Biology 214 Final
Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?
Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.
Which secondary brain vesicle (pouch) forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
Which of the following thalamic nuclei is mismatched with its function?
Dorsal tier of nuclei - taste impulses
Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?
Dura mater
One of the reasons you might struggle to lift a heavy object with your arm fully extend it is because And extension the proximity of Z disks to thick filaments restricts the sliding movement within sarcomeres Full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in your muscle In that posture some myosin heads overlap actin in the wrong orientation and tug actin in the wrong direction Motor neurons cannot release as much acetylcholine in that posture
Full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle
Triglycerides are composed of Monosaccharides Amino acids Nucleotides Glycerol and fatty acids
Glycerol and fatty acids
A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potential from one neuron to another is called a blank Motor neuron sensory neuron afferent neuron interneuron
Interneuron
During the absolute refractory period, the cell Generates many local potentials Is insensitive to further stimulation Responds to even weak stimuli Reverses the direction of the action potential
Is insensitive to further stimulation
Which contraction occurs when you try unsuccessfully to move a wall isometric isotonic Isoeccentric Isoconcentric
Isometric
Why is water involved in most metabolic reactions in the human body? It can dissolve many chemical compounds. It can absorb and release heat without changing temperature very much It has a high surface tension It's bonds are nonpolar
It can dissolve many chemical compounds
Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?
It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.
During cellular respiration, when glucose is fully broken down to carbon dioxide and water, the other reactant with glucose in the chemical reaction is _____. Hydrogen Oxygen ATP ADP
Oxygen
to maintain a resting membrane potential, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell passively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell actively transports 3 potassium ion out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell passively transports 3 K ions out of the cell and 2 Na ions into the cell
actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called ________.
adaptation
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both are involuntary are striated are widely distributed in the body have multiple nuclei
are involuntary
Skeletal muscle fibers are striated can contract but are not extensible or excitable do not require nerve innervation to contract increase dramatically in number after birth
are striated
which type of tissue attaches to the underlying muscles and supports the framework for body organs? adipose tissue areolar tissue reticular tissue epidermal tissue
areolar tissue
In sum, there are ____ pairs of spinal nerves.
31
A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called complete tetanus incomplete tetanus involuntary paralysis all or none tetanus
Complete tetanus
Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle Body movement Maintenance of posture Respiration Constriction of organ
Constriction of organs
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
Control the heart rate
Rigor mortis occurs after death because Cross bridges form but can't release Calcium 2+ is actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Anaerobic respiration is occurring Myosin levels decline after death
Cross bridges form but can't release
The endoneurium
surrounds individual axons.
The cerebrum develops from the embryonic region called the ________.
telencephalon
The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us
tell if an object is rough or smooth.
Free nerve endings primarily respond to
temperature change and pain.
The lateral fissure separates the ________ from the rest of the cerebrum.
temporal lobe
If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur? the direction of the action potential is reversed temporal summation occurs spatial summation occurs hyperpolarization occurs
temporal summation
Which of the following descriptions best represents the appearance of the sarcomere during peak contraction the h zone dissapears, and i bands are very thin the width of the a band is slightly less than the width of the i band the h zone is equivalent to one-third of the length of the a band the i bands and the a bands are of equal width
the H zone disappears, and the I bands are very thin
epithelial tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells absence of any basement membrane extensive extracellular matrix a rich blood supply
tightly packed cells
Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as ________ receptors.
tonic
which of the following sequences is correct? translation-protein synthesis- transcription transcription-translation-protein synthesis transcription-protein synthesis- translation
transcription-translation-protein synthesis
Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause
tremor
Two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the ________
vestibulospinal and rubrospinal
Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate. vitamin D vitamin B12 vitamin c vitamin a
vitamin d
When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called open gated voltage gated chemical gated ligand gated
voltage gated
the repolarization of the action potential involved the opening of chemically gated Na+ channels voltage-gated Na+ channels chemically gated K+ channels voltage-gated K+ channels
voltage gated K+ channels
during the muscle action potential, _____ are open. Na+ diffuses down its concentration gradient voltage gated Na+ channels voltage gated K+ channels v g Cl- channels v g Ca2+ channels
voltage gated Na+ channels
Which joint is multiaxial? pivot ball and socket condylar plane
ball and socket
what is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose disease? autopsy biopsy histology postmortem exam
biopsy
collagen and hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of bone matrix hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage ligaments
bone matrix
ligaments attach muscle to muscle bone to bone muscle to bone nerve to bone
bone to bone
The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the
cerebellar peduncles.
Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis. granulosum baslae lucidum corneum
corneum
The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the
corpus callosum
A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased ________.
declarative memory
Endorphins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of endorphins will increase awareness of pain decrease awareness of pain increase amount of pain decrease amount of pain
decrease awareness of pain
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.
The type of movement between carpal bones is described as pivot adduction gliding flexion
gliding
A patient exhibits an abnormal gag reflex in that the uvula is pulled to the left. This is a possible indication that one of the ________ nerves is damaged.
glossopharyngeal
When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within: hyaline cartilage compact bone mesenchyme elastic cartilage
mesenchyme
the embryonic germ layer that is the source of connective tissue and muscle is... mesoderm endoderm ectoderm exoderm
mesoderm
which of the following cell structures is correctly matched with its function? nucleolus- contains the genetic material of the cell microtubules- cell support mitochondria- protein synthesis smooth er- ATP production
microtubules- cell support
The nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV are located in the
midbrain
The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex.
monosynaptic
A lesion in the cerebral peduncles might affect ________.
movement
the discipline that studies the functions of the nervous system, including the way that impulses are conducted is known as neurophysiology cardiovascular physiology pathophysiology immunology
neurophysiology
in hepatocellular carcinoma, usually more than 50% of the cells show prominent, multiple _________. this is because they need many ribosomes for protein synthesis golgi apparatuses nucleoli smooth and endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes
nucleoli
Which lobe plays a major role in reception and integration of visual input?
occipital
Which is a passive transport process? A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis D. Osmosis
osmosis
which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue osteochondral progenitor cell osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast
osteoblast
which type of cells produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix? osteocytes osteoclasts osteoblasts osteoprogenitor cells
osteoblasts
When blood calcium levels are low osteoclast activity increases calcitonin secretion increases calcium absorption is reduced bones produce more bone tissue
osteoclast activity increases
Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix. osteoprogenitor cells osteoid cells osteocytes osteoclasts
osteoclasts
which bone forms by intramembranous ossification? parietal radius axis hamate
parietal
A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the
patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.
which of the following is most inferior in location ? pelvic cavity mediastinum diaphragm pleural cavity
pelvic cavity
the connective tissue sheath of most cartilage is called the matrix perichondrium ligamentous cord lacuna
perichondrium
pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found lining portions of the respiratory system the larger blood vessels the oviduct ducts of sweat glands
portions of the respiratory system
When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of negative feedback positive feedback dynamic equilibrium integration control
positive feedback
cells that respond to ligands posses receptor sites for specific ligands generally produce the ligands has lysosomes that destroy the ligands
posses receptor sites for specific ligands
The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in the
postcentral gyrus
With the subject in the anatomic position, one can best see the dorsum of the hand from a(n) ______ view. lateral superior inferior posterior
posterior
Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction. t tubules, sarcolemma, Ca, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca, t tubules, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcolemma, t tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca Sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca, t tubules, sarcolemma
sarcolemma, t tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca
The corpus striatum does NOT include the
red nucleus.
jennifer has experienced p! in her left shoulder that is likely due to ligament damage. Which of the following symptoms will most likely accompany the pain? reduction of range of motion increased range of motion damage to the anterior cruciate ligament tear in the lateral ligament
reduction of range of motion
When medical students study all of the structures in a particular area of the body as a unit (for example, all the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the leg), that approach is called surface anatomy comparative anatomy popliteal physiology regional anatomy
regional anatomy
Damage to pontine nuclei might affect ________.
respiration
a pivot joint is a modified ball and socket restricts movement to rotation is a biaxial joint allows gliding movement
restricts movement to rotation
The primary vesicle (pouch) from which the metencephalon arises is the
rhombencephalon.
