Biology 214 Final

Which of the following statements concerning the descending pathways of the spinal cord is true?

Descending pathways consist of upper and lower motor neurons.

Which secondary brain vesicle (pouch) forms the portion of the adult brain that includes the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus?

Diencephalon

Which of the following thalamic nuclei is mismatched with its function?

Dorsal tier of nuclei - taste impulses

Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?

Dura mater

One of the reasons you might struggle to lift a heavy object with your arm fully extend it is because And extension the proximity of Z disks to thick filaments restricts the sliding movement within sarcomeres Full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in your muscle In that posture some myosin heads overlap actin in the wrong orientation and tug actin in the wrong direction Motor neurons cannot release as much acetylcholine in that posture

Full extension results in decreased overlap between thick and thin filaments in the muscle

Triglycerides are composed of Monosaccharides Amino acids Nucleotides Glycerol and fatty acids

Glycerol and fatty acids

A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potential from one neuron to another is called a blank Motor neuron sensory neuron afferent neuron interneuron

Interneuron

During the absolute refractory period, the cell Generates many local potentials Is insensitive to further stimulation Responds to even weak stimuli Reverses the direction of the action potential

Is insensitive to further stimulation

Which contraction occurs when you try unsuccessfully to move a wall isometric isotonic Isoeccentric Isoconcentric

Isometric

Why is water involved in most metabolic reactions in the human body? It can dissolve many chemical compounds. It can absorb and release heat without changing temperature very much It has a high surface tension It's bonds are nonpolar

It can dissolve many chemical compounds

Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?

It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.

During cellular respiration, when glucose is fully broken down to carbon dioxide and water, the other reactant with glucose in the chemical reaction is _____. Hydrogen Oxygen ATP ADP

Oxygen

to maintain a resting membrane potential, the sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell passively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell actively transports 3 potassium ion out of the cell and 2 sodium ions into the cell passively transports 3 K ions out of the cell and 2 Na ions into the cell

actively transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called ________.

adaptation

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both are involuntary are striated are widely distributed in the body have multiple nuclei

are involuntary

Skeletal muscle fibers are striated can contract but are not extensible or excitable do not require nerve innervation to contract increase dramatically in number after birth

are striated

which type of tissue attaches to the underlying muscles and supports the framework for body organs? adipose tissue areolar tissue reticular tissue epidermal tissue

areolar tissue

In sum, there are ____ pairs of spinal nerves.

31

A condition in which stimuli occur so rapidly that there are no intervening relaxations between contractions is called complete tetanus incomplete tetanus involuntary paralysis all or none tetanus

Complete tetanus

Which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle Body movement Maintenance of posture Respiration Constriction of organ

Constriction of organs

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

Control the heart rate

Rigor mortis occurs after death because Cross bridges form but can't release Calcium 2+ is actively transported back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum Anaerobic respiration is occurring Myosin levels decline after death

Cross bridges form but can't release

The endoneurium

surrounds individual axons.

The cerebrum develops from the embryonic region called the ________.

telencephalon

The fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus would help us

tell if an object is rough or smooth.

Free nerve endings primarily respond to

temperature change and pain.

The lateral fissure separates the ________ from the rest of the cerebrum.

temporal lobe

If five action potentials arrive at the same synapse in very close succession, which of the following would occur? the direction of the action potential is reversed temporal summation occurs spatial summation occurs hyperpolarization occurs

temporal summation

Which of the following descriptions best represents the appearance of the sarcomere during peak contraction the h zone dissapears, and i bands are very thin the width of the a band is slightly less than the width of the i band the h zone is equivalent to one-third of the length of the a band the i bands and the a bands are of equal width

the H zone disappears, and the I bands are very thin

epithelial tissue is characterized by tightly packed cells absence of any basement membrane extensive extracellular matrix a rich blood supply

tightly packed cells

Slowly adapting proprioceptors that would let you know the position of your thumb without looking at it are known as ________ receptors.

tonic

which of the following sequences is correct? translation-protein synthesis- transcription transcription-translation-protein synthesis transcription-protein synthesis- translation

transcription-translation-protein synthesis

Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause

tremor

Two tracts found within the extrapyramidal system are the ________

vestibulospinal and rubrospinal

Production of this vitamin requires skin exposure to the sun. This vitamin is crucial for regulation of calcium and phosphate. vitamin D vitamin B12 vitamin c vitamin a

vitamin d

When a sperm cell comes into contact with an egg cell, there is a change in the electrical charge across the plasma membrane and various channel proteins close. These channels would be called open gated voltage gated chemical gated ligand gated

voltage gated

the repolarization of the action potential involved the opening of chemically gated Na+ channels voltage-gated Na+ channels chemically gated K+ channels voltage-gated K+ channels

voltage gated K+ channels

during the muscle action potential, _____ are open. Na+ diffuses down its concentration gradient voltage gated Na+ channels voltage gated K+ channels v g Cl- channels v g Ca2+ channels

voltage gated Na+ channels

Which joint is multiaxial? pivot ball and socket condylar plane

ball and socket

what is the removal of a tissue sample from patients via surgery or needle to diagnose disease? autopsy biopsy histology postmortem exam

biopsy

collagen and hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of bone matrix hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage ligaments

bone matrix

ligaments attach muscle to muscle bone to bone muscle to bone nerve to bone

bone to bone

The cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by means of nerve tracts called the

cerebellar peduncles.

