous carbon dioxide into the leaf, yet preserving the plant's supply of water, which of the following is (are) reasonable? A. A submerged-water plant would have no stoma. B. Tree leaves that orient flat and present the top side to the sun would have most of their stoma on the bottom of the leaf. C. Corn, oats, rice, and wheat-all monocots-have relative upright blades with sunlight hitting both sides and would have stoma distributed evenly on both sides. D. All of the choices are reasonable. Correct E. None of the choices are reasonable

All of the choices are reasonable

Seeds require _____ for germination to occur A. oxygen for increased metabolism B. adequate warmth C. adequate water D. All of the choices are required.

All of the choices are required

A flower A. is the sexual reproductive organ. B. is composed of whorls of modified leaves. C. serves to attract animal pollinators. D. may contain male and female reproductive parts. E. All of the choices characterize flowers.

All of the choices characterize flowers

If a public health official was trying to reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide," which of the following actions would they take? A. place a ban on eating shellfish that were exposed to the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catanella B. decrease the amount of nutrients that are washed into the aquatic ecosystem C. ban swimming and other recreational activities in the area D. All of these actions would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide."

All of these actions would help reduce the potential for human exposure to a "red tide."

Which of the characteristic(s) apply to the supergroup Archaeplastida? A. They contain plastids that originated from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. B. They include multicellular and unicellular organisms. C. They include land plants and the green algae, Chlorophyta. D. They include organisms with plastids. E. All of these apply

All of these apply

Which of the following events is not associated with the development of the female gametophyte? A. A single parenchyma cell will enlarge to become a megaspore mother cell. B. The megaspore undergoes meiosis producing four haploid megaspores. C. The nucleus of the megaspore divides mitotically to produce eight nuclei. D. The female gametophyte will contain three antipodal cells. E. All of these are associated with the development of the female gametophyte.

All of these are associated with the development of the female gametophyte.

Which piece of evidence best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution? A. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the same size as bacteria. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by binary fission. C. Mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain DNA and some can make their own proteins. D. The outer membrane of chloroplasts and mitochondria resembles that of a eukaryotic cell while the inner membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell. E. All of these are correct

All of these are correct

Which of the following scenarios is explained by adaptive radiation? A. The average running speed of a cheetah increases each generation due to the gazelles getting faster. B. The toxicity level of the bark of a species of plant increases due to constantly being attacked by aphids. C. The color pattern of the moths living in the woods of England become darker as the levels of pollution increase during the Industrial Revolution. D. All of these are examples of adaptive radiation

All of these are examples of adaptive radiation

Which of the following functions performed by the skin would be lost or seriously compromised if someone suffered a severe burn over most of the body? A. prevention of heat and water loss B. prevention of massive and continuous infection from invasion by external bacteria, viruses, and parasites C. production of sweat that evaporates and cools the body when it is overheating D. conversion, in the presence of ultraviolet light, of precursor molecules to vitamin D E. All of these are vital functions of the skin and would be compromised.

All of these are vital functions of the skin and would be compromised.

Slime molds were once classified as fungi. What characteristics of the slime molds distinguish them from fungi? A. Slime molds lack cell walls. B. They are flagellated cells at certain stages of the life cycle. C. The vegetative state of the slime mold is mobile and amoeboid. D. All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

All of these characteristics distinguish slime molds from fungi.

Consider the possibility that we discover a gene that regulates both the amount of root hairs and where root hairs grow on a root tip. Since the surface area provided by root hairs is so critical to their uptake of water and nutrients, expanding their growth area seems a great advantage. However, which of these might be a problem? A. Growth of root hairs in the zone of cell division would interfere with root cell proliferation. B. Growth of root hairs in the root cap would cause them to be shredded off since this area takes substantial abrasion. C. Growth of root hairs in the zone of elongation would cause them to be shredded off as they anchored in soil and the root lengthened. D. All of these choices pose a problem

All of these choices pose a problem

Imagine you are working for the Florida Public Health Department and you have been assigned the task of preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades. Which of the following scenarios would have a chance of success? A. spraying the edges of the Everglades with a pesticide that will kill mosquitos B. developing a vaccination that would prevent the ability of the merozoites to reproduce within the host's bloodstream C. devising an insect repellant that would prevent the Anopheles mosquito from biting a human host D. All of these scenarios would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

All of these scenarios would have a chance of success in preventing malaria from spreading throughout the southern Everglades.

If the hypothesis that protocells were based on an "RNA world" is correct, what would be necessary to shift to a "DNA world"? A. an enzyme or reaction capable of removing one oxygen from ribose in nucleotides B. enzymes for reverse transcription of RNA into DNA C. new enzymes to replicate the DNA D. new enzymes for transcribing DNA back to RNA E. All would be necessary to switch to a "DNA world."

All would be necessary to switch to a "DNA world."

Which of the following scientific names includes an eponym?

Allium hendersonii

Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles?

Amniotic egg

_____were the first vertebrates to live on land and they evolved from _____.

Amphibians, fish

Which of the following skin derivatives is incorrectly matched with the organism on which it is found?

Amphibians- epidermal scales

Reptiles evolved from ______ ancestors and were abundant by the ________ period

Amphibians; Permian

Flukes are divided into the groups Monogenea and Digenea. Monogenea have a posterior holdfast with hooks, clamps, and suckers, while Digenea have suckers but never hooks and clamps. Monogenea have only one host in the life cycle and usually live on gills or skin of fish and amphibians. Digenea have at least two hosts, and are named for having two reproductive states in their life cycle (an adult and intramolluscan phase). Based on this information, the blood fluke Schistosoma would be classified as

An endoparasite and Digenean

Which of the following statements about taxonomy is NOT true?

Analogous structures are derived from a common ancestral structure to perform the same function

Which statement most accurately describes the colonial flagellate hypothesis?

Animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells.

