Biology 30 Chapter 15

artificial insemination

fertilization technique where sperm is collected, concentrated, and placed in woman's vagina

neurulation

forming of the neural tube, which develops into brain and spinal cord

hCG

hormone that has same effect as LH; maintains corpus luteum

prolactin

hormone that stimulates the production of milk in the mammary glands

oxytocin

hormone that stimulates the release of milk from the mammary glands

endoderm

inner germ layer; forms the organ system tracts, liver, gallbladder, thyroid, pancreas

mesoderm

middle germ layer; forms the muscle, adrenal cortex, heart, kidney, reproductive organs

ectoderm

outer germ layer; forms the skin, nails, hair, nervous tissue, pituitary, eye lens, and adrenal medulla

Ovulation

ovum bursts from follicle during the menstrual cycle

third trimester

trimester from weeks 25-38 or months 7-9

morula

16-cell zygote that is formed after cleavage stage

cleavage

zygote goes under rapid cell division without the enlargement of its cells

tubal ligation

cutting oviducts to cause sterilization

FASD

disorders related to alcohol consumption during pregnancy

month 2

during this month bone growth begins, blood cells form, eyelids are shut, nose is filled with mucus

month 6

during this month eyes are open, eyelashes form, skin is wrinkled, pink, and translucent

month 4

during this month skin is pink, joints form, and the heartbeat can be heard

month 5

during this month the body is covered with fine hair called lanugo, mother can feel fetal movement

month 1

during this month, the spinal cord and nervous system form and the heart starts beating

blastocyst

embryo implants in uterus and is made into trophoblast and inner cell mass

amnion

extra-embryonic membrane that contains amniotic fluid; protects embryo from impact, infections

oxytocin

hormone that enhance uterine contraction; push baby against cervix

surrogate mother

infertile couple can have another woman carry their baby

ultrasound

monitoring technique that provides information on development of baby through sound waves

embryonic period

period of growth for the first 8 weeks when organs and structures begin to form, the time of morphogenesis

fetal period

period of growth from week 9 to birth when organs begin to function and form organ systems

implantation

process when blastocyst implants into the lining of the uterus

lactation

process where milk produced by prolactin and released by oxytocin when baby suckles

relaxin

produced by placenta; loosens ligaments in pelvis; softens cervix for birth

superovulation

production of multiple eggs in female

placenta

rich in blood vessels; gives nutrients, oxygen, hormones, antibodies, and secretes wastes from fetus

chorionic villi sampling

sample of placenta is removed to determine karyotype

colostrum

secreted prior to milk; thin, protein-rich fluid containing antibodies

fertilization

sperm and egg join to create a zygote

blastula

sphere of cells. During gastrulation, cells move in, produces 3-layer embryo

placental stage

stage of parturition where 10-15 min after birth, placenta/umbilical cord are expelled (after-birth)

expulsion stage

stage of parturition where large contractions push baby through cervix, head rotates (0.5-2 hrs)

dilation stage

stage of parturition where uterine contraction cause cervix to open, amniotic sac break (2-20 hrs)

extra-embryonic membrane

structures that support the embryo; responsible for protection, nutrition, respiration, and excretion of embryo

teratogen

substance that causes harm to fetus due to exposure during pregnancy

parturition

the birthing process - labour and delivery

germ layers

the ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm are called this

first trimester

trimester from weeks 1-12 or month 1-3

second trimester

trimester from weeks 13-24 or months 4-6

cervix

uterine contractions are initiated by the stretching of this

GIFT

variation of IVF where egg and sperm are brought together in the oviduct

month 3

during this month eyes are well formed, sex is distinguished, and nails form on fingers and toes

placenta

after 3 months of pregnancy this maintains the corpus luteum

amniocentesis

amniotic fluid is removed to determine karyotype of baby

in vitro fertilization

fertilization technique where female egg is fertilized in a Petri Dish

vasectomy

cutting ductus deferens to cause sterilization

umbilical cord

delivers nutrients and expels wastes from the fetus

morphogenesis

events that form structures of the developing fetus

yolk sac

extra-embryonic membrane that develops digestive tract and blood cells; no nutritive function in humans

allantois

extra-embryonic membrane that forms foundation of umbilical cord

chorion

extra-embryonic membrane that produces hCG for first 3 months of pregnancy