Nails are hard derivatives formed from the stratum ______ of the epidermis. granulosum baslae lucidum corneum

corneum

The major pathway of communication between the right and left hemispheres is the

corpus callosum

A patient with a lesion in the hippocampus may have decreased ________.

declarative memory

Endorphins produce presynaptic inhibition in neurons transmitting pain signals. Increased levels of endorphins will increase awareness of pain decrease awareness of pain increase amount of pain decrease amount of pain

decrease awareness of pain

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.

The type of movement between carpal bones is described as pivot adduction gliding flexion

gliding

A patient exhibits an abnormal gag reflex in that the uvula is pulled to the left. This is a possible indication that one of the ________ nerves is damaged.

glossopharyngeal

When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within: hyaline cartilage compact bone mesenchyme elastic cartilage

mesenchyme

the embryonic germ layer that is the source of connective tissue and muscle is... mesoderm endoderm ectoderm exoderm

mesoderm

which of the following cell structures is correctly matched with its function? nucleolus- contains the genetic material of the cell microtubules- cell support mitochondria- protein synthesis smooth er- ATP production

microtubules- cell support

The nuclei of cranial nerves III and IV are located in the

midbrain

The simple knee-jerk reflex is an example of a(n) _____ reflex.

monosynaptic

A lesion in the cerebral peduncles might affect ________.

movement

the discipline that studies the functions of the nervous system, including the way that impulses are conducted is known as neurophysiology cardiovascular physiology pathophysiology immunology

neurophysiology

in hepatocellular carcinoma, usually more than 50% of the cells show prominent, multiple _________. this is because they need many ribosomes for protein synthesis golgi apparatuses nucleoli smooth and endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes

nucleoli

Which lobe plays a major role in reception and integration of visual input?

occipital

Which is a passive transport process? A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis D. Osmosis

osmosis

which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue osteochondral progenitor cell osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast

osteoblast

which type of cells produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix? osteocytes osteoclasts osteoblasts osteoprogenitor cells

osteoblasts

When blood calcium levels are low osteoclast activity increases calcitonin secretion increases calcium absorption is reduced bones produce more bone tissue

osteoclast activity increases

Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix. osteoprogenitor cells osteoid cells osteocytes osteoclasts

osteoclasts

which bone forms by intramembranous ossification? parietal radius axis hamate

parietal

A patient has suffered a cerebral hemorrhage that has damaged the primary motor area of his right cerebral cortex. As a result the

patient cannot voluntarily move his left arm or leg.

which of the following is most inferior in location ? pelvic cavity mediastinum diaphragm pleural cavity

pelvic cavity

the connective tissue sheath of most cartilage is called the matrix perichondrium ligamentous cord lacuna

perichondrium

pseudostratified columnar epithelium is found lining portions of the respiratory system the larger blood vessels the oviduct ducts of sweat glands

portions of the respiratory system

When a woman is giving birth, the head of the baby pushes against her cervix and stimulates release of the hormone oxytocin. Oxytocin travels in the blood and stimulates the uterus to contract. Labor contractions become more and more intense until the baby is expelled. This is an example of negative feedback positive feedback dynamic equilibrium integration control

positive feedback

cells that respond to ligands posses receptor sites for specific ligands generally produce the ligands has lysosomes that destroy the ligands

posses receptor sites for specific ligands

The primary somatic sensory or general sensory area is located in the

postcentral gyrus

With the subject in the anatomic position, one can best see the dorsum of the hand from a(n) ______ view. lateral superior inferior posterior

posterior

Arrange these structures as they participate in excitation-contraction. t tubules, sarcolemma, Ca, sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca, t tubules, sarcolemma, sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcolemma, t tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca Sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca, t tubules, sarcolemma

sarcolemma, t tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca

The corpus striatum does NOT include the

red nucleus.

jennifer has experienced p! in her left shoulder that is likely due to ligament damage. Which of the following symptoms will most likely accompany the pain? reduction of range of motion increased range of motion damage to the anterior cruciate ligament tear in the lateral ligament

reduction of range of motion

When medical students study all of the structures in a particular area of the body as a unit (for example, all the muscles, blood vessels, and nerves of the leg), that approach is called surface anatomy comparative anatomy popliteal physiology regional anatomy

regional anatomy

Damage to pontine nuclei might affect ________.

respiration

a pivot joint is a modified ball and socket restricts movement to rotation is a biaxial joint allows gliding movement

restricts movement to rotation

The primary vesicle (pouch) from which the metencephalon arises is the

rhombencephalon.

