Biology 256 Exam 3

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An increase in venous return most directly affects

stroke volume

An increase in venuous return most directly affects

stroke volume

An increase in venous return most directly affects

stroke volume.

Blood flow to a specific tissue increases when

sympathetic stimulation to the heart occurs

Pulse pressure is

systolic - diastolic

Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist for a motor neuron and

the muscle fibers innervated by it

The father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. They have had three children without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus

never was a problem.

Which of the following chemicals does NOT control blood pressure?

nitric acid

Which will decrease blood pressure

nitric oxide

Which will increase blood pressure?

norepinephrine

Which is NOT a possible result of chronic hypertension

obesity

Which is NOT a possible result of chronic hypertension?

obesity

Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?

obesity

Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contacting cardiac muscle cells begins with

opening of voltage-gated fast sodium channels

Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with

opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels

Angina pectoris is

pain accompanying myocardial ischemia

The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the

Artery

Select the correct statement about blood flow.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

Starlings law of the heart states that the heart contracts less forcefully when it fills with more blood.

False

When a muscle fiber is stimulated by ACh, __ channels on the plasma membrane open

Na+

Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?

Na+ inward flux, Ca++ inward flux, K+ outward flux

Contractile myocardial fibers use ___ to initiate action potentials, while autorhythmic fibers use ___.

Na+, Ca++

Which statement is also true about an EKG?

The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization

What causes the sounds heard in an artery when blood pressure is measured?

Turbulence

An extended P-Q interval on an EKG usually indicates

a blockage in the conduction system

Acute hypotension may be the result of

a large-scale blood loss

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

A motor unit is

a motor neuron and the myofibers it stimulates

Cardiac ischemia can result in

a myocardial infarction

Select the correct statement about cardiac output

a slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction

Muscle Tone is

a state of sustained partial contraction of muscles

Muscle tone is

a state of sustained partial contraction of muscles

The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is

acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors.

The sliding filament model of contraction involves

actin and myosin sliding past each other but NOT shortening

The sliding filament model of contraction involves...

actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening

__ overlap in __, the functional units of skeletal muscle cells

actin and myosin, sarcomeres

Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called

acute lymphocytic leukemia

The most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins

Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria?

atrioventricular node

The "lub" heart sound occurs with the __ valves closing, while the "dub" heart sound occurs as __ valves close

atrioventricular, semilunar

Oxygen is transported by red blood cells, it is carried by

attaching to the iron ion in heme

Which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure?

the thymus

Which of the following are composed of myosin?

thick filaments

Which of the following are composed of actin?

thin filaments

When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, then some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists this by

transferring the iron to the red bone marrow where it can be reused

When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, the some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists in this by

transferring the iron to the red bone marrow where it can be reused.

Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by

travel at high altitudes.

When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. THIS IS CALLED

baroreceptor reflex

The LEAST abundant human leukocytes are the

basophils

The least abundant human leukocytes are the

basophils.

What ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhythmic cells during an action potential?

calcium

An individual who is blood type AB negative

can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except those with the Rh antigen.

The function of hemoglobin is to

carry oxygen.

In muscle contraction, calcium acts to

change the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex.

In an isotonic contraction, the muscle

changes in length and moves the "load."

Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?

circulatory shock

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?

closure of the heart valves

The first heart sound (lub of lub-dub) is caused by

closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves

The first heart sound (lubb of lubb-dubb) is caused by the

closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.

The second heart sound (dubb of lubb-dubb) is caused by the

closure of the semilunar valves.

Which steroid hormone can induce gluconeogenesis in the liver?

cortisol

Which disease is caused by hypothyroidism during the last trimester of pregnancy or the first 6 months after birth? It causes severe mental retardation

cretinism

The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called

treppe.

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure

excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase

__ binds Ca++, exposing __ binding sites on __.

troponin, myosin, actin

Factors aiding venous return include all except

urinary output.

The blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is the

vein

Skeletal muscle assists the heart in moving blood through

veins

Which is a condition that may cause transient hypertension?

exercising

Negative chronotropic factors are

factors that decrease heart rate

Which is a condition that may cause transient hypertension?

fever.

Which of the following is a precursor of a lymphocyte

lymphoblast

Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?

maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

When old red blood cells are worn out, their components are recycled. The globin from the hemoglobin is

metabolized as amino acids.

Blood by-passing a capillary bed flows through its

metarteriole.

Which of the following is a precursor of a monocyte?

monoblast

No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in

monocytes

A person with chronic leukemia is __ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body

more

A person with chronic leukemia is ___ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body.

more

A person with chronic leukemia is ____ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body

more

The myocardium requires __ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has __ mitochondria

more, more

The myocardium requires ____ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has ____ mitochondria.

more, more

Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending known as a(n)

motor end plate.

A motor neuron and the myfibers it innervates is known as a

motor unit

A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a...

motor unit

A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a(n)

motor unit.

Heart sounds other than those cause by closing of valves are called

murmers

The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its

muscle tone

Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?

myeloblast

Which of the following is a precursor of a eosinophil?

myeloblast

Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in

myoglobin

The buffy coat consists mainly of

white blood cells and platelets

The buffy coat of centrifuged blood consists mainly of

white blood cells and platelets.

