Biology 256 Exam 3
An increase in venous return most directly affects
stroke volume
An increase in venuous return most directly affects
stroke volume
An increase in venous return most directly affects
stroke volume.
Blood flow to a specific tissue increases when
sympathetic stimulation to the heart occurs
Pulse pressure is
systolic - diastolic
Muscle cells work together in groups known as motor units. These consist for a motor neuron and
the muscle fibers innervated by it
The father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. They have had three children without adverse problems due to the Rh factor. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus
never was a problem.
Which of the following chemicals does NOT control blood pressure?
nitric acid
Which will decrease blood pressure
nitric oxide
Which will increase blood pressure?
norepinephrine
Which is NOT a possible result of chronic hypertension
obesity
Which is NOT a possible result of chronic hypertension?
obesity
Which is a risk factor for essential hypertension?
obesity
Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contacting cardiac muscle cells begins with
opening of voltage-gated fast sodium channels
Initiation of a cardiac action potential in contracting cardiac muscle cells begins with
opening voltage-gated fast sodium channels
Angina pectoris is
pain accompanying myocardial ischemia
The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the
Artery
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
Starlings law of the heart states that the heart contracts less forcefully when it fills with more blood.
False
When a muscle fiber is stimulated by ACh, __ channels on the plasma membrane open
Na+
Which is the correct sequence of events in a cardiac myocardium action potential?
Na+ inward flux, Ca++ inward flux, K+ outward flux
Contractile myocardial fibers use ___ to initiate action potentials, while autorhythmic fibers use ___.
Na+, Ca++
Which statement is also true about an EKG?
The T wave indicates ventricular repolarization
What causes the sounds heard in an artery when blood pressure is measured?
Turbulence
An extended P-Q interval on an EKG usually indicates
a blockage in the conduction system
Acute hypotension may be the result of
a large-scale blood loss
Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
A motor unit is
a motor neuron and the myofibers it stimulates
Cardiac ischemia can result in
a myocardial infarction
Select the correct statement about cardiac output
a slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
Muscle Tone is
a state of sustained partial contraction of muscles
Muscle tone is
a state of sustained partial contraction of muscles
The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing acetylcholine is
acetylcholinesterase destroys the acetylcholine as it is removed from the membrane receptors.
The sliding filament model of contraction involves
actin and myosin sliding past each other but NOT shortening
The sliding filament model of contraction involves...
actin and myosin sliding past each other but not shortening
__ overlap in __, the functional units of skeletal muscle cells
actin and myosin, sarcomeres
Cancer of lymphoblasts developing quickly in a young child would be called
acute lymphocytic leukemia
The most abundant plasma proteins are the
albumins
Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria?
atrioventricular node
The "lub" heart sound occurs with the __ valves closing, while the "dub" heart sound occurs as __ valves close
atrioventricular, semilunar
Oxygen is transported by red blood cells, it is carried by
attaching to the iron ion in heme
Which is NOT directly involved in maintaining your blood pressure?
the thymus
Which of the following are composed of myosin?
thick filaments
Which of the following are composed of actin?
thin filaments
When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, then some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists this by
transferring the iron to the red bone marrow where it can be reused
When erythrocytes are worn and tattered, the some of the hemoglobin molecule is recycled. Transferrin assists in this by
transferring the iron to the red bone marrow where it can be reused.
Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by
travel at high altitudes.
When you go from squatting to standing too quickly, you feel dizzy. The drop in blood pressure stimulates vasoconstriction and increased heart rate to compensate. THIS IS CALLED
baroreceptor reflex
The LEAST abundant human leukocytes are the
basophils
The least abundant human leukocytes are the
basophils.
What ion is responsible for the depolarization of cardiac autorhythmic cells during an action potential?
calcium
An individual who is blood type AB negative
can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except those with the Rh antigen.
The function of hemoglobin is to
carry oxygen.
In muscle contraction, calcium acts to
change the shape of the troponin-tropomyosin complex.
In an isotonic contraction, the muscle
changes in length and moves the "load."
Which is NOT a risk factor for essential hypertension?
circulatory shock
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events?
closure of the heart valves
The first heart sound (lub of lub-dub) is caused by
closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves
The first heart sound (lubb of lubb-dubb) is caused by the
closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
The second heart sound (dubb of lubb-dubb) is caused by the
closure of the semilunar valves.
