Biology Ch. 3 SmartBook
What type of cell membrane protein enables neighboring cells to stick to each other?
Adhesion proteins
Select all of the following ideas that were added to the cell theory in modern times.
All cells contain DNA, which is duplicated and passed to new cells when the cell divides. All cells use energy to accomplish cell processes.
What type of prokaryotes are most closely related to eukaryotes?
Archaea
What did Robert Hooke call the little units he observed when he viewed cork under lenses of glass?
Cells
In bacterial cells, the nucleoid is where the cell's ______ congregates.
DNA
Select all of the following that are present in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.
DNA RNA ribosomes cytoplasm
Select the true statement describing how DNA in the nucleus is used to specify protein production by the cell.
DNA is copied into mRNA in the nucleus, and the mRNA is used outside the nucleus to make proteins.
In a cell, ______ is the genetic information of the cell, and RNA plays a role in the production of ______.
DNA; proteins
What is a network of sacs and tubules extending off the nuclear envelope and is where proteins and lipids are produced?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What type of membrane protein speeds up chemical reactions?
Enzymes
Key genetic sequences suggest that archaea are more closely related to members of domain ______ than they are to members of Domain Bacteria.
Eukarya
Organisms in the domain ______ are made of cells that have a nucleus and membranous organelles.
Eukarya
Protists, including the single-celled organisms Amoeba and Paramecium, belong to domain
Eukarya
Protists, plants, fungi, and animals are organisms in the domain
Eukarya
Select all of the cell parts that are involved in the endomembrane system.
Golgi apparatus nuclear envelope vacuoles endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes
What English physicist first observed the outlines of cells when he looked at cork from an oak tree?
Hooke
Select the three scientists that proposed the three components of the cell theory in the mid-1800s.
Virchow Schwann Schleiden
A eukaryotic cell is different from a prokaryotic cell in that it contains
a nucleus
Select all of the functions of the bacterial cell wall.
prevent the cell from bursting protect the cell give the cell its shape
German biologists Schleiden and Schwann were the first to
propose the cell theory.
In all cells, RNA and ribosomes play a role in the production of ______, which are molecules that carry out all of the cell's work.
proteins
Select all of the following that describe electron microscopes.
provide greater magnification than light microscopes usually require that specimen be killed use beam of electrons instead of light expensive to build and operate
Some medicines that treat depression block ______ proteins on brain cell surfaces from absorbing serotonin.
receptor
The endoplasmic ______ is a network of membranes originating at the nuclear envelope and winding through the cell.
reticulum
The nucleolus is a dense spot in the nucleus where components of ______ are assembled.
ribosomes
Proteins to be secreted outside of a eukaryotic cell are formed at ribosomes on the surface of the ______ endoplasmic reticulum.
rough
Select all of the following that differ between domains Bacteria and Archaea.
chemical composition of flagella evolutionary relationship to eukaryotes molecules that compose the cell membranes
The two-layered nuclear envelope separates the nucleus of a cell from the
cytoplasm
Select all of the following that are present in bacterial cells.
cytoplasm ribosomes DNA enzymes
Select all of the following that are components of the cytoplasm, outside the nuclear membrane.
cytoskeleton ions and enzymes organelles cytosol
The watery mixture of ions, enzymes, and RNA within the cytoplasm is called the
cytosol
Select ways that cells avoid surface area limitations.
efficient transportation system within cell long or thin shape
What type of microscope allows resolution of objects that are about 5 nanometers in size?
electron
Select all the roles that membranes play in cells.
enclose organelles in eukaryotic cells receive and respond to external stimuli transport substances into and out of the cell
Modern cell theory added three more ideas to the original cell theory, including that all cells have the same chemical composition, all cells use ______, and all cells contain ______ as the genetic information that is duplicated and passed on when cells divide.
energy; DNA
Select all of the following that are true about prokaryotes.
simplest types of life most ancient forms of life on Earth lack a nucleus
Lipids, detoxifying enzymes, and membrane components are produced and stored in the endoplasmic reticulum.
smooth
Select all of the following that are true about organisms in Domain Bacteria.
some are used to make pharmaceuticals Earth's oldest organisms some live in human intestines and help with digestion important decomposers and producers
Select the three common shapes of bacterial cells.
spiral round rod-shaped
Lipids called ______, which include cholesterol, are membrane components that aid in membrane fluidity.
steroids
Ribosome
structures that manufacture proteins
Select all of the characteristics of organelles.
surrounded by membranes studded with membrane proteins contain distinct proteins
DNA
the cell's genetic information
What is the function of membrane proteins that are enzymes?
facilitate chemical reactions
In some types of bacteria, appendages called ______ rotate like a propeller and allow movement forward or backward.
flagella
The cell membrane can be described as a(n) ______ mosaic because many of the diverse components can move freely within the
fluid
The head of a phospholipid is ______, meaning its polar covalent bonds attract water, but the tails of a phospholipid are ______ and thus water-insoluble.