The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the sunacromial bursae rotator cuff glenoid labrums coracohumeral ligaments
rotator cuff
The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the color of the skin amount of pain rule of nines cause of the burn
rule of nines
Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called abduction pronation eversion supination
supination
Which lobe plays a major role in voluntary motor function?
Frontal
Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell? .5% NaCl .9% NaCla 1% NaCl 1.2% NaCl
.5%NaCl
The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the I band A band Z disk H zone
A band
A motor unit consists of Multiple motor neurons and multiple muscle fibers A single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls Multiple motor neurons and the one muscle fiber they control One synaptic terminal button a cleft and an acetylcholine receptor
A single motor neuron in the multiple muscle fibers it controls
Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a substance that blocks creatine kinase activity ATP production from creatine phosphate would decrease ATP production from creatine phosphate would increase ADP production from creatine phosphate would decrease ADP production from creatine phosphate would increase
ATP production from creatine phosphate would decrease
Which of the following cranial nerves innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?
Accessory
Saturation occurs when There is so much enzyme present that the reaction rate decreases if more is added All enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate Enzymes become fatigued and can no longer catalyze changes in the substrate Intermolecular interactions are disrupted in the enzyme decreasing its efficiency and decreasing reaction rate
All enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate
The brainstem receives sensory input from which cranial nerves?
All of the above
The nervous system Monitors internal and external stimuli Transmits information in the form of action potential's Interprets or assesses information All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that Once one action potential is created it moves down the axon The whole axon depolarizes at the same time One action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site An action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next
An action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next
Which of these structures in the spinal cord partially separate it into right and left halves?
Anterior median fissure
Dendrites Are the input part of the neuron Conduct action potentials away from the cell body Are generally long and unbranched Form synapses with microglia
Are the input part of the neuron
The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing her to stand on end is the External route sheath Internal route sheath Epithelial root sheath Arrector pili muscle
Arrector pili muscle
Which of the following events is not a characteristic of an action potential The plasma membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium and depolarization results As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative At the peak of depolarization, sodium channels begin to close and potassium channels open In repolarization, potassium flow out of the cell
As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative
Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?
Balance impairment
From deep to superficial the order of the Strada in the epidermis is Basale- spinosum- granulosum- lucidum- corneum Spinosum- granulosum- basale- lucidum- corneum Corneum- lucidum- granulosum- spinosum- basale
Basale- spinosum- granulosum- lucidum- corneum
What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?
Blood-brain barrier
Two solutions, a and B, have the same osmolality. What does that mean? Solution a has more solute particles than solution b Solution b has more solute particles in a solution a Both solutions have the same number of solute particles Solution a is water and sugar; solution b is water and salt
Both solutions have the same number of solute particles
Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?
Both the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
White matter is composed of Ganglial sheaths Bundles of myelinated axons Collections of nerve cell bodies Bundles containing both myelinated axon's and nerve cell bodies
Bundles of myelinated axons
Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?
CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.
which ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles? Cl Na K Ca
Ca
Which of the following is not one of the four most common elements in the body Oxygen nitrogen hydrogen Calcium
Calcium
To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction calcium enters the cell and binds to Troponin which then activates myosin light chain kinase Calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light-chain kinase A myosin head which then activates calmodulin Myosin light chain kinase which then hydrolyzes ATP
Calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light chain Kinase
Which of the following is a basal nucleus located in the cerebrum?
Caudate nucleus
What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?
Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal
The second most abundant of the lipids in the plasma membrane is Glycolipids Triglycerides Cholesterol Phospholipids
Cholesterol
The presence of an enzyme within a chemical system Increases activation energy Decreases activation energy Increases potential energy Does not affect either activation energy or potential energy
Decreases activation energy
The reticular layer of the dermis consist primarily of Adipose tissue Particular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Nervous tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells When sodium channels open, potassium channels close Sodium potassium pump moves sodium into the cell Depolarization causes voltage gated sodium channels to open Ligand gated sodium channels are opened by high extracellular calcium levels
Depolarization causes voltage gated sodium channels to open
A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve is a
Dermatome
Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called Non-electrolytes, because they do not conduct an electrical current. Molecules Electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current Nonelectrolytes and solutee
Electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current
Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue?