Which steroid hormone can induce gluconeogenesis in the liver?
cortisol
Which disease is caused by hypothyroidism during the last trimester of pregnancy or the first 6 months after birth? It causes severe mental retardation
cretinism
The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is called
treppe.
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
__ binds Ca++, exposing __ binding sites on __.
troponin, myosin, actin
Factors aiding venous return include all except
urinary output.
The blood vessel type removing carbon dioxide and wastes from the tissues is the
vein
Skeletal muscle assists the heart in moving blood through
veins
Which is a condition that may cause transient hypertension?
exercising
Negative chronotropic factors are
factors that decrease heart rate
Which is a condition that may cause transient hypertension?
fever.
Which of the following is a precursor of a lymphocyte
lymphoblast
Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?
maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
When old red blood cells are worn out, their components are recycled. The globin from the hemoglobin is
metabolized as amino acids.
Blood by-passing a capillary bed flows through its
metarteriole.
Which of the following is a precursor of a monocyte?
monoblast
No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in
monocytes
A person with chronic leukemia is __ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body
more
A person with chronic leukemia is ___ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body.
more
A person with chronic leukemia is ____ likely to suffer a bacterial infection in/on their body
more
The myocardium requires __ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has __ mitochondria
more, more
The myocardium requires ____ oxygen than skeletal muscle and has ____ mitochondria.
more, more
Each muscle fiber is stimulated by a nerve ending known as a(n)
motor end plate.
A motor neuron and the myfibers it innervates is known as a
motor unit
A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a...
motor unit
A motor neuron and the myofibers it innervates is known as a(n)
motor unit.
Heart sounds other than those cause by closing of valves are called
murmers
The number of muscle fibers in a contracted state in an otherwise relaxed muscle is known as its
muscle tone
Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil?
myeloblast
Which of the following is a precursor of a eosinophil?
myeloblast
Oxygen is stored in myofibers on/in
myoglobin
The buffy coat consists mainly of
white blood cells and platelets
The buffy coat of centrifuged blood consists mainly of
white blood cells and platelets.
The father is Rh- and the mother is Rh+. They have had 3 kids without adverse problems. The mother is pregnant again. In terms of the Rh factor, the risk to this fetus
never was a problem
Which of the following surrounds a bundle of myofibers?
perimysium
Acute leukemia is more common in __ persons; chronic leukemia is more common in __ persons
younger, older
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of
pernicious anemia
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of
pernicious anemia
A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale red blood cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of:
pernicious anemia.
Control of blood flow through a capillary bed occurs at its
precapillary sphincter.
Which of the following is NOT required for erythropoiesis?
production of vacuoles
When stimuli bring about more and more fibers in a contracted state, this is called
recruitment
Glucose delivered to a recovering myofiber is used to
reestablish glycogen stores.
Which of the following period i when a muscle i temporarily unable to respond to stimuli?
refractory period
Which of the following periods is when a muscle is temporarily unable to respond to stimuli?
refractory period
The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to
regulate intracellular calcium concentration
The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects
resistance.
The lymphatic vessels
return fluid escaping the circulatory system to veins above the heart
Where is the pace-maker of the heart located?
right atrium
Where is the pacemaker of the heart located?
right atrium
Which is NOT a vital sign used to assess the cardiovascular system?
serum cholesterol
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is
significant because resistance goes up when the diameter goes down
Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate?
skin color
In an isometric contraction
stay the same length
In an isometric contraction, muscles
stay the same length
The time from when the ventricular contractile myofibers are depolarized until they repolarize is represented by the
S-T interval
Initiation of a normal heart beat is the responsibility of the
SA node
Which lists the components of the heart's conduction system in the proper order?
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers
__ is the liquid portion of blood AFTER coagulation. It has __ protein than before coagulation
Serum, less
The process of forming new red blood cells is called
erythropoiesis.
Blood flow to the skin
increases when environmental temp. rises
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms.
The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting HR. This phenomenon
is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle
The effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. This phenomenon
is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle
the effect of endurance-type athletic training may be to lower the resting HR. This phenomenon
is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle
After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the ACh
is destroyed by ACh-esterase
After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the acetylcholine
is destroyed by acetyl choline esterase.
If plasma proteins are lost due to kidney disease, then which of the following pressure changes occur as a result?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure decreases
On average, normal resting cardiac output for an adult is about
5 liters/min.
Normal cardiac output is about ________ L/min.
