Biology- Biochemistry

What is the process by which cells link monomers together to form polymers?

Dehydration reaction

When a peptide bond forms between the amino and carboxyl groups, what process does it go through?

Dehydration synthesis

T/F: -NH2 is an amino group.

True

T/F: Aldehydes, but not ketones, have H bound to C=O.

True

T/F: Hydrophobic R groups are nonpolar.

True

T/F: Saturated triglycerides have more hydrogens than unsaturated triglycerides.

True

How many different kinds of amino acids are there in most proteins?

20

A phosphate group contains _________ oxygen atoms.

4

Two monosaccharides

A disaccharide

Lactase falls in what category? A.) Carbs B.) Proteins C.) Lipids D.) Nucleic acids

B.) Proteins

Which of the following molecules is a carbohydrate? A.) C50 H100 O50 B.) C51 H98 O6 C.) C22 H49 O10N5 D.) C45 H84 O8P4

A.) C50 H100 O50

Starch falls in what category? A.) Carbs B.) Proteins C.) Lipids D.) Nucleic acids

A.) Carbs

Generally, animals cannot digest the linkages between the glucose molecules in cellulose. How then do cows get enough nutrients from eating grass? A.) Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose. B.) They have to eat a lot of grass. C.) Cows make an enzyme in their saliva that hydrolyzes cellulose. D.) Cows and other herbivores are exceptions and make some cellulose-digesting enzymes in their digestive tracts.

A.) Microorganisms in their digestive tracts hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose.

To what does the term polypeptide specifically refer?

Amino acids linked by dehydration synthesis

Some athletes use anabolic steroids to build their body mass. Why is this considered a problematic practice, especially in adolescents?

Anabolic steroids can prevent bone growth.

What is a statement that helps most to explain why life is based on carbon compounds?

C-C bonds are as strong as C-O bonds.

Cholesterol falls in what category? A.) Carbs B.) Proteins C.) Lipids D.) Nucleic acids

C.) Lipids

Which of these is found in amines? A.) R-OH B.) R-COOH C.) R-NH2 D.) R-COH

C.) R-NH2

Lactose is a disaccharide (two monosaccharides joined together). To metabolize lactose, individuals require an enzyme known as lactase. What is true about this reaction? A.) The reaction causes reactants to be formed. B.) The reaction dehydrates the sugar. C.) The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar. D.) The reaction causes bloating in individuals who have the enzyme.

C.) The reaction hydrolyzes the sugar.

Proteins are an important class of molecules because of the functions they perform. Proteins can _____. A.) form dietary fiber B.) form membrane bilayers C.) act as signal receptors to receive signals in cell communication D.) store genetic information

C.) act as signal receptors to receive signals in cell communication

Carbonyl group?

C=O

Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic?

Carboxyl

COOH functional group is know as a..?

Carboxylic acid

Plant cell walls consist mainly of _____.

Cellulose

Enzyme molecules require a specific shape to perform their catalytic function. What might alter the protein shape?

Changing the concentration of salt in the environment

Isomers

Compounds that have the same molecular formulas but different three-dimensional structures.

DNA falls in what category? A.) Carbs B.) Proteins C.) Lipids D.) Nucleic acids

D.) Nucleic acids

Which of the following components of a tossed salad will pass through the human digestive tract with the least digestion? A.) sugar (in the dressing) B.) oil (in the dressing) C.) starch (in the croutons) D.) cellulose (in the lettuce)

D.) cellulose (in the lettuce)

A shortage of phosphorus in the soil would make it especially difficult for a plant to manufacture _____.

DNA

Amino groups ... A.) act as bases in water. B.) contain nitrogen atoms. C.) occur in proteins. D.) Just two of the preceding answers are true. E.) (a), (b), and (c).

E.) (a), (b), and (c).

Hydrogenated vegetable oils are more like animal fats than other plant oils. Because they (CONTAIN MORE OR FEWER DOUBLE BONDS) than other plant oils, they can contribute to cardiovascular disease.