Epidural space
Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?
Facial
The three parts making up a nucleotide are A purine, a pyrimidine and a ribose sugar Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base An adenine, a guanine, and a cytosine A double helix a single strand and a chromosome
Five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Keratinocytes are The least abundant cell type in the epidermis Found throughout all epidermal strata Only dead cells Only living cells
Found throughout all epidermal strata
The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of blank whereas the transformation of blood stem cells and white blood cells is an example of blank. Development; differentiation Growth; development Growth; differentiation Differentiation; growth
Growth; differentiation
In the reversible reaction, CO2 plus H2O equals H2C03 equals H plus plus HCO3 minus, A decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What was due to the amount of H plus in the blood? H+ will increase H+ will decrease H plus will be unchanged H + will turn into hydrogen gas and cause bloating
H+ will increase
And increase in the size of a muscle fiber is called Hypertrophy Atrophy Hypotrophy Autotrophy
Hypertrophy
The urinary bladder is found in which abdominal pelvic region? Hypogastric Right lumbar Hypochondriac Left iliac
Hypogastric
The serous fluid that helps in cardiac function is located Inside the heart chambers Between the parietal pericardium and the sternum In the pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers Between the visceral pericardium and the cardiac muscle
In the pericardial cavity, between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers
What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis? Keratinized stratified squamous Nonkeratinized stratified squamous Keratinized cuboidal Nonkeratinized stratified cuboidal
Keratinized stratified squamous
The skins immune responsiveness will be diminished by a decrease in the number of epidermal blank cells Merkel Melanocyte Langerhans Meissner
Langerhans
Which of the following statements accurately describes lipids? Lipids are the building blocks of carbohydrates Lipid service buffers Lipids are an important component of plasma membranes Lipids tend to be water soluble
Lipids are important component of plasma membranes
The stratum blank is found only in thick skin, such as the skin covering the palms and soles. Corneum Basale Lucidum
Lucidum
Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Which is a non-membrane-bound organelle? Microtubule Lysosome Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Microtubule
Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a self absorption and secretion? Flagella Microvilli Cilia Cilia and flagella
Microvilli
Which of the following is not a characteristic function of a cell? Reproduction and inheritance Metabolism and energy use Movement Synthesis
Movement
Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle? Contraction of the heart Moving your feet in walking Movement of food through the digestive tract Emptying of the urinary bladder
Moving your feet in walking
Depolarization of the nerve plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx of K Cl Ca Na
Na
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Synthesis reaction - two reactants combine to form a larger product Decomposition reaction - large reactant broken into smaller products Oxidation - gain of electrons Dehydration reaction - water is produced out of the reaction
Oxidation - gain of electrons
Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called Cortices nerves ganglia nuclei
Nuclei
A plane that passes through both a body and an organ not at a right angle is called Frontal Coronal Oblique Sagittal
Oblique
The hypodermis is rich in adipose and thus its functions include Frequent regeneration, structural support, and defense against infection Maintenance of boundaries and sensation of stimuli Water regulation and vitamin synthesis Organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation
Organ rejection energy storage and thermal insulation
Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening due to their control of respiration?