Characteristics of birds include all of the following EXCEPT

Aquatic reproduction

What are the two prokaryotic domains?

Archaea & Bacteria

Which domains replaced kingdom Monera?

Archaea and Bacteria

Which of the following domains include the majority of the organisms that were previously classified in kingdom Monera?

Archaea and Bacteria

Which of the following are the three domains proposed in Woese's classification system?

Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya

Which phylum contains the greatest diversity of animal species

Arthropoda

Which is most closely associated with negative feedback?

As the temperature falls in a house, the heater comes on

Which piece of evidence would best support the theory of continental drift?

Australia, South America, and Africa all share a similar mammalian fauna due to the lineage being present on Gondwana.

The first cells gave rise to

Bacteria and Archaea

Whittaker's classification included kingdom Monera, which included all prokaryotes. Why is this classification obsolete?

Based on molecular data, Monera has been divided into the two distinct domains, Archaea and Bacteria.

A thin layer of protein, within epithelial tissue, that anchors the epithelium to the extracellular matrix is the

Basement membrane

Lungless salamanders lack lungs and breathe through their skins after they lose their gills. You would expect lungless salamanders to

Be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans

Which of the following features are found within the lophotrochozoa?

Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes.

Which statement concerning body symmetry is NOT correct?

Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile.

All of the following statements concerning birds are true EXCEPT

Birds have small, relatively under-developed brains

What is the body's response to a rise in temperature above 37.0 degrees C?

Blood vessels in the skin begin to dilate which increases blood flow to the surface of the skin. Environmental variables will help decrease the temperature of the blood. The nervous system also activates the sweat glands which help decrease temperature.

Which of the following features are found in the lobe-finned fish but are not present in the cartilaginous fish?

Bony skeletons and lungs

Some enveloped animal viruses enters a host cell by A. injecting their DNA or RNA into the host cell. B. fusion of their envelope with the host cell's plasma envelope. C. endocytosis. D. All of the above. E. Both B and C.

Both B and C

Which method of reproduction is used by members of phylum Echinodermata?

Both sexual and asexual

Which of the following major divisions of geologic time is mismatched with the organisms that flourished during that time period?

Cambrian Period—Age of Fish

It was during the ______ period within the ______ era that chordates made their first appearance.

Cambrian, Paleozoic

When and where did the first multicellular protists evolve?

Canada, 1.4 BYA

Amphibians were the dominant animal life during the ________ period

Carboniferous

What type of tissue is striated, contains cells with one nucleus, and is not under voluntary control?

Cardiac muscle

Which of the following is the most complex level of organization?

Cardiovascular system

Which of the following features are shared by all of the jawed fish?

Cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, gills, and scales

The correct sequence of increasing organizational complexity is

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of plant cells?

Centrioles are present during mitosis

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores, recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America. It is a member of which phylum of fungi?

Chytridiomycota

_____ is the process of naming and assigning organisms to a taxon

Classification

Identify the features unique to protostome development

Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastopore becomes the mouth, and the cleavage is spiral

Which of the following statements about epithelial tissue is NOT true?

Columnar epithelium is cube-shaped with the nucleus near the upper surface of the cells.

What tissue type is characterized by being a transport medium for nutrients and also includes blood and adipose tissues?

Connective tissue

Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT

Constant body temperature

_____ is said to occur when a similar trait evolves in two unrelated species while _____ is when a species evolves in response to another species

Convergent evolution; coevolution

Which of the following mass extinctions is correctly matched with the date of the extinction?

Cretaceous—65.5 mya

Match the terms with their correct definition

Dendrite- part of the neuron that sends signals toward the cell body Cell body- The part of the a neuron that contains the major concentration of the cytoplasm and nucleus Nucleus- a membrane bound organelle within a neuron that contains the chromosomes and controls the structure and function of the cell Myelin sheath- white fatty material that forms a covering over nerve fibers Axon- elongated portion of a neuron that conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body

The duckbill platypus is different than most mammals because it

Doesn't give birth, but lays eggs

Which biological events took place during the Paleozoic Era and the Mesozoic Era?

During the Paleozoic Era, three mass extinctions occurred which led to the colonization of land by plants, while during the Mesozoic Era, gymnosperms became the dominant plant life

Which of the following mass extinction events is correct?

During the Permian period, over 90% of the species disappeared due to an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Chemoautotrophs oxidize which of the following to obtain the energy necessary to reduce carbon dioxide to an organic compound? A. hydrogen gas B. hydrogen sulfide C. ammonia D. nitrites E. All of the above

E. All of the above

When comparing archaea with bacteria, A. both archaea and bacteria are easily cultured and studied in the laboratory. B. the chemical nature of the cell wall of archaea and bacteria is identical and shows their early relationship. C. bacteria are not very diverse and are limited in distribution, while archaea are far more diverse and found everywhere. D. the archaea and bacteria are both derived from early eukarya. Incorrect E. None of the choices are true.

E. None of the choices are true

Human tapeworm infections occur by

Eating insufficiently cooked infected pork and beef

Which phyla are classified in the Deuterostomia?

Echinodermata and Chordata

Which of the following statements best describes the jawless fishes?

Ectotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin

A common cause of amoebic dysentery is

Entamoeba histolytica

What type of tissue lines body cavities and covers body surfaces?

Epithelial tissue

_____ is a mixotrophic protozoan that is able to combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes

Euglena

A multicellular organism with no cell wall would belong to which domain?

Eukarya

Single-celled eukaryotic cells belong to which of the following domains?

Eukarya

Which description best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelles?

Eukaryotic cells acquired mitochondria and plastids by engulfing free-living bacteria and developed a symbiotic relationship with them. Mitochondria were derived from aerobic bacterium while chloroplasts were derived from cyanobacterium.

Which of the following floral structures are present during the diploid stage of a flowering plant's life cycle? A. Anther B. Ovule C. Sporophyte D. Pollen grain E. Everything except the pollen grain.

