Biology 224: Chapter 23 (Connect) Metabolism & Nutrition

minerals (Reason: Vitamins are small dietary organic compounds that are necessary to metabolism.)

Inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water are _______.

minerals

Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions are called ______.

minerals

Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions are called _______.

Absorptive: Glucose processed into glycogen / Postabsorptive: Lactic acid, glycogen and fatty acids processed into glucose

Match the metabolic state to the descriptions of processes.

Lowers temperature: Dermal blood vessel dilation / Raises temperature: Contraction of skeletal muscles

Match the response of an effector to its role in body temperature homeostasis.

triglyceride

Ninety-five percent of dietary lipids are ______. They consist of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids.

Blank 1: 37, thirty seven, thirty-seven, or 37.6 / Blank 2: 98, 98.6, or 99.7

Normal body temperature measured orally is ______ degrees Celsius or ______ degrees Fahrenheit.

obtaining food requirements, utilization of food components, breakdown of food components (all body processes relating to food)

Nutrition includes ______.

MyPlate

The USDA and HHS use a visual reminder called ______ to help educate the public on how to build a healthy meal.

Citric acid

The ______ ______ cycle is shown in this figure.

Blank 1: basal Blank 2: metabolic

The _______ _______ rate is the energy required to keep the body functioning at restful levels.

basal metabolic rate

The _______ is the energy needed to keep the resting body functional.

phosphorylation

The addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule is called ______.

metabolic

The amount of energy produced and used in the body per unit of time is the _______ rate.

glycogenesis

The arrow marked with a circle represents the process of in this illustration of the interconversion of ______ nutrient molecules.

NADH. CO2

What is directly produced during the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA? Select all that apply.

Oxygen

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron-transport chain?

as a source of energy

Triglycerides are important ______.

adipose, fatty, or fat

Triglycerides are stored in _____ tissue.

saturated

Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains are examples of ______ fats.

free

Triglycerides that are released in the blood and used by the skeletal muscles and liver for energy are referred to as ______ fatty acids.

True (Reason: Although carbohydrates are used to make energy in the body, lipids are used to store energy. The key word in the question is "store".)

True or False: The body's main energy-storage molecules are lipids.

True

True or False: The energy cost of digesting and absorbing food as well as the synthesis of new molecules is called the thermic effect of food.

True (Reason: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.)

True or False: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen.

False (Reason: 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) is a normal body temperature.)

True or false: A patient with a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (taken orally) has a fever.

True (Reason: Unlike lipids and carbohydrates, amino acids are not stored by the body.)

True or false: Amino acids are not stored by the body.

False (Reason: Fats and cholesterol are important biological molecules because they are precursors of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. They are also present in the plasma membrane and myelin sheath.)

True or false: Lipids should not be consumed in the diet because they are associated with heart disease.

False (Reason: The basal metabolic rate is a baseline or standard indicating the metabolic rate when one is awake but relaxed in a room at comfortable temperature in a postabsorptive state 12 to 14 hours after the last meal.)

True or false: The basal metabolic rate is observed when an individual is exercising vigorously.

True (Reason: Less than 30% of the calories come from fat, so it is a good choice.)

True or false: The food represented by this nutritional label would be a good choice based on recommended guidelines for percentage of calories from each nutrient.

True (Reason: Vitamins C and B are classified as water-soluble and vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.)

True or false: Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble.

protein

A _______ is a large polypeptide composed of chains of amino acids.

monosaccharides

Based on their structure, glucose, galactose and fructose are from the group of carbohydrates called ______.

disaccharides

Based on their structure, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are from the group of carbohydrates called ______.

Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule

Describe the reaction called phosphorylation.

vitamins

Dietary organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for metabolism are called ______.

growth of different body tissues. synthesis of DNA and RNA. blood clotting. ATP production pathways

Important roles for vitamins are ______.

triglycerides, lipids, or fats

Important sources of energy for the body because they deliver more than twice as many kilocalories as carbohydrate molecules are _____.

20-35%

In adults, fats should account for no more than _______ of your daily caloric intake.

pyruvic, lactic

In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to _______ acid, thus reducing it to ______ acid and regenerating NAD.

fruits and vegetables

In the MyPlate icon, half of the plate consists of food from the category of ______.

anaerobic respiration

In the absence of oxygen, a human cell may resort to an anaerobic reaction to produce energy. This process is called ______.

oxaloacetic (Reason: Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA and then combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.)