Phrenic nerves
The blank is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell Peroxisome Ribosome Mitochondrion Plasma membrane
Plasma membrane
Hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing blank bonds; the hydrogen bonds between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially blank charged atom of another. Polar covalent; negatively Polar covalent; positively Nonpolar covalent; positively Nonpolar covalent; negatively
Polar covalent; negatively
Proteins are Polymers made up of amino acid monomers Monomers Monomers made of repeating subunits of polymers Neither monomers nor polymers
Polymers made up of amino acid monomers
The most crucial factor determining the resting potential of a neuron is the diffusion of Potassium out of the cell through leak channels Potassium into the cell through gated channels Sodium out of the cell through the channels Sodium into the cell through gated channels
Potassium out of the cell through leak channels
The sodium levels inside and outside of a resting cell is an example of the Kinetic energy of sodium rushing out of a cell down a concentration gradient Kinetic energy of the large difference in sodium concentration on the inside versus the outside of the cell Potential energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside of the cell Potential energy of an electron transport chain, because sodium has an extra electron to donate
Potential energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside of the cell
Plural cavity is the Same as the mediastinum The serous membrane lining the abdomen Space within which the heart sets Potential space between the two serous membrane surrounding a lung
Potential space between the two serous membrane surrounding a lung
Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false Glial cells serve as the major supporting tissue in the central nervous system Form part of the blood brain barrier Produce action potential's for skeletal muscles For myelin sheaths around some axons
Produce action potentials for skeletal muscles
The function of melanin in the skin is to Reduce water loss Prevent infections Help regulate body temperature Protect against UV light
Protect against UV light
Which structures form the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen and globus pallidus
Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?
Right hypoglossal
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways? Schwann cells form myelin, oligodendrocytes do not Oligodendrocytes are only found in the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are only found in the central nervous system Schwann cells form sheets around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheets around only one axon Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons
The latch state of myosin heads is a property of blank muscle. Cardiac skeletal smooth rough
Smooth
The central nervous system includes the blank Ganglia spinal cord spinal nerves cranial nerves
Spinal cord
Which of the following tract is mismatched with its description?
Spinoreticular tract light touch
Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?
Spinothalamic tract
An organ is A small structure within a cell A structure composed of several tissue types The basic structural unit of all living organisms A group of molecules with a common set of functions
Structure composed of several tissue types
When biological molecules engage in condensation, such reactions are blank reactions. Synthesis Hydrolysis Catabolic Amphipathic
Synthesis
Which lobe plays a major role in memory?
Temporal
Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying The force of contraction of individual muscle fibers the number of motor units recruited the amplitude of the action potential the frequency of stimulus
The number of motor units recruited
Lines of cleavage are a result of The alignment of dermal papillary The orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis The alignment of epidermal ridges Wounds to the epidermis such as hemangioma
The orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis
Chemical synapses are characterized by The release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal Connexons that connect the pre and postsynaptic cells No presence of receptors for neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic terminal The presence of gap junctions
The release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal
In some cells, an after potential occurs because Sodium ions continue to enter the cell after depolarization is finished There is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium ions during repolarization The sodium potassium pump is actively exchanging ions across the membrane The extracellular sodium ion concentration is reduced
There is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium ions during repolarization
Which of the following is a component of the dermis? Sweat glands Hair follicles Collagen fibers These are all components
These are all components
Which is not a function of the integument? Excretion Water loss prevention Temperature regulation These are all functions
These are all functions
Callie is an excellent marathon runner which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is false They primarily use aerobic respiration They have large deposits of myoglobin They are well adapted to anaerobic activity They have a well developed blood supply
They are well adapted to anaerobic activity
Which of the following statements concerning fast twitch muscle fibers is true they have higher Anaerobic capacity they have large deposits of myoglobin They are well adapted to aerobic metabolism they have a well developed blood supply
They have high anaerobic capacity
Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus?
Tibial
A graded potential is one that Is all or none Travels the length of the nerve fiber Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus Lasts for several seconds after ion channels have opened, closed, and rested
Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus
Why might someone become pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature? Vasodilation has occurred Vasoconstriction has occurred Purely psychological Dehydration of the stratum corneum
Vasoconstriction has occurred
What do the cavities of the neural tube become in the adult brain?