5.2
The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ___ ml/beat
70
The neurotransmitter initiating a muscle action potential is
ACh (acetylcholine)
The first thing that stops a muscle contraction after a motor neuron stops releasing ACh is
ACh-esterase destroys the ACh as it is removed from the membrane receptors
Rigor mortis occurs because
ATP required to detach myosin from actin is depleted
Damage to the ___ is referred to as heart block
AV node (atrioventricular)
Which component of the intrinsic autorhythmicity system of the heart functions to assure that the ventricles contract after the atria
AV node (atrioventricular)
Which is the correct equation for the relationship between BP, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance?
BP = CO x PR
Which is the correct equation for the relationship between blood pressure (BP), cardiac output (CO), and peripheral resistance (PR)?
BP = CO x PR
Cardiac muscle fibers remain depolarized longer than skeletal muscle fibers because
Ca++ enters the cytosol from the extracellular fluid to contribute more depolarization just after Na+ has entered.
Gas exchange occurs in
Capillaries
Which is NOT a nutrient required for erythropoiesis?
Iodine
Which component of an electrocardiogram indicates electrical activity associated with ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
On an EKG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the
QRS complex.
The normal lymphocyte percentage of white blood cells is
about 25%
The normal neutrophil percentage of white blood cells is
above 50%
The neurotransmitter used at a motor end plate is
acetylcholine (ACh)
Which blood vessel would you find has the highest blood pressure?
aorta
Brief rise in aortic pressure is caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the
aortic semilunar valve
Pulse is measured in
arteries
Pulse is measured in the
arteries
The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients TO the tissue is the
artery
The blood vessel type bringing oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is the
artery.
The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates
atrial depolarization.
Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block.
atrioventricular node
If a person has hepititis, which bile pigment would you expect to be in highest concentration in the blood of this person?
bilirubin
The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to
bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing troponin's shape.
During the period of ventricular filling
blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves
During the period of ventricular filling,
blood flows from the atria and through the open atrioventricular valves.
Which provides a long-term control for blood pressure?
blood volume
The major targets of growth hormone are
bones and skeletal muscles
The dicrotic notch refers to the
brief rise in aortic pressure caused by backflow of blood rebounding off the aortic semilunar valve
ACh
decreases the heart rate
Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
endomysium
In skeletal muscle, each myofiber is surrounded by
endomysium.
A heart beat is normally initiated when
enough Ca++ enters the cells of the sinoatrial node to reverse their resting potentials.
Which of the following wraps an entire muscle?
epimysium
Formed elements found in the blood that are about 7-8 Um in diameter with no nuclei are
erythrocytes.
When cardiac muscle cells die the result is
fibrosis (scarring)
Which is the best definition of blood pressure?
force per unit area exerted on the wall of a blood vessel
Which blood proteins serve as antibodies that tag foreign substances for elimination from the body?
gamma globulins
Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are compromised of
glycoproteins
Blood group antigens, including the ABO blood group antigens on the surface of blood cells, are comprised of
glycoproteins.
Which blood protein(s) carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?
hemoglobin
Which of these is NOT a normal plasma protein?
hemoglobin
Which would be associated with premature ruptured erythrocytes?
hemolytic anemia
Myoglobin
holds a reserve supply of oxygen in muscle cells
Peripheral resistance
increase as blood viscosity increases
A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to
increase blood pressure and heart rate via epinephrine
A drop in blood pressure stimulates the cardiovascular center to
increase blood pressure and the heart rate via epinephrine
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
increased tissue demand for oxygen
The velocity of blood flow
is slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
To lift a 50 lb barbell, you use an __ contractions; to hold it above your head you use an __ contraction
isometric, isotonic
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production?
kidney
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from
lack of oxygen in myofibers
Athletes sometimes complain of oxygen debt, a condition that results when insufficient oxygen is available to completely break down pyruvic acid. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to
lactic acid
Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period called the ________ period during which calcium ions are released from the terminal cisterae.
latent
A sustained and frequent muscle stimulus brings about
tetanus
A sustained and frequent muscles stimulus brings about
tetanus.
CO2 is transported by red blood cells; it is carried in part by
the amino acids of hemoglobin
The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following was EXCEPT
the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs
The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle parallels that of skeletal muscle in the following ways EXCEPT
the calcium-mediated regulation of contraction differs.
Which tissue uses over half the oxygen in blood vessels serving it?
the heart
If the vagus nerve to the heart were cut, the result would be
the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