In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.

production of ATP. production of pyruvic acid

In the last steps of glycolysis, ______ occurs.

above

Increased sweating and vasodilation occur when the body's temperature is ______ homeostatic levels.

triglyceride

A macromolecule that consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids is classified as a ______.

coenzyme

A(n) ______ is small organic molecule, usually derived from a vitamin, that is needed to make an enzyme catalytically active.

mitochondria

After glycolysis, pyruvic acid moves from the cytosol into ______ to complete the remaining phases of aerobic respiration.

nonessential

Amino acids that are required for protein synthesis but that do not need to be ingested are categorized as _______.

essential

Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize are categorized as _______.

coenzyme

An organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it functional is called a(n) ______.

metabolism

Anabolism and catabolism are parts of ______.

300

Average cholesterol intake should not exceed ______ mg/day.

lipids

Beta-oxidation and ketogenesis are processes involved in the metabolism of ______.

nutrient

By definition, a _____ is any ingested substance used by the cells of the body to produce energy, to provide building blocks for new molecules, and to function in other chemical reactions.

calorie

By definition, one _____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.

calorie

By definition, the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius is one ______.

Aerobic respiration

Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water are the end-products of which process?

Found in nuts, seeds and fish. Contain double bonds between carbon atoms

Characterize unsaturated fats. Select all that apply.

testosterone, estrogen, bile salts

Cholesterol is a precursor for ______.

organic

Coenzymes are ______.

vitamins

Coenzymes are usually derived from ______.

Lactic acid

During anaerobic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into which of the following?

2

During glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are produced, but ______ molecules of ATP are used in the process.

absorptive, postabsorptive

During the ______ state, glucose is obtained through absorption of digested carbohydrates, whereas during the ______ state, glucose is maintained by the conversion of other molecules.

phosphorylation of sugar. use of ATP

During the steps of glycolysis seen here, ______ is occurring? Select all that apply.

4, 2, 2

During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATPs, ______ NADHs, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.

proton

Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a _____ pump that removes H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and pumps it into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.

cholesterol

Egg yolks and liver are foods that have high concentrations of ______.

triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids

Examples of lipids are ______.

free fatty acids

Fatty acids that are released into the blood from adipose tissue are called ______.

eggs, liver

Foods that are high in cholesterol include ______. Select all that apply.

body temperature regulation, protection of internal organs, storage of energy

Functions of adipose tissue are ______. Select all that apply.

Blank 1: ATP Blank 2: adenosine Blank 3: triphosphate

Glucose molecules are broken down to provide energy for the production of the molecule abbreviated as ______, with the full name of ______ ______.

ATP

Glucose provides the energy required for the body to synthesize ______.

monosaccharides

Glucose, galactose, and fructose are examples of carbohydrates called _______, which mainly arise from the digestion of starch and disaccharides.

Cytoplasm

Glycolysis occurs in the of the ______ cell.

carbohydrates

Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are part of the metabolism of ______.

2 ATP molecules

How many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis?

galactose, fructose, glucose

Identify examples of monosaccharides. Select all that apply.

Precursor for bile salts, Structural component of the plasma membrane, Precursor for steroid hormones

Identify functions of cholesterol.

Evaporation Sweating Vasodilation

Identify processes that occur when air temperature is higher than skin temperature.

K.A.D.E.

Identify the fat soluble vitamins. Select all that apply.

Convection, Radiation, Conduction

Identify the methods by which the body may lose heat. Select all that apply.

Glycolysis. Citric acid cycle. Production of acetyl CoA. Electron transport chain

Identify the phases of the aerobic respiration pathway.

C and B complex

Identify the water soluble vitamins.

sweating

If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, _______ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.

Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all forms of which class of macromolecule?

triglyceride

Most lipids in the human diet _______.

Cytoplasm

Name the location within the cell where glycolysis occurs.

monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

Olive and peanut oils are examples of ______ fats, whereas fish and sunflower oils are examples of ______ fats.

amino acids

Proteins are composed of ______.

incomplete

Proteins classified as ______ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.

complete

Proteins described as being ______ proteins are those that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance.

lose heat

Radiation, conduction, and convection are methods the body uses to ______.

1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl-CoA 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport chain

Rank the events of aerobic respiration in the correct order.

Evaporation

Sweat wets the skin surface and its ______ carries heat away.

one serving contains 12% of recommended daily fat intake

The 12% on the line labeled "Total Fat" in this image indicates _______.

Krebs

The citric acid cycle is also called the ______ cycle.

1; 3; 1

The citric acid cycle produces ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ FADH2 per "turn" of the cycle.

glycolysis

The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid is ______.

lactic

The end product of anaerobic fermentation is ______ (one word) acid.