Everything except the pollen grain.

Snakes, frogs, squirrels, and humans are all classified as being homeothermic True or False

False

Stratified epithelium is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells that can often be found in the lining of blood vessels True or False

False

Which statement about connective tissue is NOT true?

Fibrous connective tissue includes bone and cartilage

Which figure depicts a punctuated equilibrium model of evolution? Figure A or Figure B

Figure B

Which of these statements is NOT correct about flatworms?

Flatworms are deuterostomes

Which kingdom or supergroup is characterized by organisms that are saprotrophic by absorption?

Fungi

Which of the following protozoans is mismatched with the disease that it causes?

Giardia lamblia—malaria

Which group of gymnosperms is represented by only one surviving species?

Ginkgoes

Which term can be applied to all of the vertebrates except for the jawless fish?

Gnathostomes

_____ proposed that polypeptides and RNA evolved simultaneously

Graham Cairns-Smith

In your analysis of a new bacterial species, you gram stained the bacteria and observed them under the microscope. The bacteria appear to have a round shape and a pink color. Based on this information, you would classify these bacteria as

Gram-negative cocci

Which statement is NOT true of the epidermis of a plant?

Guard cells are specialized epidermal cells found on root surfaces.

All of the following are true about HIV EXCEPT

HIV must reproduce immediately upon entering a host cell because it cannot survive a latent period.

Which of the following structures begins in the dermis and extends to the surface of the epidermis?

Hair follicles

Marine annelids (polychaetes) are different than earthworms in that polychaetes

Have paddle-like parapodia that earthworms do not have

Which statement about leaves is NOT correct?

In eudicots, the photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer.

Which description best describes the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacteria?

It is composed of a single plasma membrane and a thick outer layer of peptidoglycan.

Which statement is NOT true about the RNA-first hypothesis?

It says that first RNA, then DNA, and then proteins would have been necessary to interact in the chemical evolution that would have led to the development of the first cells.

Which statement is NOT true about a protocell?

It would have contained DNA as its genetic material

Which of the following groups had made their appearance during the Ordovician period?

Jawless and jawed fish

The jawed fish and all other vertebrates are gnathostomes, which means they have

Jaws

Amongst the chordates, which features are unique to the tunicates?

Leathery outer covering and an excurrent siphon

All of the following are functions of connective tissue EXCEPT to

Line body cavities and cover surfaces

Which of the following systems / organs are incorrectly matched with its role in maintaining homeostasis?

Liver - removes excess glycogen from the blood and stores it as glucose

Which of the listed organisms do not possess the necessary features to be classified as a member of phylum Mollusca?

Lobsters

What are the main features of melanocytes?

Melanocytes are found in the epidermis and they produce melanin when exposed to UV light. The melanin is then distributed to epidermal cells

Which of the following time periods contains the others?

Mesozoic

Animals are classified according to all of the following features EXCEPT

Mode of reproduction

Which of the following information provides the strongest evidence to support the evolutionary relatedness between fungi and animals?

Molecular data shows a similarity in DNA/RNA base sequences.

Many homeowners often attempt to transplant bushes and small trees but with limited success. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this?

Most homeowners pull the bush out without clearing enough of the soil from around the root system. This causes the lateral roots and root hairs to be torn off.

. What type of tissue contracts and accounts for movements of organs or the entire body?

Muscle tissue

_______ is responsible for receiving, interpreting, and producing a response to stimuli

Nervous tissue

________ make(s) up more than half the volume of the brain

Neuroglia

Which of the fungal groups is mismatched with the asexual spore produced? A. Ascomycota—conidiospores B. Zygomycota—sporangiospores C. Chytridiomycota—zoospores D. None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched.

None are mismatched. They are all correctly matched

The scientific name of the American copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix and the scientific name of the Australian pygmy copperhead is Austrelaps labialis. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? A. Both copperheads are classified in the same genus. B. Both copperheads are the same species. C. The common name "copperhead" must mean the two snakes are closely related. D. None of the above are correct

None of the above are correct

In speciation which of the following is mismatched? A. allopatric speciation-geographic isolation B. sympatric speciation-absence of a geographic barrier C. adaptive radiation-chance for new species to adapt to new habitats D. postzygotic isolation-hybrid offspring sterility E. None of the answers are mismatched

None of the answers are mismatched

Which is the correct sequence for the evolution of reptilian features?

Notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs, and an amniotic egg

Which of the following features were required for the evolution of the amphibians?

Notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs, and 4 limbs

During fertilization in humans, sperm reach the egg by traveling through the vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes. In which body cavity does the sperm locate the egg ?

Pelvic cavity

Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they

Periodically shed their outer covering

Which of the following features is common among the roundworms as well as the arthropods?

Periodically shed their outer covering

Which list of traits is characteristic of the ecdysozoans?

Periodically shed their outer covering, nonsegmented body plan and pseudocoelom on some, contain an exoskeleton, and undergo metamorphosis

In some chordates, the _______ is (are) replaced by ________.

Pharyngeal pouches; gills

Which statement is NOT true about vascular tissue in plants?

Phloem cells are hollow and nonliving, and they form a continuous pipeline that transports sugars

Which kingdom is correctly described?

Plants: multicellular and photosynthetic

The easiest method of preventing sea stars from moving is to

Plug their madreporite

In lactation, the more a baby suckles his mother's breast to obtain milk, the more milk is produced. This is an example of a

Positive feedback

The evolution of organisms in the three domains and four kingdoms is most accurately described by which sequence?

Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals

The fact that a nucleic acid is a very complicated molecule suggests that

RNA could not have arisen on its own by chance, but required enzymes to guide the synthesis of nucleotides and then nucleic acids

Some viruses never use DNA to carry out protein synthesis and have only RNA as their genetic material. This would lend evidence to which theory?

RNA-first hypothesis

Which of these is NOT one of the characteristics of a vertebrate?