Ventricles
Dense bodies in smooth muscle are most similar to _______ in skeletal muscle Sarcomeres Z disks H zones T tubules
Z disks
Rickets is bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development.
a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones
which statement is accurate? DNA is made up entirely of genes; a chromosome is the unwoven form of chromatin a sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin human cells contain 46 genes; another name for a gene is a nucleosome each nucleotide in a gene is bound by hydrogen to the next nucleotide in the sequence; chromatin is a nitrogenous base
a sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin
the active site to which cross-bridges attach are found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum actin myofilaments z disks t tubules
actin myofilaments
granulation tissue is a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of which of the following? fibroblasts collagen capillaries all are found in granulation tissue
all are found in granulation tissue
Jane is a 54 year old woman who is active and rarely complains of joint issues. Which of the following lifestyle choices did she most likely make to protect against joint pain as she aged? yoga regular walks balanced diet all of the above
all of the above
in general, a skeletal muscle contains the following: connective tissue sheaths nerves arteries all of the above
all of the above
if the mesenchymal cells experience mutation during development, which of the following structures is most likely affected by the mutation bones cartilage tendons all of the choices are correct
all of the choices are correct
What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin? heat cold vibration all of these are correct
all of these are correct
Which of the following influence the range of motion of a joint? the shape of the articular surfaces of the bones the amount and shape of cartilage at the joint the amount of fluid in and around the joint all of these influence range of motion
all of these influence range of motion
the action potential of a muscle fiber occurs at the end plate along the sarcolemma and down the t tubules within the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the mitochondria
along the sarcolemma and down the t tubules
The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are ________ waves.
alpha
a stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. this is called an all or none response a graded response a latent period response a relative refractory period
an all or none response
When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+ the membrane will be hyperpolarized more Cl- will also diffuse into the cell an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result the membrane will become impermeable to K+
an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result
If carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger: an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise further above set point a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise to the set point a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline below set point
an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point
The anterior cruciate ligament prevents displacement of the tibia anterior posterior lateral medial
anterior
The ventral ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the
anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs.
Damage to Wernicke area would result in
aphasia.
The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the
arachnoid mater.
Which type of muscle is autorhythmic skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct
both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct
samantha has elevated blood calcium levels. Which substrate would you expect to find in high levels in response to this condition? growth hormone sex hormones parathyroid hormone calcitonin
calcitonin
In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes. osteonic canals blood vessels lamellae canaliculi
canaliculi
which type of cell has abundant mitochondria? white blood cell mucus cell liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide cardiac muscle cells (require a large amount of ATP)
cardiac muscle cells (require a large amount of ATP)
An examples of a saddle joint is the _________ joint shoulder elbow atlanto-occipital carpometacarpal
carpometacarpal
which of the following is correctly matched with its description cell identity molecules- are primarily steroids receptors proteins- move specific ions or molecules using ATP peripheral proteins- penetrate the lipid bilayer from one surface to the other carrier proteins- move bound ions or molecules from one side of the membrane to the other
carrier proteins- move bound ions or molecules from one side of the membrane to the other
the pubic symphysis is classified as a cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis fibrous joint and a synarthrosis synovial joint and a diarthrosis cartilaginous joint and a gomphosis
cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis
During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the chondrocytes osteocytes fibroclasts chondroblasts
chondroblasts
Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the
choroid plexus.
The region of the limbic system that is involved in the feeling of satisfaction with sex and feeding behaviors is the ________.
cingulate gyrus
A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction is called circumduction rotation hyperextension supination
circumduction
proximal means toward the middle or midline of the body away from the surface closer to the head closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk
closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk
Mechanoreceptors primarily respond to
compression of receptors.
What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon? canaliculi concentric lamellae circumferential lamellae perforating canals
concentric lamellae
Of the four main tissue types, which tissue is the main component of the synovial membrane? connective tissue epithelial tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue
connective tissue
The primary motor area
contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.