The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the sunacromial bursae rotator cuff glenoid labrums coracohumeral ligaments

rotator cuff

The amount of body area involved with a burn is determined by the color of the skin amount of pain rule of nines cause of the burn

rule of nines

Rotation of the forearm so as to direct the palm anteriorly (as in anatomic position) is called abduction pronation eversion supination

supination

Which lobe plays a major role in voluntary motor function?

Frontal

Consider a cell with a total internal solute concentration of 0.9%. Placing the cell in which bath solution would result in creation of the greatest osmotic pressure in the cell? .5% NaCl .9% NaCla 1% NaCl 1.2% NaCl

.5%NaCl

The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the I band A band Z disk H zone

A band

A motor unit consists of Multiple motor neurons and multiple muscle fibers A single motor neuron and the multiple muscle fibers it controls Multiple motor neurons and the one muscle fiber they control One synaptic terminal button a cleft and an acetylcholine receptor

A single motor neuron in the multiple muscle fibers it controls

Which of the following statements best predicts the effect of a substance that blocks creatine kinase activity ATP production from creatine phosphate would decrease ATP production from creatine phosphate would increase ADP production from creatine phosphate would decrease ADP production from creatine phosphate would increase

ATP production from creatine phosphate would decrease

Which of the following cranial nerves innervates the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles?

Accessory

Saturation occurs when There is so much enzyme present that the reaction rate decreases if more is added All enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate Enzymes become fatigued and can no longer catalyze changes in the substrate Intermolecular interactions are disrupted in the enzyme decreasing its efficiency and decreasing reaction rate

All enzymes are busy and further increases in substrate concentration will not increase reaction rate

The brainstem receives sensory input from which cranial nerves?

All of the above

The nervous system Monitors internal and external stimuli Transmits information in the form of action potential's Interprets or assesses information All of these choices are correct

All of these choices are correct

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that Once one action potential is created it moves down the axon The whole axon depolarizes at the same time One action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site An action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next

An action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next

Which of these structures in the spinal cord partially separate it into right and left halves?

Anterior median fissure

Dendrites Are the input part of the neuron Conduct action potentials away from the cell body Are generally long and unbranched Form synapses with microglia

Are the input part of the neuron

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing her to stand on end is the External route sheath Internal route sheath Epithelial root sheath Arrector pili muscle

Arrector pili muscle

Which of the following events is not a characteristic of an action potential The plasma membrane becomes highly permeable to sodium and depolarization results As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative At the peak of depolarization, sodium channels begin to close and potassium channels open In repolarization, potassium flow out of the cell

As sodium ions enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative

Which of the following would you observe in a patient with a tumor of the cerebellum?

Balance impairment

From deep to superficial the order of the Strada in the epidermis is Basale- spinosum- granulosum- lucidum- corneum Spinosum- granulosum- basale- lucidum- corneum Corneum- lucidum- granulosum- spinosum- basale

Basale- spinosum- granulosum- lucidum- corneum

What structural feature of the brain regulates the movement of materials from the blood into the brain?

Blood-brain barrier

Two solutions, a and B, have the same osmolality. What does that mean? Solution a has more solute particles than solution b Solution b has more solute particles in a solution a Both solutions have the same number of solute particles Solution a is water and sugar; solution b is water and salt

Both solutions have the same number of solute particles

Which of the following arteries supply blood to the brain?

Both the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

White matter is composed of Ganglial sheaths Bundles of myelinated axons Collections of nerve cell bodies Bundles containing both myelinated axon's and nerve cell bodies

Bundles of myelinated axons

Which is not a function of cerebrospinal fluid?

CSF helps to promote mitosis within neuronal tissue.

which ion is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles? Cl Na K Ca

Ca

Which of the following is not one of the four most common elements in the body Oxygen nitrogen hydrogen Calcium

Calcium

To initiate a smooth muscle cell contraction calcium enters the cell and binds to Troponin which then activates myosin light chain kinase Calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light-chain kinase A myosin head which then activates calmodulin Myosin light chain kinase which then hydrolyzes ATP

Calmodulin, which then binds to and activates myosin light chain Kinase

Which of the following is a basal nucleus located in the cerebrum?

Caudate nucleus

What is the correct order for the parts of the spinal cord, from superior to inferior?

Cervical - thoracic - lumbar - sacral - coccygeal

The second most abundant of the lipids in the plasma membrane is Glycolipids Triglycerides Cholesterol Phospholipids

Cholesterol

The presence of an enzyme within a chemical system Increases activation energy Decreases activation energy Increases potential energy Does not affect either activation energy or potential energy

Decreases activation energy

The reticular layer of the dermis consist primarily of Adipose tissue Particular connective tissue Dense irregular connective tissue Nervous tissue

Dense irregular connective tissue

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells When sodium channels open, potassium channels close Sodium potassium pump moves sodium into the cell Depolarization causes voltage gated sodium channels to open Ligand gated sodium channels are opened by high extracellular calcium levels

Depolarization causes voltage gated sodium channels to open

A specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve is a

Dermatome

Cations and anions that dissociate in water are sometimes called Non-electrolytes, because they do not conduct an electrical current. Molecules Electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current Nonelectrolytes and solutee

Electrolytes, because they can conduct an electrical current

Which space associated with the spinal cord meninges contains areolar connective tissue, blood vessels, and adipose connective tissue?