Radial symmetry

A unique species of snail has been discovered in the Negev Desert. At night, these snails use a toothlike rasping organ in their head to scrape up porous limestone; they then digest the algae that lived in the rock pores. This scraping organ is the

Radula

Which of the following list of features describes the molluscs and bivalves but not the annelids?

Reduced cephalization, contain a muscular foot and a mantle, may possess a hard outer shell.

The following are differences between amphibians and reptiles EXCEPT

Reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic

Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms?

Roundworms are all parasitic

Identify the organisms that belong to the phylum that are included in the Deuterostomia

Sea stars and crocodiles

If you wash your skin and hair several times a day, you will soon have dry skin that easily cracks and bleeds because the oils you have removed are necessary to keep the skin supple. This oil is

Sebum secreted by sebaceous glands

Which statement is NOT true about woody stems?

Secondary phloem accumulates to form the wood.

Which of the following mechanisms is NOT as likely to disperse seeds at a great distance from the parent plant?

Seeds are dispersed as projectiles from the parent plant

The amphibians' unique contribution to the evolution of land vertebrates was

Separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation

Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra?

Sessile polyp form with the mouth pointing upward

Descriptions of new species of insects are more likely to contain diagrams of the shape of the male genitalia than head, wing, or leg parts. Why?

Small changes in the genitalia cause reproductive isolation while a single species can tolerate wider variation in head, wing, and leg morphology

_____ is when one species splits into two species or when one species transforms into another over time

Speciation

A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtles' stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by their calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in the turtles' digestive systems. These protective structures are called

Spicules

This name of the filamentous algae pictured here, belonging to the supergroup Archaeplastida, is

Spirogyra.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sponges?

Sponges have three tissue layers

_____ discovered that a variety of amino acids and organic acids could be produced in the laboratory in a reducing atmosphere with electrical sparks

Stanley Miller

Which organs are located in the ventral cavity of the body?

Stomach, liver, heart and bladder

DNA sequencing suggests that among the green algae, the _____ are most closely related to land plants.

Stoneworts

Which feature is found in the bony fish but not in the cartilaginous fish?

Swim bladder

A person working in a rice paddy in Asia becomes infected with the liver fluke by

Swimming and wading in infected water, where the cecariae enter the skin

Influenza strains that sweep around the world often carry names such as H5N1 or H2N2. If they are both flu viruses, why do they differ in their H and N numbers?

The H and N numbers indicate the type of glycoprotein spikes found in the viral envelope

Which of the following lists of mass extinctions and eras is correct?

The Precambrian experienced 0, Paleozoic experienced 3, Mesozoic experienced 2, and the Cretaceous experienced 0 mass extinctions

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidarians

The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?

The adult form is the diploid in an alternation of generation life cycle

Which statement is the most likely description of the common ancestor that exists between fungi and animals?

The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment. It was most likely a unicellular protist

Which statement is NOT true about nervous tissue?

The dendrites carry electrical impulses away from the cell body of the neuron

Which one or more of the following is true about root endodermis?

The endodermis forms a boundary between the cortex and inner vascular cylinder of the root and contains impermeable lignin and suberin.

In differentiating fungi from plants and animals, which of the following statements is NOT true?

The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen

Which feature would have given the jawed fish an evolutionary advantage over the jawless fish when it came time to hunt for food?

The evolution of jaws from the gill slits that would enable them to bite more efficiently

Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms?

The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about the life cycle of flowering plants?

The female gametophyte is the seed

During the course of fish evolution, two of the gill arches evolved into ________

The jaw

What is the main reason that mammals underwent adaptive radiation after the demise of the dinosaurs?

The mammals had little competition so it was easier for them to evolve into the niches that were once occupied by the dinosaurs.

Which statement is NOT true about cartilage?

The matrix of cartilage includes calcium salts

What is most likely to occur when an individual is exposed to UV radiation?

The melanocytes will produce melanin, the melanin is distributed into epidermal cells, a steroid is converted into vitamin D and stem cells can mutate leading to cancer.

Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the cyanobacteria was removed from a lichen

The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells

Which piece of evidence best supports the endosymbiotic theory of organelle evolution?

The outer membrane of a mitochondrion and chloroplast resembles a eukaryotic cell while the inner membrane resembles that of a bacterial cell

Which of the following statements is NOT correct about the arrangement of tissues in the eudicot root?

The star-shaped phloem is located in the center of the vascular cylinder, with xylem arranged between the arms of phloem.

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structural components of fungi?

The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae. Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.

Which of the following examples is best explained by the process of convergent evolution?

The wings of birds and butterflies being used for flight

Which group of Archaea are chemoautotrophic anaerobes that use hydrogen as an electron donor and sulfur compounds as terminal electron acceptors?

Thermoacidophiles

Which of the following structures is a stem adaptation instead of a root adaptation? A. stolons B. rhizomes C. tubers D. corms E. These are all are stem adaptations

These are all are stem adaptations

What is the function of the buds formed by hydra?

They are a form of asexual reproduction

Which of the following does NOT describe phylum Ascomycota?

They are limited to only asexual reproduction

Which of the following characteristics about saprotrophs is NOT true?

They are viruses that infect plant and fungal cells

Identify which of the following feature(s) are found in the cnidarians but not in the comb jellies

They contain a capsule called a nematocyst

Which statement is true about prokaryotes?

They do not divide by mitosis

Which statement is NOT true about retroviruses?

They incorporate themselves into the host cell genome, but replicate independently of the host DNA

Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments. Mating could be described as "parallel parking" in opposite directions, and cross-fertilizing. Given this information, which of the following is (are) true?

This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter

A flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted is

Trichomonas

Both the neural and endocrine systems play a role in coordinating body activities True or False

True

Homeostasis is ultimately controlled by the nervous system True or False

True

Which of the following reptilian features enabled them to adapt to a terrestrial environment?

