Biology 30 Chapter 15
artificial insemination
fertilization technique where sperm is collected, concentrated, and placed in woman's vagina
neurulation
forming of the neural tube, which develops into brain and spinal cord
hCG
hormone that has same effect as LH; maintains corpus luteum
prolactin
hormone that stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands
oxytocin
hormone that stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands
endoderm
inner germ layer; forms the organ system tracts, liver, gallbladder, thyroid, pancreas
mesoderm
middle germ layer; forms the muscle, adrenal cortex, heart, kidney, reproductive organs
ectoderm
outer germ layer; forms the skin, nails, hair, nervous tissue, pituitary, eye lens, and adrenal medulla
Ovulation
ovum bursts from follicle during the menstrual cycle
third trimester
trimester from weeks 25-38 or months 7-9
morula
16-cell zygote that is formed after cleavage stage
cleavage
zygote goes under rapid cell division without the enlargement of its cells
tubal ligation
cutting oviducts to cause sterilization
FASD
disorders related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy
month 2
during this month bone growth begins, blood cells form, eyelids are shut, nose is filled with mucus
month 6
during this month eyes are open, eyelashes form, skin is wrinkled, pink, and translucent
month 4
during this month skin is pink, joints form, and the heartbeat can be heard
month 5
during this month the body is covered with fine hair called lanugo, mother can feel fetal movement
month 1
during this month, the spinal cord and nervous system form and the heart starts beating
blastocyst
embryo implants in uterus and is made into trophoblast and inner cell mass
amnion
extra-embryonic membrane that contains amniotic fluid; protects embryo from impact, infections
oxytocin
hormone that enhance uterine contraction; push baby against cervix
surrogate mother
infertile couple can have another woman carry their baby
ultrasound
monitoring technique that provides information on development of baby through sound waves
embryonic period
period of growth for the first 8 weeks when organs and structures begin to form, the time of morphogenesis
fetal period
period of growth from week 9 to birth when organs begin to function and form organ systems
implantation
process when blastocyst implants into the lining of the uterus
lactation
process where milk produced by prolactin and released by oxytocin when baby suckles
relaxin
produced by placenta; loosens ligaments in pelvis; softens cervix for birth
superovulation
production of multiple eggs in female
placenta
rich in blood vessels; gives nutrients, oxygen, hormones, antibodies, and secretes wastes from fetus
chorionic villi sampling
sample of placenta is removed to determine karyotype
colostrum
secreted prior to milk; thin, protein-rich fluid containing antibodies
fertilization
sperm and egg join to create a zygote
blastula
sphere of cells. During gastrulation, cells move in, produces 3-layer embryo
placental stage
stage of parturition where 10-15 min after birth, placenta/umbilical cord are expelled (after-birth)
expulsion stage
stage of parturition where large contractions push baby through cervix, head rotates (0.5-2 hrs)
dilation stage
stage of parturition where uterine contraction cause cervix to open, amniotic sac break (2-20 hrs)
extra-embryonic membrane
structures that support the embryo; responsible for protection, nutrition, respiration, and excretion of embryo
teratogen
substance that causes harm to fetus due to exposure during pregnancy
parturition
the birthing process - labour and delivery
germ layers
the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm are called this
first trimester
trimester from weeks 1-12 or month 1-3
second trimester
trimester from weeks 13-24 or months 4-6
cervix
uterine contractions are initiated by the stretching of this
GIFT
variation of IVF where egg and sperm are brought together in the oviduct
month 3
during this month eyes are well formed, sex is distinguished, and nails form on fingers and toes
placenta
after 3 months of pregnancy this maintains the corpus luteum
amniocentesis
amniotic fluid is removed to determine karyotype of baby
in vitro fertilization
fertilization technique where female egg is fertilized in a Petri Dish
vasectomy
cutting ductus deferens to cause sterilization
umbilical cord
delivers nutrients and expels wastes from the fetus
morphogenesis
events that form structures of the developing fetus
yolk sac
extra-embryonic membrane that develops digestive tract and blood cells; no nutritive function in humans
allantois
extra-embryonic membrane that forms foundation of umbilical cord
chorion
extra-embryonic membrane that produces hCG for first 3 months of pregnancy