Biology 4-3
catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is called a
Glycogen
Animals store excess sugar in the form of what polysaccharide?
yes
Are enzymes specific to catalyze with only one particular chemical reaction?
no
Are nucleic acids strongly acidic?
not used up.
Because catalysts are not changed in a chemical reaction, they are
Carbohydrates
Because lipids contain far fewer oxygen atoms than carbohydrates do, they have less mass per unit of chemical energy than what organic compound that is also store for energy?
Sterols and phospholipids
Besides saturated, unsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats, what are two other types of lipids?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Carbohydrates are made up of which 3 elements?
Wood
Cellulose is a major component of
10,000,000,000 5 seconds
Enzymes can speed up a reaction by what factor? So a reaction that would take 15 years takes only how long?
binding to them
Enzymes speed up a reaction by doing what to the reactants in a chemical reaction?
Lipids
Fats, oils, and waxes are
Animal starch
Glycogen is sometimes called
Polymerization
How are complex carbohydrates made?
By lowering the "start-up" energy of a reaction
How do catalysts work?
more than 20
How many different amino acids are there?
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
If a fatty acid that contains several double bonds between Carbons, it is called
Unsaturated fatty acids
If a pair of carbon atoms is joined by a double bond on a fatty acid, the fatty acid is said to be what?
Water
In the forming of a complex carbohydrate, one the -OH groups combines with the H of the OH from the other molecule, removing a molecule of what from the two monosaccharides? (Consider what you get when OH and H combine)
Polysaccharides
In what form do living things store excess sugar?
R group
In what region of the molecule of amino acids do amino acids' chemical structures differ?
Disaccharide
Is sucrose, table sugar, a monosaccharide or disaccharide?
Polyunsaturated fats
Lipids made from polyunsaturated fatty acids are called
Saturated fats
Lipids made from saturated fatty acids are called
Fatty acids and glycerol
Many important lipids are formed from the combinations of
protein
Most enzymes are what type of organic compound?
Glucose
Nearly all living organisms use what carbohydrate as their basic energy source?
Starch
Plants store excess sugar in the form of what polysaccharide?
amino acids
Proteins are polymers of
2000
Simple cells may have as many as _________ different enzymes.
Energy
Sugars are important because they contain a great deal of
substrates
The reactants that are affected by an enzyme are called
active site
The region where enzymes bind to substrates is called the
The ability to form bilayers spontaneously
What ability enables a lipid to play a key roll on forming a cell membrane?
nitrogen
What additional element do proteins contain along with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen?
Fatty acid
What are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms that have a carboxyl group attached at one end?
Glucose, galactose, and fructose
What are some examples of monosaccharides?
Help carry out chemical reaction, pump small molecules in and out of cells, and help a cell to move.
What are some of the roles of proteins?
Maltose and lactose
What are some other examples of disaccharides?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nuclei acids
What are the four groups of organic compounds found in living things?
nucleotides
What are the individual monomers of nucleic acids made up of?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus
What are the large complex organic molecules of nucleic acids made up of?
Monosaccharides
What are the simplest carbohydrates?
Store energy, form biological membranes, and as chemical messengers
What are the three roles of lipids in organisms?
RNA and DNA
What are the two basic kinds of nucleic acids?
Heart disease
What can excessive cholesterol increase your risk for?
enzymes
What catalysts are found in living organisms?
Dehydration synthesis
What chemical reactions is responsible for the formation of the lipid?
Water splitting
What does hydrolysis mean?
amino acid
What has a covalent bond consisting of an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other?
A carboxyl group
What is -COOH?
a carboxyl group
What is -COOH?
an amino group
What is -NH2?
Sucrose, Table sugar
What is C12H22O11?
Polysaccharides
What is being split apart in Hydolysis?
a water molecule
What is lost when the peptide bond in formed between two amino acids?
Cholesterol
What is one of the most common sterols?
Disaccharide
What is the compound formed by dehydration synthesis when joining two single sugars?
C6H12O6
What is the formula for glucose, galactose, and fructose?
Disaccharide
What is the name for a double sugar?
dipeptide, tripeptide, polypeptide
What is the name for two amino acids joined by a peptide bond? Three amino acids joined by a peptide bond? A long chain of amino acids joined by a peptide bond?
2:1, water
What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate? Just like what compound?
Hydrolysis
What is the reversed reaction of dehydration synthesis?
Dehydration
What is the term that means loss of water?
Synthesis
What is the term that means putting together?
The arrangement of the individual atoms
What makes glucose, galactose, and fructose different from each other, even though their formula is the same, C6H12O6?
Cellulose
What polysaccharide is found only in plants?
Glycogen
What polysaccharide is larger, starch or glycogen?
Glucose
What sugar do green plants produce?
Fructose
What sugar is found in fruits?
Galactose?
What sugar is found in milk?
enzymes
What type of catalyst is involved in digestion, respiration, reproduction, vision, movement, thought, and even in the making of themselves?
peptide bonds
What type of covalent bond joins two amino acids?
Polyunsaturated
What type of fat can help prevent heart disease?
Polyunsaturated
What type of fat tends to be liquid at room temperature?
When every carbon atom in a fatty acid chain is joined to another carbon atom by a single bond
When is a fatty acid said to be saturated?
Liposomes
When phospholipid molecules are mixed with water, they form small balloonllike structures called what?
Meats and dairy products
Where do we find saturated fats?
Between the -OH groups
Where is the chemical bond that links two simple sugars formed to make a complex carbohydrate?
The bonds that make up the carbohydrate molecule. When the bonds are broken
Where is the energy stored in sugars? How is the energy released?
Carbohydrates
Which group organic compound includes sugar and starches?
Lipids
Which organic compound produces more energy gram per gram, carbohydrates or lipids?
The oily part
Which part of a phospholipid dissolves well in water?
Unsaturated fatty acid
Which type of fatty acid does not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms?