Epidural space

Which of the following cranial nerves has a parasympathetic component?

Facial

The three parts making up a nucleotide are A purine, a pyrimidine and a ribose sugar Five carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base An adenine, a guanine, and a cytosine A double helix a single strand and a chromosome

Five carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Keratinocytes are The least abundant cell type in the epidermis Found throughout all epidermal strata Only dead cells Only living cells

Found throughout all epidermal strata

The change in size of the bone marrow (where blood cells are produced) as an infant matures is an example of blank whereas the transformation of blood stem cells and white blood cells is an example of blank. Development; differentiation Growth; development Growth; differentiation Differentiation; growth

Growth; differentiation

In the reversible reaction, CO2 plus H2O equals H2C03 equals H plus plus HCO3 minus, A decrease in respiration rate will increase the concentration of CO2 in the blood. What was due to the amount of H plus in the blood? H+ will increase H+ will decrease H plus will be unchanged H + will turn into hydrogen gas and cause bloating

H+ will increase

And increase in the size of a muscle fiber is called Hypertrophy Atrophy Hypotrophy Autotrophy

Hypertrophy

The urinary bladder is found in which abdominal pelvic region? Hypogastric Right lumbar Hypochondriac Left iliac

Hypogastric

The serous fluid that helps in cardiac function is located Inside the heart chambers Between the parietal pericardium and the sternum In the pericardial cavity between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers Between the visceral pericardium and the cardiac muscle

In the pericardial cavity, between the parietal and visceral pericardial layers

What type of epithelium is found in the epidermis? Keratinized stratified squamous Nonkeratinized stratified squamous Keratinized cuboidal Nonkeratinized stratified cuboidal

Keratinized stratified squamous

The skins immune responsiveness will be diminished by a decrease in the number of epidermal blank cells Merkel Melanocyte Langerhans Meissner

Langerhans

Which of the following statements accurately describes lipids? Lipids are the building blocks of carbohydrates Lipid service buffers Lipids are an important component of plasma membranes Lipids tend to be water soluble

Lipids are important component of plasma membranes

The stratum blank is found only in thick skin, such as the skin covering the palms and soles. Corneum Basale Lucidum

Lucidum

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

Which is a non-membrane-bound organelle? Microtubule Lysosome Golgi apparatus Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Microtubule

Which of the following serve to increase the surface area of a self absorption and secretion? Flagella Microvilli Cilia Cilia and flagella

Microvilli

Which of the following is not a characteristic function of a cell? Reproduction and inheritance Metabolism and energy use Movement Synthesis

Movement

Which of the following actions is caused by contraction of skeletal muscle? Contraction of the heart Moving your feet in walking Movement of food through the digestive tract Emptying of the urinary bladder

Moving your feet in walking

Depolarization of the nerve plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx of K Cl Ca Na

Na

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Synthesis reaction - two reactants combine to form a larger product Decomposition reaction - large reactant broken into smaller products Oxidation - gain of electrons Dehydration reaction - water is produced out of the reaction

Oxidation - gain of electrons

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called Cortices nerves ganglia nuclei

Nuclei

A plane that passes through both a body and an organ not at a right angle is called Frontal Coronal Oblique Sagittal

Oblique

The hypodermis is rich in adipose and thus its functions include Frequent regeneration, structural support, and defense against infection Maintenance of boundaries and sensation of stimuli Water regulation and vitamin synthesis Organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

Organ rejection energy storage and thermal insulation

Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening due to their control of respiration?

Phrenic nerves

The blank is responsible for forming the outer, limiting barrier of a cell Peroxisome Ribosome Mitochondrion Plasma membrane

Plasma membrane

Hydrogen bonds form between molecules containing blank bonds; the hydrogen bonds between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and a partially blank charged atom of another. Polar covalent; negatively Polar covalent; positively Nonpolar covalent; positively Nonpolar covalent; negatively

Polar covalent; negatively

Proteins are Polymers made up of amino acid monomers Monomers Monomers made of repeating subunits of polymers Neither monomers nor polymers

Polymers made up of amino acid monomers

The most crucial factor determining the resting potential of a neuron is the diffusion of Potassium out of the cell through leak channels Potassium into the cell through gated channels Sodium out of the cell through the channels Sodium into the cell through gated channels

