Biology 224: Chapter 23 (Connect) Metabolism & Nutrition
minerals (Reason: Vitamins are small dietary organic compounds that are necessary to metabolism.)
Inorganic elements that plants extract from soil or water are _______.
minerals
Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions are called ______.
minerals
Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions are called _______.
Absorptive: Glucose processed into glycogen / Postabsorptive: Lactic acid, glycogen and fatty acids processed into glucose
Match the metabolic state to the descriptions of processes.
Lowers temperature: Dermal blood vessel dilation / Raises temperature: Contraction of skeletal muscles
Match the response of an effector to its role in body temperature homeostasis.
triglyceride
Ninety-five percent of dietary lipids are ______. They consist of a glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acids.
Blank 1: 37, thirty seven, thirty-seven, or 37.6 / Blank 2: 98, 98.6, or 99.7
Normal body temperature measured orally is ______ degrees Celsius or ______ degrees Fahrenheit.
obtaining food requirements, utilization of food components, breakdown of food components (all body processes relating to food)
Nutrition includes ______.
MyPlate
The USDA and HHS use a visual reminder called ______ to help educate the public on how to build a healthy meal.
Citric acid
The ______ ______ cycle is shown in this figure.
Blank 1: basal Blank 2: metabolic
The _______ _______ rate is the energy required to keep the body functioning at restful levels.
basal metabolic rate
The _______ is the energy needed to keep the resting body functional.
phosphorylation
The addition of an inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to an organic molecule is called ______.
metabolic
The amount of energy produced and used in the body per unit of time is the _______ rate.
glycogenesis
The arrow marked with a circle represents the process of in this illustration of the interconversion of ______ nutrient molecules.
NADH. CO2
What is directly produced during the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA? Select all that apply.
Oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron-transport chain?
as a source of energy
Triglycerides are important ______.
adipose, fatty, or fat
Triglycerides are stored in _____ tissue.
saturated
Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains are examples of ______ fats.
free
Triglycerides that are released in the blood and used by the skeletal muscles and liver for energy are referred to as ______ fatty acids.
True (Reason: Although carbohydrates are used to make energy in the body, lipids are used to store energy. The key word in the question is "store".)
True or False: The body's main energy-storage molecules are lipids.
True
True or False: The energy cost of digesting and absorbing food as well as the synthesis of new molecules is called the thermic effect of food.
True (Reason: Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain.)
True or False: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen.
False (Reason: 37 degrees Celsius (98.6 degrees Fahrenheit) is a normal body temperature.)
True or false: A patient with a body temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (taken orally) has a fever.
True (Reason: Unlike lipids and carbohydrates, amino acids are not stored by the body.)
True or false: Amino acids are not stored by the body.
False (Reason: Fats and cholesterol are important biological molecules because they are precursors of steroid hormones, bile acids, and vitamin D. They are also present in the plasma membrane and myelin sheath.)
True or false: Lipids should not be consumed in the diet because they are associated with heart disease.
False (Reason: The basal metabolic rate is a baseline or standard indicating the metabolic rate when one is awake but relaxed in a room at comfortable temperature in a postabsorptive state 12 to 14 hours after the last meal.)
True or false: The basal metabolic rate is observed when an individual is exercising vigorously.
True (Reason: Less than 30% of the calories come from fat, so it is a good choice.)
True or false: The food represented by this nutritional label would be a good choice based on recommended guidelines for percentage of calories from each nutrient.
True (Reason: Vitamins C and B are classified as water-soluble and vitamins A, D, E, and K are fat-soluble.)
True or false: Vitamins are classified as water-soluble or fat-soluble.
protein
A _______ is a large polypeptide composed of chains of amino acids.
monosaccharides
Based on their structure, glucose, galactose and fructose are from the group of carbohydrates called ______.
disaccharides
Based on their structure, sucrose, lactose, and maltose are from the group of carbohydrates called ______.
Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule
Describe the reaction called phosphorylation.
vitamins
Dietary organic compounds that are necessary in small amounts for metabolism are called ______.
growth of different body tissues. synthesis of DNA and RNA. blood clotting. ATP production pathways
Important roles for vitamins are ______.
triglycerides, lipids, or fats
Important sources of energy for the body because they deliver more than twice as many kilocalories as carbohydrate molecules are _____.
20-35%
In adults, fats should account for no more than _______ of your daily caloric intake.
pyruvic, lactic
In anaerobic fermentation, NADH donates a pair of electrons to _______ acid, thus reducing it to ______ acid and regenerating NAD.
fruits and vegetables
In the MyPlate icon, half of the plate consists of food from the category of ______.
anaerobic respiration
In the absence of oxygen, a human cell may resort to an anaerobic reaction to produce energy. This process is called ______.
oxaloacetic (Reason: Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl-CoA and then combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid.)
