Biology Ch. 8 Test Review

TATA box

A common kind of promoter

Punnett square

A diagram showing different ways alleles can segregate/shows possible combination of alleles

2n

A diploid cell is represented by __________.

Zygote

A diploid cell that is genetically different from either parent; the union of two sex cells

Homozygous

A diploid organism that has two of the same allele for a gene (TT, tt)

n

A haploid cell is represented by ___________.

homozygous

A purebred organism is __________________ for either the dominant or recessive allele of a gene.

Mitotic spindle

Assembled fibers from the cytoskeleton

You cannot identify the genotype of a person with normal melanin because you cannot tell what recessive traits they have. Albinism is a recessive trait, therefore, a person with normal melanin might have the recessive trait of albinism in their genotype.

Can you identify the genotype of a person with normal melanin? Why or why not?

Somatic stem cells

Cells taken from adults are pluripotent

Embryonic stem cell

Cells that are found in embryos at the earliest stages of their development and are totipotent

Totipotent

Cells that can differentiate into any kind of tissue cells

Pluripotent

Cells that can differentiate into only a few kinds of tissue cells

Autosomes

Chromosomes that DO NOT determine an organism's sex

Genes

Codes for a specific protein to create a certain characteristic in an organism

Promoters

Comes before each gene and tell the RNA polymerase molecule where to bind to begin copying the gene into a strand for mRNA

DNA

Contains the cell's genetic material

Homeotic genes

Controls the development of specialized cells in an embryo/a map for a baby's body strucuture

Crossing over

Creates a variation of traits from organism to organism/independent assortment

Genes are individual segments of DNA, and chromosomes are organized structures which contain many genes packed together.

Describe the difference between a chromosome and a gene.

Sex chromosomes

Determine whether organisms will be male or female

Reproductive cell

Diploid cell is to body cell as haploid cell is to ______________. A. sex chromosome B. chromosome C. reproductive cell D. zygote

Anaphase

During which phase of mitosis do the centromeres split?

Prophase

During which phase of mitosis does the mitotic spindle assemble?

Embryo

Early stages of an unborn young of a multicellular organism

Crossing over

Exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes

Meiosis

Forms haploid gametes; organism is different from the parents

Gestational diabetes is an example of the environment controlling gene expression because it is a hormone-activated trait.

Gestational diabetes occurs when a pregnant woman has high levels of blood sugar. Cells in the pancreas usually keep blood sugar levels normal, but hormones produced during pregnancy deactivate the cells. After pregnancy, hormone levels return to normal, and so do the pancreas cells. Is this an example of DNA or environment controlling gene expression? Explain.

In anaphase I the centromeres do not split and whole chromosomes are pulled toward the centrosomes. In anaphase II the centromeres split and chromatids are pulled toward the centrosomes.

Give two differences between anaphase I and anaphase II in meiosis.

the study of the passing of traits from one generation to another

Hereditary is ___________________________________________.

Centromere

Hold chromatids together

Promoters come before each gene and tell the RNA polymerase molecule where to bind and begin copying the spleen gene into a strand of mRNA. Transcription proteins are attached to the RNA polymerase. Through different combinations of promoters and proteins, genes are turned either on or off in a cell. Sequences in DNA called enhancers and silencers bind to the promoters in front of genes and tell the RNA polymerase whether the gene needs to be enhanced or silenced. Proteins called regulatory proteins bind enhancers and silencers to the promoters.

How does a cell in your spleen know how to express spleen genes? Use the terms enhancer, promoter, regulatory protein, RNA polymerase, silencer, and transcription protein in your answer.

23

How many homologous pairs of chromosomes do you have?

Jake could check his pedigree

If Jake wanted to trace the trait of albinism to see where it appears earlier in his family's history, what could he do?

only some

If a Punnett square shows that the offspring of a cross have a 25% chance of inheriting a particular trait, then ___________________ offspring of that cross will express that trait.

Their offspring's colors would be grey because incomplete dominance results in a blend of two dominant phenotypes.

If a black feathered chicken were bred with a white feathered chicken and their offspring's colors were a result of incomplete dominance, what color would their offspring's feathers be? Why would they be that color?

carrier

If a gene for a sex-linked trait is locate on the X chromosome then only females will ______________ the trait controlled by the gene.

heterozygous

If an organism is __________________ for a gene, T (whose alleles determine whether the organism is tall [ T ] or short [ t ] in a simple dominance pattern), then the organism will be tall.

recessive, dominant

In Mendel's genetics, the presence of a ________________ trait is masked by the presence of a _____________________ trait.

Both alleles for a trait are expressed simultaneously

In a codominance inheritance pattern: A. Both alleles for a trait are expressed simultaneously B. Only one allele for a trait is expressed C. Neither allele for a trait is expressed D. Some genes are suppressed by the presence of other genes

Both alleles for a trait are expressed at the same time. Neither allele for a trait is dominant over the other. A heterozygous genotype produces a blended phenotype.