Potassium out of the cell through leak channels

The sodium levels inside and outside of a resting cell is an example of the Kinetic energy of sodium rushing out of a cell down a concentration gradient Kinetic energy of the large difference in sodium concentration on the inside versus the outside of the cell Potential energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside of the cell Potential energy of an electron transport chain, because sodium has an extra electron to donate

Potential energy of a concentration gradient, because sodium is more abundant outside of the cell

Plural cavity is the Same as the mediastinum The serous membrane lining the abdomen Space within which the heart sets Potential space between the two serous membrane surrounding a lung

Potential space between the two serous membrane surrounding a lung

Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false Glial cells serve as the major supporting tissue in the central nervous system Form part of the blood brain barrier Produce action potential's for skeletal muscles For myelin sheaths around some axons

Produce action potentials for skeletal muscles

The function of melanin in the skin is to Reduce water loss Prevent infections Help regulate body temperature Protect against UV light

Protect against UV light

Which structures form the lentiform nucleus?

Putamen and globus pallidus

Unilateral damage to a cranial nerve is suspected because the tongue deviates to the right when it is protruded. Which cranial nerve is damaged?

Right hypoglossal

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways? Schwann cells form myelin, oligodendrocytes do not Oligodendrocytes are only found in the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells are only found in the central nervous system Schwann cells form sheets around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheets around only one axon Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

Schwann cells form myelin sheaths around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons

The latch state of myosin heads is a property of blank muscle. Cardiac skeletal smooth rough

Smooth

The central nervous system includes the blank Ganglia spinal cord spinal nerves cranial nerves

Spinal cord

Which of the following tract is mismatched with its description?

Spinoreticular tract light touch

Which of the following is an ascending pathway in the spinal cord?

Spinothalamic tract

An organ is A small structure within a cell A structure composed of several tissue types The basic structural unit of all living organisms A group of molecules with a common set of functions

Structure composed of several tissue types

When biological molecules engage in condensation, such reactions are blank reactions. Synthesis Hydrolysis Catabolic Amphipathic

Synthesis

Which lobe plays a major role in memory?

Temporal

Whole muscles can respond in a graded fashion to stimuli by varying The force of contraction of individual muscle fibers the number of motor units recruited the amplitude of the action potential the frequency of stimulus

The number of motor units recruited

Lines of cleavage are a result of The alignment of dermal papillary The orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis The alignment of epidermal ridges Wounds to the epidermis such as hemangioma

The orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis

Chemical synapses are characterized by The release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal Connexons that connect the pre and postsynaptic cells No presence of receptors for neurotransmitters on the postsynaptic terminal The presence of gap junctions

The release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal

In some cells, an after potential occurs because Sodium ions continue to enter the cell after depolarization is finished There is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium ions during repolarization The sodium potassium pump is actively exchanging ions across the membrane The extracellular sodium ion concentration is reduced

There is prolonged, elevated permeability to potassium ions during repolarization

Which of the following is a component of the dermis? Sweat glands Hair follicles Collagen fibers These are all components

These are all components

Which is not a function of the integument? Excretion Water loss prevention Temperature regulation These are all functions

These are all functions

Callie is an excellent marathon runner which of the descriptions about her dominant type of skeletal muscle is false They primarily use aerobic respiration They have large deposits of myoglobin They are well adapted to anaerobic activity They have a well developed blood supply

They are well adapted to anaerobic activity

Which of the following statements concerning fast twitch muscle fibers is true they have higher Anaerobic capacity they have large deposits of myoglobin They are well adapted to aerobic metabolism they have a well developed blood supply

They have high anaerobic capacity

Which of the following nerves is associated with the lumbosacral plexus?

Tibial

A graded potential is one that Is all or none Travels the length of the nerve fiber Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus Lasts for several seconds after ion channels have opened, closed, and rested

Varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus

Why might someone become pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature? Vasodilation has occurred Vasoconstriction has occurred Purely psychological Dehydration of the stratum corneum

Vasoconstriction has occurred

What do the cavities of the neural tube become in the adult brain?

Ventricles

Dense bodies in smooth muscle are most similar to _______ in skeletal muscle Sarcomeres Z disks H zones T tubules

Z disks

Rickets is bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection. a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix. a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion. a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones. a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; occurs because of insufficient collagen development.

a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones

which statement is accurate? DNA is made up entirely of genes; a chromosome is the unwoven form of chromatin a sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin human cells contain 46 genes; another name for a gene is a nucleosome each nucleotide in a gene is bound by hydrogen to the next nucleotide in the sequence; chromatin is a nitrogenous base

a sequence of nucleotides in DNA constitutes a gene; DNA and associated proteins form chromatin

the active site to which cross-bridges attach are found on the sarcoplasmic reticulum actin myofilaments z disks t tubules

actin myofilaments

granulation tissue is a delicate, granular-appearing connective tissue that consists of which of the following? fibroblasts collagen capillaries all are found in granulation tissue

