Biology Ch. 3 SmartBook

What type of cell membrane protein enables neighboring cells to stick to each other?

Adhesion proteins

Select all of the following ideas that were added to the cell theory in modern times.

All cells contain DNA, which is duplicated and passed to new cells when the cell divides. All cells use energy to accomplish cell processes.

What type of prokaryotes are most closely related to eukaryotes?

Archaea

What did Robert Hooke call the little units he observed when he viewed cork under lenses of glass?

Cells

In bacterial cells, the nucleoid is where the cell's ______ congregates.

DNA

Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

DNA RNA ribosomes cytoplasm

Select the true statement describing how DNA in the nucleus is used to specify protein production by the cell.

DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus, and the mRNA is used outside the nucleus to make proteins.

In a cell, ______ is the genetic information of the cell, and RNA plays a role in the production of ______.

DNA; proteins

What is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?

Endoplasmic reticulum

What type of membrane protein speeds up chemical reactions?

Enzymes

Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ______ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria.

Eukarya

Organisms in the domain ______ are made of cells that have a nucleus and membranous organelles.

Eukarya

Protists, including the single-celled organisms Amoeba and Paramecium, belong to domain

Eukarya

Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are organisms in the domain

Eukarya

Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system.

Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope vacuoles endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes

What English physicist first observed the outlines of cells when he looked at cork from an oak tree?

Hooke

Select the three scientists that proposed the three components of the cell theory in the mid-1800s.

Virchow Schwann Schleiden

A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains

a nucleus

Select all of the functions of the bacterial cell wall.

prevent the cell from bursting protect the cell give the cell its shape

German biologists Schleiden and Schwann were the first to

propose the cell theory.

In all cells, RNA and ribosomes play a role in the production of ______, which are molecules that carry out all of the cell's work.

proteins

Select all of the following that describe electron microscopes.

provide greater magnification than light microscopes usually require that specimen be killed use beam of electrons instead of light expensive to build and operate

Some medicines that treat depression block ______ proteins on brain cell surfaces from absorbing serotonin.

receptor

The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.

reticulum

The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ______ are assembled.

ribosomes

Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.

rough

Select all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archaea.

chemical composition of flagella evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes molecules that compose the cell membranes

The two-layered nuclear envelope separates the nucleus of a cell from the

cytoplasm

Select all of the following that are present in bacterial cells.

cytoplasm ribosomes DNA enzymes

Select all of the following that are components of the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane.

cytoskeleton ions and enzymes organelles cytosol

The watery mixture of ions, enzymes, and RNA within the cytoplasm is called the

cytosol

Select ways that cells avoid surface area limitations.

efficient transportation system within cell long or thin shape

What type of microscope allows resolution of objects that are about 5 nanometers in size?

electron

Select all the roles that membranes play in cells.

enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells receive and respond to external stimuli transport substances into and out of the cell

Modern cell theory added three more ideas to the original cell theory, including that all cells have the same chemical composition, all cells use ______, and all cells contain ______ as the genetic information that is duplicated and passed on when cells divide.

energy; DNA

Select all of the following that are true about prokaryotes.

simplest types of life most ancient forms of life on Earth lack a nucleus

Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the endoplasmic reticulum.

smooth

Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria.

some are used to make pharmaceuticals Earth's oldest organisms some live in human intestines and help with digestion important decomposers and producers

Select the three common shapes of bacterial cells.

spiral round rod-shaped

Lipids called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.

steroids

Ribosome

structures that manufacture proteins

Select all of the characteristics of organelles.

surrounded by membranes studded with membrane proteins contain distinct proteins

DNA

the cell's genetic information

What is the function of membrane proteins that are enzymes?

facilitate chemical reactions

In some types of bacteria, appendages called ______ rotate like a propeller and allow movement forward or backward.

flagella

The cell membrane can be described as a(n) ______ mosaic because many of the diverse components can move freely within the

fluid

The head of a phospholipid is ______, meaning its polar covalent bonds attract water, but the tails of a phospholipid are ______ and thus water-insoluble.