Two pairs of paired limbs, a septum that divides the ventricle, and well developed kidneys

Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians?

Two-chambered heart

Which of the following lists best describes the features used to classify an organism as a member of domain Bacteria?

Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane-bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns

Which of the following lists of features exemplifies the domain Archaea?

Unicellular, varying branched lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope, and contain some introns

Which of the following groups are considered chordates but are lacking the vertebral column trait?

Urochordata & cephalochordates

Most salamanders practice internal fertilization

Using spermatophores

Which of the following statements best describes a herbaceous eudicot stem?

Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring which stores water and the products of photosynthesis

Which of the following alga is mismatched with its description?

Volvox—filamentous

What is the correct order of reproduction in members of phylum Basidiomycota? a. Cytoplasmic fusion results in a dikaryotic mycelium. b. The mycelium produces basidiocarps. c. Nuclear fusion produces a diploid nucleus. d. Meiosis produces basidiospores. e. Spores germinate into haploid hyphae. f. Basidia develop on the gills of the mushroom. g. Basidiospores are released.

a - b - f - c - d - g - e

What is the correct order of reproduction in members of phylum Zygomycota? a. Hyphae of opposite mating strains touch each other. b. Gametangia merge, nuclei pair and fuse. c. Spores are released from the sporangium. d. Gametangia form at the end of the hyphae. e. A thick wall develops around the zygospore

a - d - b - e - c

An axillary bud may produce

a lateral branch or a flower

Some, but not all, virus capsids are surrounded by

a membranous envelope

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as

a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association

Female Anolis distinguish males of their species by the color of their dewlap, a colorful flap of skin in the neck region. This is an example of

a prezygotic isolating mechanism

A notochord is

a stiff dorsal supporting rod that is replaced by the vertebral column during development

The formation of simple organic monomers, such as sugars, amino acids, and nucleotide bases, from inorganic molecules is

abiotic synthesis

Several species of Caribbean Anoline lizards have evolved from a single ancestral species. The species occupies a wide variety of ecological niches, such as tree trunks and the ground, or tree trunks only, or tree trunks and the crown of trees, etc. This type of allopatric speciation is called

adaptive radiation

All of the following statements are true about seed germination EXCEPT

all seeds require a period of dormancy before germinating

Members of the ancestral salamander species live in northern California. As they migrate southward, populations are separated by the Central Valley. With limited contact between populations on the east and west of the valley, genetic differences accumulate. What type of speciation occurs under these conditions?

allopatric speciation

What type of speciation requires a geographic barrier?

allopatric speciation

All of the following statements concerning the evolutionary species concept are true EXCEPT

an evolutionary "family tree" is used to identify species based on a common ancestor

In your analysis of a newly discovered bacterial species, you find the bacteria reduce carbon dioxide to organic compounds but do not produce oxygen. The nutritional mode of this new bacterial species is most likely

anoxygenic photoautotroph

A fifteen-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post, to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of five feet. Years later, the tree is thirty feet high. The fence is

approximately five feet up since a tree grows longer at the tips of its stem, branches, and roots

Prokaryotes that require high salt concentrations would be classified as

archaeans

Bee-pollinated flowers

are predominately blue or yellow.

A sexual spore produced by a sac fungus is called a(n)

ascospore

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a(n)

basidiospore

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and placed on paper, a spoke-like print eventually appears on the paper under the cap. This powdery material would be

basidiospores

If you were using cladistics to construct a phylogenetic tree of birds, what is the best outgroup?

bats

Male fireflies are recognized by females of their species by their flash pattern, while male crickets are recognized by females of their species by their chirping. These are examples of

behavioral isolation

Which of the following fruits is a compound fleshy fruit?

blackberry

Which is NOT a structure seen in compact bone?

bony bars and plates with irregular spaces between them

Dinosaurs were the dominant group during the Mesozoic Era and many scientists believe that they were

both endothermic and ectothermic. Some scientists believe that certain dinosaurs were endothermic while others believe that certain dinosaurs were ectothermic

Which organ system does NOT play a role in acquiring materials and energy?

cardiovascular

Placental mammals that are predacious meat eaters with large and conical-shaped canines are

carnivores

All of the following are taproots that are consumed as vegetables EXCEPT

celery

You are analyzing some material gathered from a bacterial cell. You find it tests positive for both polysaccharides and amino acids. What part of the bacterial cell did this sample come from?

cell wall

Molecular data suggests that land plants evolved from

charophytes

Which of these is the best description of a virus? A. a noncellular living organism B. the smallest bacteria known C. a member of the kingdom Virusae D. an invasive cell E. chemical complexes of RNA or DNA

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

The amino acid sequences in cytochrome c were determined for chickens, ducks, and humans. Scientists found a difference of 3 amino acids between chickens and ducks, and 13 differences between chickens and humans. Based on this information, one can conclude that

chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans

The amphibians' common receptacle for the urinary, genital, and digestive canals is the

cloaca

In a 1977 article in Science, a botanist reported the strange case of the Tambalacoque tree (Calvaria major) from the Mauritius Islands in the Indian Ocean. All of the trees appeared to be hundreds of years old, so their seedlings date back prior to the extinction of the dodo bird. The seeds of Calvaria are very hard and needed to pass through the digestive tract of the dodo bird before they would germinate. When there were no more dodo birds, no more young Calvaria trees germinated. The relationship between the dodo bird and the Tambalacoque tree is an example of

coevolution

When a monocot such as corn germinates, the immature leaves are covered by a _____ while the radicle is covered by the _____.

coleoptile; coleorhiza

What type of fiber accounts for the strength of various connective tissues?

collagen

All of the following are specialized epidermal cells except

collenchyma

Which of the following structures are NOT involved in sexual reproduction?

conidia

An asexual spore produced by a sac fungus or club fungus is called a(n)

conidiospore

What type of tissue is bone and cartilage?