all are found in granulation tissue

Jane is a 54 year old woman who is active and rarely complains of joint issues. Which of the following lifestyle choices did she most likely make to protect against joint pain as she aged? yoga regular walks balanced diet all of the above

all of the above

in general, a skeletal muscle contains the following: connective tissue sheaths nerves arteries all of the above

all of the above

if the mesenchymal cells experience mutation during development, which of the following structures is most likely affected by the mutation bones cartilage tendons all of the choices are correct

all of the choices are correct

What type of stimulus is detected by the sensory receptors of the skin? heat cold vibration all of these are correct

all of these are correct

Which of the following influence the range of motion of a joint? the shape of the articular surfaces of the bones the amount and shape of cartilage at the joint the amount of fluid in and around the joint all of these influence range of motion

all of these influence range of motion

the action potential of a muscle fiber occurs at the end plate along the sarcolemma and down the t tubules within the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the mitochondria

along the sarcolemma and down the t tubules

The type of brain waves observed in an individual who is awake but in a quiet resting state with eyes closed are ________ waves.

alpha

a stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. this is called an all or none response a graded response a latent period response a relative refractory period

an all or none response

When a neurotransmitter binds to its receptor and increases the permeability of the postsynaptic membrane to Na+ the membrane will be hyperpolarized more Cl- will also diffuse into the cell an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result the membrane will become impermeable to K+

an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) will result

If carbon dioxide levels rise in the body, negative feedback mechanisms will trigger: an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise further above set point a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels rise to the set point a decrease in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline below set point

an increase in breathing so that carbon dioxide levels decline to the set point

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents displacement of the tibia anterior posterior lateral medial

anterior

The ventral ramus of a typical spinal nerve innervates the

anterior and lateral trunk and the limbs.

Damage to Wernicke area would result in

aphasia.

The meninx composed of a delicate web of collagen and elastic fibers is the

arachnoid mater.

Which type of muscle is autorhythmic skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct

both cardiac and smooth muscle are correct

samantha has elevated blood calcium levels. Which substrate would you expect to find in high levels in response to this condition? growth hormone sex hormones parathyroid hormone calcitonin

calcitonin

In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes. osteonic canals blood vessels lamellae canaliculi

canaliculi

which type of cell has abundant mitochondria? white blood cell mucus cell liver cells that detoxify hydrogen peroxide cardiac muscle cells (require a large amount of ATP)

cardiac muscle cells (require a large amount of ATP)

An examples of a saddle joint is the _________ joint shoulder elbow atlanto-occipital carpometacarpal

carpometacarpal

which of the following is correctly matched with its description cell identity molecules- are primarily steroids receptors proteins- move specific ions or molecules using ATP peripheral proteins- penetrate the lipid bilayer from one surface to the other carrier proteins- move bound ions or molecules from one side of the membrane to the other

carrier proteins- move bound ions or molecules from one side of the membrane to the other

the pubic symphysis is classified as a cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis fibrous joint and a synarthrosis synovial joint and a diarthrosis cartilaginous joint and a gomphosis

cartilaginous joint and an amphiarthrosis

During appositional growth of cartilage, the cells that produce the matrix are the chondrocytes osteocytes fibroclasts chondroblasts

chondroblasts

Cerebrospinal fluid is formed by the

choroid plexus.

The region of the limbic system that is involved in the feeling of satisfaction with sex and feeding behaviors is the ________.

cingulate gyrus

A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction and adduction is called circumduction rotation hyperextension supination

circumduction

proximal means toward the middle or midline of the body away from the surface closer to the head closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk

closer than another structure to the point of attachment to the trunk

Mechanoreceptors primarily respond to

compression of receptors.

What are the matrix rings of compact bone that surround the central canal of each osteon? canaliculi concentric lamellae circumferential lamellae perforating canals

concentric lamellae

Of the four main tissue types, which tissue is the main component of the synovial membrane? connective tissue epithelial tissue muscle tissue nervous tissue

connective tissue

The primary motor area

contains a larger area for control of the hand and fingers than for control of the arm and elbow.

cartilage is composed of osteons is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum contains chondrocytes located in the lacunae is well vascularized

contains chondrocytes located in the lacunae

spongy bone tissue is very dense contains perforating lamellae contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae has many spaces and lacks osteocytes

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

when two or more presynaptic neurons synapse with a single postsynaptic neuron in the CNS a(n) _______ pathway is formed. convergent divergent reverberating somatic

convergent

Which movements allowed at the temporomandibular joint abduction and adduction depression and elevation flexion and extension medial and lateral rotation

depression and elevation

Bob fractures the shaft of his humerus. Therefore, the break is in the _________ of the bone. epiphysis epiphyseal line diaphysis growth plate

diaphysis

When the articulating surfaces of the bones are moved out of proper allignment, it is called adduction disarticulation dislocation fracture

dislocation

the 3 arches of the foot transfer weight from the tibia to the femur distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking form a hinge joint are highest on the lateral side of the foot

distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking

which type of neuronal pathway allows for a stimulus to be transmitted to the most number of cells divergent convergent reverberating

divergent

Look over the pictures for the cross- bridge cycle!!!!