cartilage is composed of osteons is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum contains chondrocytes located in the lacunae is well vascularized
contains chondrocytes located in the lacunae
spongy bone tissue is very dense contains perforating lamellae contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae has many spaces and lacks osteocytes
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
when two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS a(n) _______ pathway is formed. convergent divergent reverberating somatic
convergent
Which movements allowed at the temporomandibular joint abduction and adduction depression and elevation flexion and extension medial and lateral rotation
depression and elevation
Bob fractures the shaft of his humerus. Therefore, the break is in the _________ of the bone. epiphysis epiphyseal line diaphysis growth plate
diaphysis
When the articulating surfaces of the bones are moved out of proper allignment, it is called adduction disarticulation dislocation fracture
dislocation
the 3 arches of the foot transfer weight from the tibia to the femur distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking form a hinge joint are highest on the lateral side of the foot
distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking
which type of neuronal pathway allows for a stimulus to be transmitted to the most number of cells divergent convergent reverberating
divergent
Look over the pictures for the cross- bridge cycle!!!!
done
Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the
ectoderm.
which of the following tissue change occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation edema no change in osmotic balance between blood and tissues removal of foreign material from the blood redness and heat at the injury site
edema
Gap junctions are functionally _____ synapses chemical electrical potential intracellular
electrical
which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? as blood pressure falls, blood flow to cardiac muscles decreases as the mean blood pressure gradually increases in aging people, the blood vessel walls become thinner as body temperature decreases, blood vessels in the periphery dilate elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to increase, which in turn causes cells to take up glucose
elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to increase, which in turn causes cells to take up glucose
it is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiography of the diaphysis medullary cavity epiphyseal plate articular cartilage
epiphyseal plate
you would most likely find goblet cells in what type of tissue? cartilage nervous tissue epithelial tissue bone
epithelial tissue
the release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of endocytosis and is a form of passive transport receptor-mediated endocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP exocytosis and is a form of passive transport exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP
exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP
which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct? bone remodeling involved removal of old bone by osteoblasts as a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases the rate of bone remodeling increases in the elderly exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling
exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling
The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the ________.
fasciculus gracilis
the sagittal suture is a cartilaginous joint fibrous joint synovial joint synchondrosis
fibrous joint
A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn. first-degree second-degree third-degree fourth-degree
first-degree
The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is A. immobile. B. freely mobile. C. fused. D. slightly mobile. E. dislocated.
freely mobile
The central sulcus separates the ________.
frontal and parietal lobes
The proper sequence of events in bone repair is callus formation, hematoma formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone, hematoma formation
hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone
If the Broca area is damaged, the result is
hesitant and distorted speech.
bone ______ and contains mainly ________ nervers avascular; sensory avascular; motor highly vascularized; sensory highly vascularized; motor
highly vascularized; sensory
Which joints are responsible for flexion and extension at the elbow? glenohumeral and humeroulnar humeroulnar and humeroradial humeroradial, radioulnar, and radiocarpal
humeroulnar and humeroradial
endochondral ossification begins with a(n) model mesenchyme dense connective tissue hyaline cartilage membranous
hyaline cartilage
the type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is elastic cartilage fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage interstitial cartilage
hyaline cartilage
which of these is not part of the skeletal system? bone cartilage tendons hypodermis
hypodermis
in the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to production of calcitriol and reabsorption of calcium increase;increase increase;decrease decrease;decrease decrease;increase
increase;increase
a fascicle is a bundle of reticular fibers is surrounded by perimysium is only found in smooth muscle possesses an external lamina
is surrounded by perimysium
which of the following is not an effect of aging on the joints decreased range of motion decreased flexibility and elasticity increased production of synovial fluid weakening of muscles
increased production of synovial fluid
When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that ________ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation increases decreases hyperpolarizes blocks
increases
Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a(an) excitatory postsynaptic potential resting membrane potential inhibitory postsynaptic potential gap junction potential
inhibitory postsynaptic potential
The spinocerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares
intended movements with actual movements.