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.
production of ATP. production of pyruvic acid
In the last steps of glycolysis, ______ occurs.
above
Increased sweating and vasodilation occur when the body's temperature is ______ homeostatic levels.
triglyceride
A macromolecule that consists of a glycerol and three fatty acids is classified as a ______.
coenzyme
A(n) ______ is small organic molecule, usually derived from a vitamin, that is needed to make an enzyme catalytically active.
mitochondria
After glycolysis, pyruvic acid moves from the cytosol into ______ to complete the remaining phases of aerobic respiration.
nonessential
Amino acids that are required for protein synthesis but that do not need to be ingested are categorized as _______.
essential
Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize are categorized as _______.
coenzyme
An organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it functional is called a(n) ______.
metabolism
Anabolism and catabolism are parts of ______.
300
Average cholesterol intake should not exceed ______ mg/day.
lipids
Beta-oxidation and ketogenesis are processes involved in the metabolism of ______.
nutrient
By definition, a _____ is any ingested substance used by the cells of the body to produce energy, to provide building blocks for new molecules, and to function in other chemical reactions.
calorie
By definition, one _____ is the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius.
calorie
By definition, the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius is one ______.
Aerobic respiration
Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water are the end-products of which process?
Found in nuts, seeds and fish. Contain double bonds between carbon atoms
Characterize unsaturated fats. Select all that apply.
testosterone, estrogen, bile salts
Cholesterol is a precursor for ______.
organic
Coenzymes are ______.
vitamins
Coenzymes are usually derived from ______.
Lactic acid
During anaerobic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into which of the following?
2
During glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are produced, but ______ molecules of ATP are used in the process.
absorptive, postabsorptive
During the ______ state, glucose is obtained through absorption of digested carbohydrates, whereas during the ______ state, glucose is maintained by the conversion of other molecules.
phosphorylation of sugar. use of ATP
During the steps of glycolysis seen here, ______ is occurring? Select all that apply.
4, 2, 2
During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATPs, ______ NADHs, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.
proton
Each complex in the electron transport chain collectively acts as a _____ pump that removes H+ from the mitochondrial matrix and pumps it into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes.
cholesterol
Egg yolks and liver are foods that have high concentrations of ______.
triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids
Examples of lipids are ______.
free fatty acids
Fatty acids that are released into the blood from adipose tissue are called ______.
eggs, liver
Foods that are high in cholesterol include ______. Select all that apply.
body temperature regulation, protection of internal organs, storage of energy
Functions of adipose tissue are ______. Select all that apply.
Blank 1: ATP Blank 2: adenosine Blank 3: triphosphate
Glucose molecules are broken down to provide energy for the production of the molecule abbreviated as ______, with the full name of ______ ______.
ATP
Glucose provides the energy required for the body to synthesize ______.
monosaccharides
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are examples of carbohydrates called _______, which mainly arise from the digestion of starch and disaccharides.
Cytoplasm
Glycolysis occurs in the of the ______ cell.
carbohydrates
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are part of the metabolism of ______.
2 ATP molecules
How many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis?
galactose, fructose, glucose
Identify examples of monosaccharides. Select all that apply.
Precursor for bile salts, Structural component of the plasma membrane, Precursor for steroid hormones
Identify functions of cholesterol.
Evaporation Sweating Vasodilation
Identify processes that occur when air temperature is higher than skin temperature.
K.A.D.E.
Identify the fat soluble vitamins. Select all that apply.
Convection, Radiation, Conduction
Identify the methods by which the body may lose heat. Select all that apply.
Glycolysis. Citric acid cycle. Production of acetyl CoA. Electron transport chain
Identify the phases of the aerobic respiration pathway.
C and B complex
Identify the water soluble vitamins.
sweating
If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, _______ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.
monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
List the three principle forms of carbohydrates.
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are all forms of which class of macromolecule?
triglyceride
Most lipids in the human diet _______.
Cytoplasm
Name the location within the cell where glycolysis occurs.
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Olive and peanut oils are examples of ______ fats, whereas fish and sunflower oils are examples of ______ fats.
amino acids
Proteins are composed of ______.
incomplete
Proteins classified as ______ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.
complete
Proteins described as being ______ proteins are those that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance.
lose heat
Radiation, conduction, and convection are methods the body uses to ______.
1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of acetyl-CoA 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Electron transport chain
Rank the events of aerobic respiration in the correct order.
Evaporation
Sweat wets the skin surface and its ______ carries heat away.
one serving contains 12% of recommended daily fat intake
The 12% on the line labeled "Total Fat" in this image indicates _______.
Krebs
The citric acid cycle is also called the ______ cycle.