connective tissue

Dikaryotic cells of fungi

contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time

The term "reducing atmosphere" for the early Earth means that the atmosphere

contained little or no free oxygen

All of the following statements concerning the theory of continental drift are true EXCEPT

continental drift has ceased

The name monocot and eudicot are derived from the differences in the number of

cotyledons

All of the following are means of genetic recombination in prokaryotes EXCEPT

crossing over

Which of the following fungi/phylum associations is incorrect?

cup fungus / Glomeromycota

A typical leaf is composed of multiple layers of specialized cells. What is the correct order of layers starting on the upper surface of the leaf and progressing to the lower surface?

cuticle - epidermis - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll- epidermis - cuticle

Which protistan structure is NOT correctly matched with its function?

cyst—a reproductive structure

Which type of trait is more valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms?

derived

The difference between septate hyphae and aseptate hyphae is

determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls

The morphological species concept involves the identification of certain structural traits, called _____, to distinguish one species from another.

diagnostic traits

Poisonous or physiologically active chemicals found in various fungi include all of the following EXCEPT

digitoxin

"Red tides" are produced by massive blooms of

dinoflagellates

Angiosperms are referred to as _____ when the male and female reproductive parts are on different individuals of the same species.

dioecious

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Excavata?

diplomonads, euglenids, and parabasalids

What is the correct order of the Linnaean system of classification, starting with the most general category?

domain, kingdom, phylum, class

Many plants are totipotent, which means

each cell of the plant has the genetic capability of developing into an entire plant

Periodically shedding their outer covering is a feature unique to the

ecdysozoans

The innermost portion of a virus's structure is made up of

either DNA or RNA

It is likely that the protocell was

either heterotrophic or chemoautotrophic.

When conditions are unfavorable, some bacteria form

endospores

White blood cells fight infection by

engulfing infectious pathogens and making antibodies

Which of the following tissues forms the outer protective covering of the plant?

epidermal tissue

The meristems that arise from the apical meristem include all of the following EXCEPT

epidermis

Exocrine glands that secrete products onto the surface of the skin through ducts are classified as _____ tissue

epithelial

The parasitic sac fungus that grows on rye and other grains and contains the hallucinogenic chemical lysergic acid is

ergot

The _____ was proposed to help explain speciation that appears in the fossil record

evolutionary species concept

All of the following are characteristics of vertebrates EXCEPT

exoskeletons

Adaptive radiation occurs when organisms

exploit a variety of new environments

Some genes can bring about radical changes in body shape and organs. The Pax6 gene is one such gene and is involved in

eye formation in all animals

Of those listed, which level of classification is the most specific?

family

Short, bristlelike fibers extending from the surface of a prokaryote are known as

fimbriae

The most widely accepted formal classification of protists assigns them to

five different supergroups.

The deposits of chalky fossils that built the White Cliffs of Dover were formed by

foraminiferans

Sea stars are unique in their ability to regenerate body parts. If part of an arm and part of the central disk become detached from the "parent" sea star, it can grow into a new sea star. This process is called

fragmentation

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because

fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells.

In _____, proteins on the surface of the sperm are not able to bind to proteins on the surface of the egg

gametic isolation

In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, gametes are produced by the

gametophyte

The scientific name of the family dog is Canis familiaris. Canisrepresents the species'

genus name

Which of these vascular plants produce seeds?

gnetophytes

In which model of evolution are many transitional forms predicted?

gradualistic

The cortex found in the center of a dicot stem or a monocot root is made of what type of tissue?

ground tissue

Two species of the garter snake in the genus Thamnophis are found in the same geographic region. These species are not likely to meet and attempt to reproduce because one lives mainly in the water, while the other species spends most of its time on land. This is known as

habitat isolation

The time that it takes for half of a radioactive isotope to change into another stable element is its

half-life

Fossils from the Paleozoic are plentiful because

hard body parts evolved in plants and animals

Skeletal muscle

has bands of actin and myosin filaments perpendicular to the length of the cell that produce contractions

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein on the surface of the host cell

The major body parts of an insect include:

head, thorax, and abdomen

Which of the following statements concerning homeostasis in body temperature is NOT true? The body reacts to

heat by constricting the blood vessels in the skin

Which of the following traits are found in both fungi and animals?

heterotrophic & consume preformed organic matter

A study of echinoderm embryos, such as sea stars, confirms a similar developmental pattern to that of vertebrates. In both, the blastopore becomes the anus. This would be considered

homology

Gymnosperms are characterized by producing "naked seeds." Which of the following groups is NOT classified as a gymnosperm?

horsetails

A cross between a male horse and a female donkey produces a mule. Mules are an example of

hybrid infertility

Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) and roof rats (Rattus rattus) are different species. Occasionally, mating occurs if the two species are kept together in captivity. The resulting pregnancies are not successful and the embryos die. This is an example of

hybrid inviability

Reproductive isolation is more likely to occur when

hybrids are less fit than members of the parent species

One of the long, branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n)

hypha

Fossils used to define and identify geologic periods are _____ fossils

index

Amoebic dysentery is transmitted by (through)

ingesting contaminated water or food

Generally the respiratory system in birds

is a one-way circulation of air so constant oxygen absorption can meet the high oxygen demand.

Protist reproduction

is most commonly asexual by mitosis.