A monosynaptic response is one that does not involve a(n)
interneuron
A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle.
lateral
which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? a magnifying glass scanning electron microscopes transmission electron microscope light microscope
light microscope
which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates in the body? structural component of DNA maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity bulk in feces energy
maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity
a skeletal muscle cell contains hundred of thousand of _______, which are complex organelles; they are cylindrical in shape and contain the protein filaments that cause contraction myofibrils sarcolemmas sarcoplasmic reticula t-tubules
myofibrils
The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called
sulci
If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the ________ neurons.
premotor
neurotransmitters are released from the ______ epineurium synpatic cleft presynaptic terminal postsynaptic membrane
presynaptic terminal
which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis? prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase metaphase-prophase- anaphase- telophase telophase- metaphase-prophase-anaphase
prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase
The perception of position and movement of body parts is
proprioception
a cell that breaks down and recycles proteins would have large numbers of ________. rough er lysosomes peroxisomes proteasomes
proteasomes
in connective tissue, components of the extracellular matrix include cells and ground substance protein fibers and ground substance cells and protein fibers ground substance and intracellular fluid
protein fibers and ground substance
acetylcholinesterase causes continuous stimulation of the muscle fiber rapid degradation of acetylcholine, which removes it from the cleft voltage gated Ca channels opening in the presynaptic terminal an increase in Na uptake by the muscle fiber
rapid degradation of acetycholine, which removes it from the cleft
For relaxation to occur, A. calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin. B. calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive. C. sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin. D. extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.
sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.
the membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the sarcolemma t-tubule sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcomere
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Horatio has been diagnosed with a disease that demyelinates the somatic motor neurons. This disease might be destroying the _______ associated with neurons that control _______. schwann cells, cardiac muscle schwann cells, skeletal muscle oligodendrocytes, skeletal muscle oligodendrocytes, cardiac muscle
schwann cells, skeletal muscle
which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false? most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and skin sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands
sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands
coupled transport that involves the moving of one substance against its concentration gradient by using energy from a second substance moving down its concentration gradient is known as secondary active transport sympathetic exocytosis bulk transport primary active transport
secondary active transport
Bone growth at the articular cartilage is responsible for increasing the size of short bones long bones flat bones irregular bones
short bones
the glenoid labrum is part of the _______ joint, while the acetabular labrum is part of the joint elbow;knee shoulder; hip shoulder;knee elbow;hip
shoulder;hip
Glands whose ducts have no branches are called simple. compound. acinar. alveolar. branchless.
simple
The walls of kidney tubules are formed by _____________ epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water. simple cuboidal simple squamous stratified cuboidal stratified squamous
simple cuboidal
which of the following is not lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? oral cavity small intestine vagina esophagus
small intestine
The type of muscle that is found in blood vessel walls is __________ muscle. skeletal cardiac smooth super smooth
smooth
which of the following is not a function of bone support movement sodium reabsorption calcium storage
sodium reabsorption
When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron, the direction of the action potential is reversed temporal summation occurs spatial summation occurs hyperpolarization occurs
spatial summation occurs
which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch muscle fibers shorten cross-bridges form, move, and release, and reform many times the action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane Ca are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
the action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane
which of the following statements regarding hair is false? the growth rate of all types of hair is the same hair growth occurs in cycles, with growth and resting stages in pattern baldness, loss of hair occurs from only some regions of the scalp some loss of hair is normal and indicates old hairs are being pushed out by new hairs
the growth rate of all types of hair is the same
what would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium there would be no effect, because the body is able to synthesize calcium the matrix would be softer the bone would be less flexible the epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development
the matrix would be softer
Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one? the muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily the walls of blood capillaries are composed of a thin epithelium the muscles of the thighs are composed of skeletal muscle tissue there are fenestrations (openings) in the epithelial cells of capillary walls
the muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily
the plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to K+ because of its positive electrical charge there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+ protein molecules cannot exit through the plasma membrane calcium ions block Na+ and Cl- channels
there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+
which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging skin becomes thicker there is an increase in the number of elastic fibers in the skin there is a decrease in collagen fibers localized increased in sebaceous glands leads to dry skin
there is a decrease in collagen fibers
which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue? secretion physical protection selective permeability these are all functions of epithelial tissue
these are all functions of epithelial tissue
which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head? they form cross-bridges with the active sites of actin they have a hinge region to bend and straighten they bind to troponin they have ATPase activity
they bind to troponin
A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one ______ to the next adjacent ________ z disk i band h zone a band
z disk