Blank 1: aerobic, cellular, or krebs Blank 2: respiration or cycle

The entire metabolic process seen in this illustration is referred to as ______ ______.

saturated

The fats found in meat, egg yolks, dairy products, and palm oils are high in ______ fatty acids. These fatty acids have no double bonds.

breaking glucose into two separate molecules

The first phase of glycolysis involves ______.

two pyruvic acid molecules. four ATPs. two NADHs

The overall products of glycolysis are ______.

triglycerides

The vast majority of the lipids in the human diet are in the form of ______.

citric acid cycle. ketogenesis. beta-oxidation

The processes that may be involved in the breakdown of lipids are ______. Select all that apply.

Citric acid cycle

The production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 occurs in what phase of aerobic respiration?

metabolic

The rate that can be estimated by measuring the amount of oxygen used per minute is ______ rate.

metabolic

The rate that can be estimated by measuring the amount of oxygen used per minute is _______ rate.

Blank 1: metabolic, basal, or BMR

The rate that refers to the amount of energy used in the body per unit of time, expressed in such terms as kcal/h or kcal/day is ______ rate.

transamination

The reaction in this figure of amino acid metabolism represents ______.

glycolysis

The splitting of a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules is a process called ______.

ATP, pyruvic acid

The steps of glycolysis seen here result in the production of ______ and two molecules of ______.

glycogenesis

The synthesis of glycogen, which occurs in conditions of excess glucose is a process called ______.

monosaccharide

The term ______ refers to a single carbohydrate unit, for example a simple sugar such as glucose or fructose.

nutrition

The term for the overall process by which the body obtains and utilizes components of food is _____.

metabolism

The term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body is _______.

10%

The thermic effect of food accounts for about how much of the body's energy expenditure?

adipose or fat

The tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss is ______ tissue.

transamination

The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is called ______.

unsaturated

The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called ______ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids.

triglyceride

The type of lipid stored within adipose tissue is ______.

cholesterol, saturated fats, trans fats

The types of lipids that have been linked to cardiovascular disease are ______.

amino

This chemical structure represents a(n) ______ acid

Aerobic respiration

This figure is depicting what metabolic process?

Citric acid cycle

This image is depicting what metabolic process that occurs in mitochondria?

Increased level of physical activity

To increase the basal metabolic rate, a person can choose which of the following?

monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

Unsaturated fats with only one double bond are called ______ fats, and unsaturated fats with more than one double bond are called ______ fats.

lipid, water

Vitamin A is ______ soluble, while vitamin B is ______ soluble.

lipid

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ______-soluble vitamins.

organic (Reason: Minerals are inorganic while vitamins are organic.)

Vitamins are ______.

essential

Vitamins that the body cannot make are ______ vitamins.

essential

Vitamins that the body cannot synthesize are categorized as ______.

Water-soluble and fat-soluble

What are the classifications of vitamins?

Increased muscular activity

What can promote healthy weight by increasing the metabolic rate?

Evaporation

What carries heat away when the skin is covered in sweat?

Acetyl-CoA

What combines with oxaloacetic acid in the citric acid cycle?

Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)

What is a name for the cyclic pathway in aerobic respiration?

Nutrient

What is an ingested substance used by the body to produce energy and to provide building blocks for new molecules?

vitamins

What nutrients are important for enzyme function, ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, and blood clotting?

When no oxygen is available

When do muscle cells use anaerobic respiration?

glycogenesis

When glucose levels are high, glucose is converted into glycogen. This process is called ______.

Mitochondrion

Where does pyruvic acid go to continue aerobic respiration?

lactose, sucrose, maltose

Which are dietary disaccharides?

Two FADH2. Four CO2. Two ATP

Which are produced in the citric acid cycle (per glucose molecule)? Select all that apply.

Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP

Which best describes the electron transport chain?

Lipids

Which molecules serve as the body's main energy storage?

amino acids

Which of the following are NOT stored in the body?

ATP. Carbon dioxide. Water

Which of the following are end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose?

Citric acid cycle. Glycolysis. Electron transport chain

Which of the following are part of carbohydrate metabolism?

Reduction of oxygen

Which of the following does NOT occur during the citric acid cycle?

Production of ATP

Which of the following does NOT occur in the transition steps between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following is NOT a fate of glucose-6-phosphate under high blood glucose conditions?

Fatty acid tail

Which of the following is not a component of all amino acids?

Fats that are solid at room temperature

Which type of fats would be most important to avoid in protecting the body against heart disease?