done

Neural tissue develops in the embryo from a portion of the

ectoderm.

which of the following tissue change occurs when the permeability of blood vessels increases during inflammation edema no change in osmotic balance between blood and tissues removal of foreign material from the blood redness and heat at the injury site

edema

Gap junctions are functionally _____ synapses chemical electrical potential intracellular

electrical

which of the following is most consistent with homeostasis? as blood pressure falls, blood flow to cardiac muscles decreases as the mean blood pressure gradually increases in aging people, the blood vessel walls become thinner as body temperature decreases, blood vessels in the periphery dilate elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to increase, which in turn causes cells to take up glucose

elevated blood glucose levels cause insulin secretion to increase, which in turn causes cells to take up glucose

it is possible to determine if a child's long bone is growing by examining a radiography of the diaphysis medullary cavity epiphyseal plate articular cartilage

epiphyseal plate

you would most likely find goblet cells in what type of tissue? cartilage nervous tissue epithelial tissue bone

epithelial tissue

the release of neurotransmitter from a neuron is an example of endocytosis and is a form of passive transport receptor-mediated endocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP exocytosis and is a form of passive transport exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP

exocytosis and it requires expenditure of ATP

which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct? bone remodeling involved removal of old bone by osteoblasts as a long bone increases in diameter, the size of the marrow cavity decreases the rate of bone remodeling increases in the elderly exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling

exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling

The portion of the dorsal column/medial lemniscal tract that carries proprioceptive sensations from nerve endings in the feet and legs is the ________.

fasciculus gracilis

the sagittal suture is a cartilaginous joint fibrous joint synovial joint synchondrosis

fibrous joint

A slight sunburn is an example of a ______ burn. first-degree second-degree third-degree fourth-degree

first-degree

The term "diarthrosis" refers to a joint that is A. immobile. B. freely mobile. C. fused. D. slightly mobile. E. dislocated.

freely mobile

The central sulcus separates the ________.

frontal and parietal lobes

The proper sequence of events in bone repair is callus formation, hematoma formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone callus ossification, callus formation, remodeling of bone, hematoma formation

hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone

If the Broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech.

bone ______ and contains mainly ________ nervers avascular; sensory avascular; motor highly vascularized; sensory highly vascularized; motor

highly vascularized; sensory

Which joints are responsible for flexion and extension at the elbow? glenohumeral and humeroulnar humeroulnar and humeroradial humeroradial, radioulnar, and radiocarpal

humeroulnar and humeroradial

endochondral ossification begins with a(n) model mesenchyme dense connective tissue hyaline cartilage membranous

hyaline cartilage

the type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is elastic cartilage fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage interstitial cartilage

hyaline cartilage

which of these is not part of the skeletal system? bone cartilage tendons hypodermis

hypodermis

in the kidneys, parathyroid hormone acts to production of calcitriol and reabsorption of calcium increase;increase increase;decrease decrease;decrease decrease;increase

increase;increase

a fascicle is a bundle of reticular fibers is surrounded by perimysium is only found in smooth muscle possesses an external lamina

is surrounded by perimysium

which of the following is not an effect of aging on the joints decreased range of motion decreased flexibility and elasticity increased production of synovial fluid weakening of muscles

increased production of synovial fluid

When a neuron releases a neuromodulator that ________ the release of neurotransmitters from another neuron, this is called presynaptic facilitation increases decreases hyperpolarizes blocks

increases

Local hyperpolarization in a synapse is called a(an) excitatory postsynaptic potential resting membrane potential inhibitory postsynaptic potential gap junction potential

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

The spinocerebellum functions as a comparator. This means that the cerebellum compares

intended movements with actual movements.

A monosynaptic response is one that does not involve a(n)

interneuron

A brain ventricle located in the cerebrum is the _____ ventricle.

lateral

which of the following could be used to study general features of cells? a magnifying glass scanning electron microscopes transmission electron microscope light microscope

light microscope

which of the following is not a function of carbohydrates in the body? structural component of DNA maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity bulk in feces energy

maintenance of plasma membrane fluidity

a skeletal muscle cell contains hundred of thousand of _______, which are complex organelles; they are cylindrical in shape and contain the protein filaments that cause contraction myofibrils sarcolemmas sarcoplasmic reticula t-tubules

myofibrils

The shallow depressions between folds on the surface of the brain are called

sulci

If you decide to "snap your fingers," the first neurons to be stimulated are the ________ neurons.