1; 3; 1
The citric acid cycle produces ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ FADH2 per "turn" of the cycle.
glycolysis
The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid is ______.
lactic
The end product of anaerobic fermentation is ______ (one word) acid.
Blank 1: aerobic, cellular, or krebs Blank 2: respiration or cycle
The entire metabolic process seen in this illustration is referred to as ______ ______.
saturated
The fats found in meat, egg yolks, dairy products, and palm oils are high in ______ fatty acids. These fatty acids have no double bonds.
breaking glucose into two separate molecules
The first phase of glycolysis involves ______.
two pyruvic acid molecules. four ATPs. two NADHs
The overall products of glycolysis are ______.
triglycerides
The vast majority of the lipids in the human diet are in the form of ______.
citric acid cycle. ketogenesis. beta-oxidation
The processes that may be involved in the breakdown of lipids are ______. Select all that apply.
Citric acid cycle
The production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 occurs in what phase of aerobic respiration?
metabolic
The rate that can be estimated by measuring the amount of oxygen used per minute is ______ rate.
metabolic
The rate that can be estimated by measuring the amount of oxygen used per minute is _______ rate.
Blank 1: metabolic, basal, or BMR
The rate that refers to the amount of energy used in the body per unit of time, expressed in such terms as kcal/h or kcal/day is ______ rate.
transamination
The reaction in this figure of amino acid metabolism represents ______.
glycolysis
The splitting of a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules is a process called ______.
ATP, pyruvic acid
The steps of glycolysis seen here result in the production of ______ and two molecules of ______.
glycogenesis
The synthesis of glycogen, which occurs in conditions of excess glucose is a process called ______.
monosaccharide
The term ______ refers to a single carbohydrate unit, for example a simple sugar such as glucose or fructose.
nutrition
The term for the overall process by which the body obtains and utilizes components of food is _____.
metabolism
The term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body is _______.
10%
The thermic effect of food accounts for about how much of the body's energy expenditure?
adipose or fat
The tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss is ______ tissue.
transamination
The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is called ______.
unsaturated
The type of fat that is found predominately in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils is called ______ fat, based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids.
triglyceride
The type of lipid stored within adipose tissue is ______.
cholesterol, saturated fats, trans fats
The types of lipids that have been linked to cardiovascular disease are ______.
amino
This chemical structure represents a(n) ______ acid
Aerobic respiration
This figure is depicting what metabolic process?
Citric acid cycle
This image is depicting what metabolic process that occurs in mitochondria?
Increased level of physical activity
To increase the basal metabolic rate, a person can choose which of the following?
monounsaturated, polyunsaturated
Unsaturated fats with only one double bond are called ______ fats, and unsaturated fats with more than one double bond are called ______ fats.
lipid, water
Vitamin A is ______ soluble, while vitamin B is ______ soluble.
lipid
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are ______-soluble vitamins.
organic (Reason: Minerals are inorganic while vitamins are organic.)
Vitamins are ______.
essential
Vitamins that the body cannot make are ______ vitamins.
essential
Vitamins that the body cannot synthesize are categorized as ______.
Water-soluble and fat-soluble
What are the classifications of vitamins?
Increased muscular activity
What can promote healthy weight by increasing the metabolic rate?
Evaporation
What carries heat away when the skin is covered in sweat?
Acetyl-CoA
What combines with oxaloacetic acid in the citric acid cycle?
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
What is a name for the cyclic pathway in aerobic respiration?
Nutrient
What is an ingested substance used by the body to produce energy and to provide building blocks for new molecules?
vitamins
What nutrients are important for enzyme function, ATP production, DNA and RNA synthesis, and blood clotting?
When no oxygen is available
When do muscle cells use anaerobic respiration?
glycogenesis
When glucose levels are high, glucose is converted into glycogen. This process is called ______.
Mitochondrion
Where does pyruvic acid go to continue aerobic respiration?
lactose, sucrose, maltose
Which are dietary disaccharides?
Two FADH2. Four CO2. Two ATP
Which are produced in the citric acid cycle (per glucose molecule)? Select all that apply.
Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP
Which best describes the electron transport chain?
Lipids
Which molecules serve as the body's main energy storage?
amino acids
Which of the following are NOT stored in the body?
ATP. Carbon dioxide. Water
Which of the following are end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose?
Citric acid cycle. Glycolysis. Electron transport chain
Which of the following are part of carbohydrate metabolism?
Reduction of oxygen
Which of the following does NOT occur during the citric acid cycle?
Production of ATP
Which of the following does NOT occur in the transition steps between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
Gluconeogenesis
Which of the following is NOT a fate of glucose-6-phosphate under high blood glucose conditions?
Fatty acid tail
Which of the following is not a component of all amino acids?
Fats that are solid at room temperature
Which type of fats would be most important to avoid in protecting the body against heart disease?