Fewer

What is the main sugar used by cells for energy?

Glucose

A polysaccharide that we use for storing energy in our muscles and livers is _____.

Glycogen

In a basic solution, COOH will release what?

H+

Hydroxyl group?

HO

When glycogen is converted into glucose, what process does it go through?

Hydrolysis

Which is the correct term for compounds that do not mix with water?

Hydrophobic

Enantiomer

Isomer molecules that are mirror images

Cholesterol belongs to which class of molecules?

Lipids

A hydrophobic amino acid R group would be found where in a protein?

On the inside of the folded chain, away from water

Which functional group has the most different ionized forms?

Phosphate

The lipids that form the main structural component of cell membranes are _____.

Phospholipids

Glycogen is a monosaccaride, disaccaride, or a polysaccaride?

Polysaccaride

Collagen is found in connective tissue, which is a structural component of bones, tendons, and ligament. Collagen has great strength because of its _____ structure.

Quaternary

Which level of the protein structure involves two or more polypeptide chains?

Quaternary

How does DNA differ from RNA?

RNA contains ribose, DNA does not.

Glucose is the direct breakdown product of what?

Starch

In what polysaccharide form do plants store sugar to be available later for energy?

Starch

The complex carbohydrate that you are most likely to have eaten recently is _____.

Starch

The ovalbumin in egg white can be classified as which type of protein?

Storage

Another function of carbohydrates (as a class)

Structural Support

The most common disaccharide

Sucrose

Which structure would be affected when a protein is denatured?

Tertiary structure

The peptide bond is _____.

The covalent bond joining two amino acids.

Where is glycogen stored?

The liver and muscle of animals.

Which of the following do nucleic acids and proteins have in common?

They are large polymers.

A glucose molecule is to starch as _____.

a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid (Nucleotides are the monomers that make nucleic acids, just as glucose is the monosaccharide from which starch is constructed.)

In a hydrolysis reaction, _____. In this process, water is _____.

a polymer breaks up to form monomers ... consumed

The organic molecule called DNA is an example of ....

a polymer made of nucleotides.

Choose the pair of terms that completes this sentence about functional groups in organic chemistry: Carboxyl is to _____ as _____ is to base.

acid ... amino

Manufacturers make vegetable oils solid or semisolid by _____.

adding hydrogens

Although the structures of the functional groups important to life vary in chemical structure, they share one thing in common: They _____.

all are hydrophilic and increase the organic compound's water solubility

A functional group on a molecule in solution carries two H atoms at pH 9 and three H atoms at pH 3. The functional group is probably. . .

amino

Protein molecules are polymers of _____.

amino acid molecules

Peptide bonds are formed between _____. However, it is the properties of the _____ that determine the overall shape of the protein.

amino and carboxyl groups ... R group

Lipids differ from other large biological molecules in that they _____.

are not truly polymers (Lipids are not all made of identical monomers bonded together. Their association as a group is related to their behavior rather than their structure.)

Carbohydrates are mainly used in our bodies _____.

as fuel

Compounds that have _____ in it are said to be organic.

carbon

Geometric isomers are molecules that _____.

differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond

Non-ionized carboxyl groups cause a molecule to act as an acid because they ...

donate H+ ions to water

When molecules are mirror images, they're ________.

enantiomers

Polymers are always made up of _______.

monomers

The characteristic that all lipids have in common is that _____.

none of them dissolves in water

Cellulose is a _____ made of many _____.

polymer ... glucose molecules

DNA carries the instructions for building _____, and these instructions are found in informational units called _____.

polypeptides ... genes

Besides water, most of the mass of a typical cell is present in the form of one of these four categories of macromolecules: _____.

proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids

The alpha helix and pleated sheet represent which level of protein structure?

secondary structure

The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide is called the _____.

tertiary structure

The "primary structure" of a protein refers to _____.

the number and sequence of amino acids

A fatty acid containing at least two double bonds is called _____.

unsaturated