If a virus is latent, it

is not actively replicating

All of the following are true regarding systematics EXCEPT that it

is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms

The vertebrates without jaws include

lampreys

Crustose, fruticose, and foliose are varieties of

lichens

The presence of _____ indicates that the air is healthy for humans to breathe.

lichens

A moth-pollinated flower is likely to have

lightly colored flowers, no landing area, and strong sweet perfume

Amphibians evolved from

lobe-finned fishes with lungs

Study the life cycle diagram. Label B is the _____ life cycle.

lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA is called the _____

lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle

lytic

tudy the life cycle diagram. Label A is the _____ life cycle.

lytic

The history of life on Earth can be studied by looking at

macroevolution

Evolutionary change above the species level is referred to as _____, whereas evolutionary change below the species level is known as _____.

macroevolution; microevolution

Homeostasis is the

maintenance of normal internal conditions by means of self-regulating mechanisms

Which disease is incorrectly matched with the causative agent?

malaria—an amoebozoan

The microspore develops into a

male gametophyte

You recently discovered a new photosynthetic bacterial cell. Based on your knowledge of prokaryotes, what else should be present in the cell?

many infolds of the plasma membrane

The Greek terms for "small" and "ball" are the root words for

microsphere

Which organelles serve as the energy centers for most protists?

mitochondria and plastids

Which definition would best describe the mode of nutrition of Euglena?

mixotrophic

In Plasmodium, sexual reproduction occurs in the _____, while asexual reproduction occurs in _____.

mosquito; humans

The mesophyll layer of leaves is important to plants because

most of the photosynthesis occurs here

Which is NOT a feature found in protozoans?

multicellular

To prepare a microscope slide of mitosis, where would one most likely find examples of cell division in a plant?

near the root tip

Based upon the current evolutionary tree, which of the following groups would have the closest evolutionary relatedness to the fungi?

nucleariids

Which event and date is mismatched?

origin of life—4.8 billion years ago

Ovules are contained within the

ovary

A megasporocyte is found in the

ovule

Which of the following molecules are believed to have been absent from the primitive reducing atmosphere?

oxygen (O2)

Which of these is a bivalve

oyster

The scientific study of fossils and what they reveal about prehistoric life in relation to ancient climates and environments is

paleontology

Which of these plant tissue types most closely corresponds to the "typical" unspecialized plant cell?

parenchyma

The number of growing seasons that a plant survives is determined by two flower-inducing genes, LEAFY and Apetala 1. If scientists were to block these genes resulting in an annual plant to survive multiple growing seasons, how would this plant now be described?

perennial

In older woody plants, the epidermis of the stem is replaced by

periderm

Which of the flowering plant structures is used to attract a specific type of pollinator?

petals

The four defining characteristics of chordates are

pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.

During the spring and fall each year thousands of maple trees are tapped for their fluids in order to make "real" maple syrup. If you were to tap into a maple tree to extract the syrup (sucrose) which tissue layer do you want to tap into?

phloem

Vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients and sugars from the leaves to the roots is

phloem

Which of the following is NOT a simple fruit?

pineapple

The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the

placenta

The opisthokonts include all of the following organisms EXCEPT

plants

Which of the following organisms belong to the supergroup Amoebozoa?

plasmodial and cellular slime molds

Pasteur chose the Latin root word for "virus" meaning

poison

Which of the following is a male reproductive structure found in plants?

pollen cone

The transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of a carpel is

pollination

Sympatric speciation in plants, as a result of _____, is well documented

polyploidy

Isolating mechanisms that prevent reproductive attempts or make it unlikely that reproductive attempts will be successful are referred to as

prezygotic reproductive isolating mechanisms.

The segments of a tapeworm that contain female and male sex organs are called

proglottids

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes all of the following EXCEPT

prokaryotes evolved when an aerobic bacterium engulfed a cyanobacterium

The function of fruit is to

protect and help disperse seeds

Which of the following is a trait that evolved in ALL land plants?

protection of the embryo

Which hypothesis states that the synthesis of DNA or RNA from the small molecules in the ocean would have come after the evolution of the plasma membrane and enzymes?

protein-first hypothesis

Which one or more of the following meristem and tissue matches are mismatched?

protoderm - vascular tissue and procambrium - epidermal tissue

In _____, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore

protostome

The function of endosperm is to

provide nutrients to the embryo.

Scientists developed the _____ model after their studies of the fossil record revealed that some species appear quite suddenly and then remain essentially unchanged phenotypically for a long period of time.

punctuated equilibrium

In deuterostomes,

radial cleavage occurs, and the date of the cells is indeterminate

The members of the supergroup Archaeplastida that have cell walls impregnated with calcium carbonate and help build coral reefs are the

red algae

Reinforcement would eventually

reduce the formation of hybrids

The process in which natural selection favors the continual development of prezygotic isolating mechanisms is called

reinforcement

The biological species concept relies mainly on _____ to define a species

reproductive isolation

Which enzyme enables a retrovirus to convert its RNA genome into DNA?

reverse transcriptase

Name one of the smallest, if not the smallest, animals that are sometimes referred to as "wheel animalcules."

rotifers

The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn, wheat, oats, and rye are the

rusts and smuts

Which is NOT a correct association of a fungus and product?

rusts and smuts—truffles

Species of _____ are known to decompose jet fuel and wall paint

sac fungi

Which of the following traits is NOT found in both fungi and animals?

saprotrophic

In the pine life cycle

seed cones are located near the tips of higher branches and pollen cones develop near the tips of lower branches.

A(n) _____ is one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group

shared ancestral character

Hair is a character shared by all mammals, but not found in their ancestral lineage. Hair is therefore considered to be a(n)

shared derived character (trait)

In cladistics, _____ is(are) the primary criterion used to classify organisms

shared, derived traits

Which of these vascular tissue cells is alive but lacks a nucleus?

sieve-tube members

Which of the following forms of energy was NOT involved in the production of large organic molecules in the primitive reducing atmosphere?

sound

Order these major taxonomic categories into an increasingly inclusive hierarchy

species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain

The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is

sponges

Which of the following are NOT members of cnidaria?

sponges

An insect destroying the _____ layer of tissues in a leaf would lead to a decrease in the ability of gas exchange within the leaf.

spongy mesophyll

Which of the following spores is the result of asexual reproduction?