premotor

neurotransmitters are released from the ______ epineurium synpatic cleft presynaptic terminal postsynaptic membrane

presynaptic terminal

which of the following shows the correct sequence of mitosis? prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase metaphase-prophase- anaphase- telophase telophase- metaphase-prophase-anaphase

prophase-metaphase-anaphase-telophase

The perception of position and movement of body parts is

proprioception

a cell that breaks down and recycles proteins would have large numbers of ________. rough er lysosomes peroxisomes proteasomes

proteasomes

in connective tissue, components of the extracellular matrix include cells and ground substance protein fibers and ground substance cells and protein fibers ground substance and intracellular fluid

protein fibers and ground substance

acetylcholinesterase causes continuous stimulation of the muscle fiber rapid degradation of acetylcholine, which removes it from the cleft voltage gated Ca channels opening in the presynaptic terminal an increase in Na uptake by the muscle fiber

rapid degradation of acetycholine, which removes it from the cleft

For relaxation to occur, A. calcium leaves the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and troponin binds calcium and blocks the binding sites on actin. B. calcium enters the myofibril, it detaches from myosin, and the binding sites on myosin become inactive. C. sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin. D. extracellular calcium levels fall, calcium is pumped into the myofibril, and tropomyosin slides away from actin.

sarcoplasm calcium levels fall, calcium is removed from troponin, and tropomyosin blocks binding sites on actin.

the membranous network that wraps around myofibrils and holds relatively high concentrations of calcium is known as the sarcolemma t-tubule sarcoplasmic reticulum sarcomere

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Horatio has been diagnosed with a disease that demyelinates the somatic motor neurons. This disease might be destroying the _______ associated with neurons that control _______. schwann cells, cardiac muscle schwann cells, skeletal muscle oligodendrocytes, skeletal muscle oligodendrocytes, cardiac muscle

schwann cells, skeletal muscle

which of the following statements concerning sebaceous glands is false? most sebaceous glands are connected by a duct to the upper portion of the hair follicle secretions from sebaceous glands provide protection against bacteria secretions from sebaceous glands oil the hair and skin sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands

sebaceous glands are an example of apocrine glands

coupled transport that involves the moving of one substance against its concentration gradient by using energy from a second substance moving down its concentration gradient is known as secondary active transport sympathetic exocytosis bulk transport primary active transport

secondary active transport

Bone growth at the articular cartilage is responsible for increasing the size of short bones long bones flat bones irregular bones

short bones

the glenoid labrum is part of the _______ joint, while the acetabular labrum is part of the joint elbow;knee shoulder; hip shoulder;knee elbow;hip

shoulder;hip

Glands whose ducts have no branches are called simple. compound. acinar. alveolar. branchless.

simple

The walls of kidney tubules are formed by _____________ epithelium, which functions in resorbing materials filtered from blood plasma such as nutrients, ions, and water. simple cuboidal simple squamous stratified cuboidal stratified squamous

simple cuboidal

which of the following is not lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? oral cavity small intestine vagina esophagus

small intestine

The type of muscle that is found in blood vessel walls is __________ muscle. skeletal cardiac smooth super smooth

smooth

which of the following is not a function of bone support movement sodium reabsorption calcium storage

sodium reabsorption

When two action potentials arrive simultaneously at two different presynaptic terminals that synapse with the same postsynaptic neuron, the direction of the action potential is reversed temporal summation occurs spatial summation occurs hyperpolarization occurs

spatial summation occurs

which of the following events occurs during the lag phase of a muscle twitch muscle fibers shorten cross-bridges form, move, and release, and reform many times the action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane Ca are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

the action potential is propagated from presynaptic to postsynaptic membrane

which of the following statements regarding hair is false? the growth rate of all types of hair is the same hair growth occurs in cycles, with growth and resting stages in pattern baldness, loss of hair occurs from only some regions of the scalp some loss of hair is normal and indicates old hairs are being pushed out by new hairs

the growth rate of all types of hair is the same

what would be the effect on bone growth of insufficient dietary calcium there would be no effect, because the body is able to synthesize calcium the matrix would be softer the bone would be less flexible the epiphyseal plates would ossify earlier in development

the matrix would be softer

Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one? the muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily the walls of blood capillaries are composed of a thin epithelium the muscles of the thighs are composed of skeletal muscle tissue there are fenestrations (openings) in the epithelial cells of capillary walls

the muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily

the plasma membrane of an excitable cell is more permeable to K+ because of its positive electrical charge there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+ protein molecules cannot exit through the plasma membrane calcium ions block Na+ and Cl- channels

there are more leak ion channels for K+ than Na+

which of the following skin changes is usually associated with aging skin becomes thicker there is an increase in the number of elastic fibers in the skin there is a decrease in collagen fibers localized increased in sebaceous glands leads to dry skin

there is a decrease in collagen fibers

which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue? secretion physical protection selective permeability these are all functions of epithelial tissue

these are all functions of epithelial tissue

which of the following is NOT a property of the myosin head? they form cross-bridges with the active sites of actin they have a hinge region to bend and straighten they bind to troponin they have ATPase activity

they bind to troponin

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one ______ to the next adjacent ________ z disk i band h zone a band

z disk