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
What is the function of recognition proteins in the plasma membrane?
identify the cell as belonging to the body and a certain tissue type
Select all of the following that correctly describe Archaean cells.
lack nuclei and organelles most have cell walls can have flagella
Select all of the characteristics of eukaryotic cells.
larger than prokaryotic cells nucleus system of internal membranes
The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size. Multiple choice question.
light
What type of microscope passes light through a transparent or thinly sliced specimen to generate true-color views of cells?
light microscope
Cell membrane
lipid-rich boundary between the cells and outside environment
The ______ produced in the nucleus enters the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis.
mRNA
Within the nucleus, protein synthesis information in DNA is copied into ______, which then exit the nucleus through nuclear pores.
mRNA molecules
All cells have a cell that surrounds the cytoplasm and forms a boundary between the cell and its environment.
membrane
Organelles carry out specialized functions in the cell and are enclosed by
membranes
The ______ found within the nuclear envelope are lined with specialized proteins that allow the transport of substances into and out of the nucleus.
nuclear pores
In prokaryotic cells, DNA congregates in an area called the
nucleoid
Inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, the subunits of ribosomes are assembled in the
nucleolus
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA that codes for the cell's proteins is stored in a membrane-bounded organelle called the
nucleus
The endomembrane system is a coordinated system of ______ in eukaryotic cells.
organelles
What feature enables eukaryotic cells to keep biochemicals and related structures in close proximity and increase efficiency within a relatively large cell volume?
organelles
Within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, there are multiple specialized compartments called
organelles
All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the
outside environment
Biological membranes are selectively ______, meaning they allow only specific types of molecules to pass into or out of the cell.
permeable
In cell membranes, what part of a phospholipid molecule is oriented toward the outside of the bilayer?
phosphate head
The cell membrane is composed of a type of lipid molecule called a(n) ______, which has two fatty acids and a phosphate group extending from a glycerol molecule.
phospholipid
What molecules are key components of cell membranes and are arranged in bilayers to form membranes?
phospholipids
Select all of the following that are able to move laterally within the cell membrane, giving it the description of a fluid mosaic.
phospholipids proteins
Membranous spheres that transport materials inside the cell as part of the endomembrane system are called
vesicles
What are the structures indicated by the arrows in the picture that have pinched off the Golgi apparatus and will deliver their contents to another part of the cell?
vesicles
The ______ microscope is ideal for viewing living cells that are between 200 nanometers and 1 millimeter in size.
Light
What organelle of the endomembrane system breaks down debris, food, and old cell parts with special dismantling enzymes?
Lysosome
Select all of the following that are examples in which the ratio of surface area to volume of cells is increased.
Nerve cells are long and thin. Amoebas have extensions of their cell membrane. Paramecia are horizontally flattened in shape.
What structures allow the passage of regulatory proteins into the nucleus and mRNA molecules out of the nucleus?
Nuclear pores
______ cells are the simplest forms of life and lack a nucleus.
Prokaryotic
______ proteins bind to molecules and ions on the outside of the cell, triggering a reaction on the inside of the cell.
Receptor
What type of cell membrane protein binds molecules on the cell's exterior, which triggers a reaction in the cell's interior?
Receptor proteins
What type of cell membrane proteins help the body identify its own cells?
Recognition proteins
What structure is indicated by the arrow in this picture of the endomembrane system and lacks ribosomes covering the exterior?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Select the three components of the cell theory devised in the mid-1800s.
The cell is the fundamental unit of all life. All cells originate from preexisting cells. All organisms are made of one or more cells.
True or false: Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse organisms.
True
True or false: Most cells have a small size that is less than 0.1 mm in diameter to maximize surface area relative to volume.
True
Why are ions and polar molecules unable to pass directly through a cell membrane?
The interior of the phospholipid bilayer is hydrophobic.
What type of cell membrane protein allows molecules and ions to enter or exit the cell?
Transport
_____ proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and act as passageways for water-soluble materials into or out of the cell.
Transport
______ proteins are embedded in the cell membrane and act as passageways for water-soluble materials into or out of the cell.
Transport
Enzymes in the lysosomes function at a more ______ pH than the cytoplasm, which means the enzymes only function within the enclosed lysosome, unless all of a cell's lysosomes burst at once.
acidic
Proteins on the surfaces of cell membranes which enable cells to stick to other cells are called ______ proteins.
adhesion
Cytoplasm
all cell contents except the nucleus
Spiral or corkscrew, round, and rod-shaped are all common shapes of
bacteria
Select all of the following that are true about lysosomes.
can fuse with vesicle carrying debris from outside the cell or damaged organelles enzymes inside the lysosome perform hydrolysis reactions contain enzymes tagged with sugars
The theory states that all life is composed of one or more cells, which are the fundamental units of all life.
cell
In bacterial cells, what is the function of flagella?
cell movement
The rigid ______ of most bacterial cells surrounds the cell membrane, protecting the cell and giving the cell shape.
cell wall
What cell shape has the most efficient exchange of materials between the cell's interior and exterior?
cell with more surface area relative to volume
All living things consist of one or more
cells
Whether bacterium or blue whale, every organism is made of
cells