sporangiospores

In gymnosperms and angiosperms, seeds disperse the _____ stage of the life cycle and in mosses and ferns, spores disperse the _____ stage of the life cycle.

sporophyte; gametophyte

Which of the following protists is incorrectly matched with its form of locomotion?

sporozoan—pellicle

Which type of tissues would be damaged if someone was in a car accident and they had their kidney ruptured due to the force of the impact?

squamous epithelium, cuboidal epithelium, smooth muscle and neural tissues

A characteristic of land plants is the presence of small openings, found mostly on the underside of leaves, that allow gas exchange between the plant and its environment. These structures are called

stomata

The epidermis consists of

stratified squamous epithelium cells

Which of the following features would be found in the epidermis layer of the skin?

stratified squamous epithelium, cells produce keratin, contain melanocytes, offers a layer of protection against bacteria

Fungal diseases include all of the following EXCEPT

strep throat (pharyngitis)

Seeds contain all of the following EXCEPT

sufficient water for germination

Africa, Asia, South America, and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil) plants and early reptiles, but do not have similar mammal populations. These findings

suggest that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined, but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.

Monocots protect their first true leaves by _____, whereas eudicots protect their first leaves by _____.

surrounding them with a sheath called a coleoptile; bending the shoot as it grows through the soil.

The Greek root words meaning "together" and "fatherland" are the basis for the term

sympatric

Farmers have been able to genetically engineer a wide variety of crops that possess an enormous diversity of traits. If a farmer wanted to increase the ability of his crops to access ground water that is several meters below ground which type of root system would he want?

taproot

What type of scientist classifies organisms into groups?

taxonomist

The ranges of the red-legged frog and the yellow-legged frog overlap in California. The red-legged frog (Rana aurora, left) breeding season lasts from January to March. The closely related yellow-legged frog (Rana boylii, right) breeds from late March through May. What type of reproductive isolating mechanism is mainly responsible for keeping these two species separate?

temporal isolation

The Carboniferous Period is extremely significant to our current society because

the Carboniferous forests turned into the coal that fuels modern society

Sponges feed differently than comb jellies because a sponge feeds by

the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current; the current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells

Which of the following stages occurs immediately after the development of the zygote?

the development of the proembryo

The level of carbon dioxide in the blood is monitored by nerve tissue. If you exercise strenuously, the increase in cellular respiration consumes oxygen from the blood and produces surplus carbon dioxide removed in the blood. Since this physical exertion requires faster breathing to replenish oxygen supplies and carry away carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide sensors result in signals from the brain to increase breathing rate. After you have rested, and carbon dioxide levels are back to normal, your breathing rate decreases too. This is an example of

the dynamic interplay between events that tend to change the internal environment and events that tend to keep it the same.

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of plants to a terrestrial environment?

the evolution of photosynthesis in order to supply the energy necessary to live on land

Which feature has to be present in a protist in order to classify it as a photoautotroph?

the presence of a light-trapping pigment

A characteristic only shared by angiosperms and gymnosperms is

the production of seeds

As the embryo matures,

the suspensor transfers nutrients from the endosperm to the embryo.

Which of the following best represents analogous structures?

the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly

Viruses are categorized according to all of the following EXCEPT

their method of reproduction, whether asexual or sexual

The mammal-like reptiles that gave rise to mammals were the

therapsids

As plants invaded the land, all of the following were true EXCEPT

there was an increased threat from predation by animals.

A recent book by a reputable biologist suggests there is a deep, hot, acidic biosphere under the Earth's crust that may have more biomass than all life at the Earth's surface. What type of organisms would most likely be found in this deep biosphere?

thermoacidophilic archaea

Which of the following is a mismatch?

thermophiles - live in extremely cold temperatures

The position of mammals in evolution is best described as

they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Jurassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land

All of the following are true of methanogens EXCEPT

they require hot, acidic environments for methanogenesis

Angiosperms have two separate gametophytes because

this is normal for all sexually reproducing plants, where sperm are produced by microgametophytes and eggs by megagametophytes.

Bacteriophages carry portions of bacterial DNA from one cell to another in a process called

transduction

The place where two plates meet and scrape past one another, creating stress that results in earthquakes, is a(n)

transform boundary

Bacterial cells pick up free pieces of DNA that were secreted by live bacteria or released from dead bacteria in their environment. This process is called

transformation

Which of the following is NOT part of an alternation of generations life cycle?

triploid gametes

Biological evolution differs from chemical evolution in that it would have been possible only after the development of

true cells

Mycorrhizal sac fungi that live in association with oak and beech tree roots are

truffles

Based on molecular data and skull features, what reptile(s) has an independent lineage from all other reptiles?

turtles

Characteristics of eudicots include all EXCEPT

vascular bundles arranged irregularly in the stem

Which of the following tissues transports water and nutrients within the plant?

vascular tissue

The ________ body cavity will contain the heart, lungs and spleen

ventral

Identify the correct sequence of events that occur during the reproduction of HIV

virus attaches to a host cell - the virus enters the cell - reverse transcriptase occurs - viral DNA is incorporated into the host DNA - viral / host DNA is turned into a viral mRNA code - the viral RNA forms into a mature virus - mature viruses leave the host cell

Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of plants to life on land?

waxy cuticle on roots to prevent drying out

An insect population lives along the edge of a north-south mountain range. The populations from the east and west slope eventually join in a low northern pass and interbreed, producing fertile offspring, but they do not circle around the southern edge because of a desert barrier. When glaciers move southward, the populations are pushed south of the northern pass and are isolated. While isolated, the two populations develop enough differences over time that when the glaciers retreat north and the insects again share the same pass, they no longer mate at the same time, nor can they produce fertile offspring. These insects

were originally one species but are now two species

Which of these plant tissue types is composed of hollow nonliving tracheids and vessel elements that transport water and nutrient minerals from the roots to the leaves?

xylem

A _____ is the first cell that results when an egg is fertilized by a sperm

zygote