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

What is the function of recognition proteins in the plasma membrane?

identify the cell as belonging to the body and a certain tissue type

Select all of the following that correctly describe Archaean cells.

lack nuclei and organelles most have cell walls can have flagella

Select all of the characteristics of eukaryotic cells.

larger than prokaryotic cells nucleus system of internal membranes

The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size. Multiple choice question.

light

What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly sliced specimen to generate true-color views of cells?

light microscope

Cell membrane

lipid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment

The ______ produced in the nucleus enters the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis.

mRNA

Within the nucleus, protein synthesis information in DNA is copied into ______, which then exit the nucleus through nuclear pores.

mRNA molecules

All cells have a cell that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.

membrane

Organelles carry out specialized functions in the cell and are enclosed by

membranes

The ______ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus.

nuclear pores

In prokaryotic cells, DNA congregates in an area called the

nucleoid

Inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, the subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the

nucleolus

In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the

nucleus

The endomembrane system is a coordinated system of ______ in eukaryotic cells.

organelles

What feature enables eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficiency within a relatively large cell volume?

organelles

Within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, there are multiple specialized compartments called

organelles

All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the

outside environment

Biological membranes are selectively ______, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.

permeable

In cell membranes, what part of a phospholipid molecule is oriented toward the outside of the bilayer?

phosphate head

The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) ______, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule.

phospholipid

What molecules are key components of cell membranes and are arranged in bilayers to form membranes?

phospholipids

Select all of the following that are able to move laterally within the cell membrane, giving it the description of a fluid mosaic.

phospholipids proteins

Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called

vesicles

What are the structures indicated by the arrows in the picture that have pinched off the Golgi apparatus and will deliver their contents to another part of the cell?

vesicles

The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size.

Light

What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?

Lysosome

Select all of the following that are examples in which the ratio of surface area to volume of cells is increased.

Nerve cells are long and thin. Amoebas have extensions of their cell membrane. Paramecia are horizontally flattened in shape.

What structures allow the passage of regulatory proteins into the nucleus and mRNA molecules out of the nucleus?

Nuclear pores

______ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus.

Prokaryotic

______ proteins bind to molecules and ions on the outside of the cell, triggering a reaction on the inside of the cell.

Receptor

What type of cell membrane protein binds molecules on the cell's exterior, which triggers a reaction in the cell's interior?

Receptor proteins

What type of cell membrane proteins help the body identify its own cells?

Recognition proteins

What structure is indicated by the arrow in this picture of the endomembrane system and lacks ribosomes covering the exterior?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.

The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All cells originate from preexisting cells. All organisms are made of one or more cells.

True or false: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms.

True

True or false: Most cells have a small size that is less than 0.1 mm in diameter to maximize surface area relative to volume.

True

Why are ions and polar molecules unable to pass directly through a cell membrane?

The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic.

What type of cell membrane protein allows molecules and ions to enter or exit the cell?

Transport

_____ proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and act as passageways for water-soluble materials into or out of the cell.

Transport

______ proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and act as passageways for water-soluble materials into or out of the cell.

Transport

Enzymes in the lysosomes function at a more ______ pH than the cytoplasm, which means the enzymes only function within the enclosed lysosome, unless all of a cell's lysosomes burst at once.

acidic

Proteins on the surfaces of cell membranes which enable cells to stick to other cells are called ______ proteins.

adhesion

Cytoplasm

all cell contents except the nucleus

Spiral or corkscrew, round, and rod-shaped are all common shapes of

bacteria

Select all of the following that are true about lysosomes.

can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions contain enzymes tagged with sugars

The theory states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life.

cell

In bacterial cells, what is the function of flagella?

cell movement

The rigid ______ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape.

cell wall

What cell shape has the most efficient exchange of materials between the cell's interior and exterior?

cell with more surface area relative to volume

All living things consist of one or more

cells

Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of

cells