The father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. They have had 3 kids without adverse problems. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus

never was a problem

Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?

perimysium

Acute leukemia is more common in __ persons; chronic leukemia is more common in __ persons

younger, older

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of

pernicious anemia

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of

pernicious anemia

A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of:

pernicious anemia.

Control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its

precapillary sphincter.

Which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis?

production of vacuoles

When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called

recruitment

Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to

reestablish glycogen stores.

Which of the following period i when a muscle i temporarily unable to respond to stimuli?

refractory period

Which of the following periods is when a muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli?

refractory period

The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to

regulate intracellular calcium concentration

The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects

resistance.

The lymphatic vessels

return fluid escaping the circulatory system to veins above the heart

Where is the pace-maker of the heart located?

right atrium

Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?

right atrium

Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?

serum cholesterol

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is

significant because resistance goes up when the diameter goes down

Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate?

skin color

In an isometric contraction

stay the same length

In an isometric contraction, muscles

stay the same length

The time from when the ventricular contractile myofibers are depolarized until they repolarize is represented by the

S-T interval

Initiation of a normal heart beat is the responsibility of the

SA node

Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order?

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers

__ is the liquid portion of blood AFTER coagulation. It has __ protein than before coagulation

Serum, less

The process of forming new red blood cells is called

erythropoiesis.

Blood flow to the skin

increases when environmental temp. rises

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms.

The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting HR. This phenomenon

is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle

The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon

is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle

the effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting HR. This phenomenon

is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle

After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the ACh

is destroyed by ACh-esterase

After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine

is destroyed by acetyl choline esterase.

If plasma proteins are lost due to kidney disease, then which of the following pressure changes occur as a result?

Blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases

On average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about

5 liters/min.

Normal cardiac output is about ________ L/min.

5.2

The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ___ ml/beat

70

The neurotransmitter initiating a muscle action potential is

ACh (acetylcholine)

The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing ACh is

ACh-esterase destroys the ACh as it is removed from the membrane receptors

Rigor mortis occurs because

ATP required to detach myosin from actin is depleted

Damage to the ___ is referred to as heart block

AV node (atrioventricular)

Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria

AV node (atrioventricular)

Which is the correct equation for the relationship between BP, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance?

BP = CO x PR

Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)?

BP = CO x PR

Cardiac muscle fibers remain depolarized longer than skeletal muscle fibers because

Ca++ enters the cytosol from the extracellular fluid to contribute more depolarization just after Na+ has entered.

Gas exchange occurs in

Capillaries

Which is NOT a nutrient required for erythropoiesis?

Iodine

Which component of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization?

QRS complex

On an EKG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the

QRS complex.

The normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells is

about 25%

The normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is

above 50%

The neurotransmitter used at a motor end plate is

acetylcholine (ACh)

Which blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure?

aorta

Brief rise in aortic pressure is caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the

aortic semilunar valve

Pulse is measured in

arteries

Pulse is measured in the

arteries

The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients TO the tissue is the

artery

The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the

artery.

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates

atrial depolarization.

Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.

atrioventricular node

If a person has hepititis, which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of this person?

bilirubin

The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to

bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing troponin's shape.

During the period of ventricular filling

blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves

During the period of ventricular filling,

blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves.

Which provides a long-term control for blood pressure?

blood volume

The major targets of growth hormone are

bones and skeletal muscles

The dicrotic notch refers to the

brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the aortic semilunar valve

ACh

decreases the heart rate

Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?

endomysium

In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by

endomysium.

A heart beat is normally initiated when

enough Ca++ enters the cells of the sinoatrial node to reverse their resting potentials.

Which of the following wraps an entire muscle?

epimysium

Formed elements found in the blood that are about 7-8 Um in diameter with no nuclei are

erythrocytes.

When cardiac muscle cells die the result is

fibrosis (scarring)

Which is the best definition of blood pressure?

force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel

Which blood proteins serve as antibodies that tag foreign substances for elimination from the body?

gamma globulins

Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are compromised of

glycoproteins

Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are comprised of

glycoproteins.

Which blood protein(s) carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?

hemoglobin

Which of these is NOT a normal plasma protein?

hemoglobin

Which would be associated with premature ruptured erythrocytes?

hemolytic anemia

Myoglobin

holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells

Peripheral resistance

increase as blood viscosity increases

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to

increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine

A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to

increase blood pressure and the heart rate via epinephrine

Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?

increased tissue demand for oxygen

The velocity of blood flow

is slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

To lift a 50 lb barbell, you use an __ contractions; to hold it above your head you use an __ contraction

isometric, isotonic

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?

kidney

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from

lack of oxygen in myofibers

Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to

lactic acid

Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterae.

latent

A sustained and frequent muscle stimulus brings about

tetanus

A sustained and frequent muscles stimulus brings about

tetanus.

CO2 is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by

the amino acids of hemoglobin

The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following was EXCEPT

the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs

The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways EXCEPT

the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs.

Which tissue uses over half the oxygen in blood vessels serving it?

the heart

If the vagus nerve to the heart were cut, the result would be

the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute


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