In an incomplete dominance inheritance pattern: (type out your answer completely. If all of the above, type out all the correct answers.) A. Both Alleles for a trait are expressed at the same time B. Neither allele for a trait is dominant over the other C. A heterozygous genotype produces a blended phenotype D. All of the above

Genotype

genetic makeup

Phenotype

physical expression of a trait

Cell cycle

process of cell growth that leads to cell division

Mitosis

produces two genetically identical cells

Gametes

sex cells

Codominance

An inheritance patter in which both alleles for a trait are expressed at the same time

Incomplete dominance

An inheritance pattern where both alleles for a trait are expressed at the same time creating a third phenotype

Type AB blood is an example of codominance more so than inocomplete dominance as the blood types A and B do not mix. Blood type is really an example of multiple alleles.

Is type AB blood an example of incomplete dominance or codominance? Explain.

Both of his parents have heterozygous genotypes, meaning they both carry the recessive trait for albinism. Jake received the recessive trait from each of his parents, making him express the trait.

Jake has albinism (mm), but no one else in his family does. How did his parents pass the trait down to him? (Another chance to draw a Punnett square :/)

Gene expression can be affected by hormone activated traits, light and temperature, and chemicals.

List the three factors that can affect gene expression other than promoters and regulatory proteins.

Chromosomes

Not all organisms have the same number of ______________________.

Chromatid

One half of a duplicated chromosome

Heterozygous

Organism with two different alleles fro a gene

Carriers

People who carry an allele, but do not express it

Karyotype

Picture of the chromosome pairs arranged in order of their size

Histones

Protein that helps maintain the compact structure of chromosomes

Chromosomes

Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins

Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell is called: A. mitosis B. meiosis C. binary fission D. cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

The end of the cell cycle; creates two genetically identical cells

Pedigree

The expression of a hereditary trait across multiple generations

pedigree

The expression of a hereditary trait across multiple generations is shown in a ________________.

prophase

The mitotic spindle is assembled in ______________________.

Gene expression

The process in which genetic information is active to make a genetic product

Cell differentiation

The process of cells changing to perform specific tasks

Dominant

Traits expressed and represented by a capital letter

Recessive

Traits masked when a dominant gene is present

Sex-linked

Traits that are determined by sex chromosomes X and Y

Multiple alleles

Traits with multiple alleles; blood type is an example of this

Homologous

Two copies of a chromosome

Polygenic inheritance

Two or more genes working together to express a trait; skin colors

Genes/traits

What Mendel referred to as factors

Rule one is the number of chromosomes equals the count of the number of centromeres. Rule two is the number of DNA molecules equals the count of the number of chromatids.

What are the two rules that Mrs. Reeder told us while explaining our lab (think about COUNTING)?

Alleles are mixed and matched in gametes

What best describes what happens during independent assortment?

There would be no way to turn off genes, and the correct proteins could not be produced.

What would happen if there were only enhancers and no silencers in a strand of DNA?

Asexual reproduction is a process that produces offspring that are genetically identical to their parents. Sexual reproduction occurs when haploid cells join to form a genetically different diploid zygote.

What's the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?

Meiosis

Which type of cell division turns a diploid cell into a haploid cell?

Meiosis goes through meiosis I and II because the cell undergoes two divisions in meiosis.

Why is meiosis split into meiosis I and II?

Totipotent cells

__________________ are cells that can different into any kind of tissue cell.

Cytokinesis, because the cel divides the contents of its cytoplasm and forms a contractile ring between the two nuclei which pinches the cell in two.

A single muscle cell can contain dozens of nuclei. Which stage of the cell cycle is the cell not completing? How do you know?

the same as the original's

In daughter cells produced during mitosis, the usual number of chromosomes is _____________________.

heterozygous solid colored fur

In gerbils, solid-colored fur is a dominant trait (C), and multicolored fur is recessive (c). If a gerbil has the genotype Cc, what is its phenotype?

A zygote with 46 chromosomes

In human sexual reproduction, a male haploid gamete and a female haploid gamete unite to form which of the following: A. an egg with 46 chromosomes B. a zygote with 23 chromosomes C. a zygote with 46 chromosomes D. an egg with 23 chromosomes

X, Y

In humans, sex chromosomes are known as either ___ or ___ chromosomes.

2 heterozygous solid leaved plants and 2 variegated leaved plants

In many plants, variegated leaves (leaves with splotches, stripes, and other color variations) are a recessive trait, and solid colored leaves are dominant. What are the possible phenotypes of a cross between a plant with heterozygous solid leaves and a plant with pureblood variegated leaves? (you may want to draw a Punnett square in order to determine the genotypes)

More than one gene is involved in the expression of a trait. Many phenotypes are possible.

In polygenic inheritance: A. More than one gene is involved in the expression of a trait B. Many phenotypes are possible C. Both a and b are true D. Neither a nor b are true

Meiosis I through a process called crossing over

In which phase of meiosis is genetic information exchanged between chromosomes?

Interphase

In which stage of the cell cycle is the cell preparing itself to divide?

Mitotic spindle formed, nucleus dissolves

Summarize the phase in the process of MITOSIS in as few words as possible: Prophase

Nucleus reforms, four genetically different cells formed

Summarize this phase in the process of MEIOSIS in as few words as possible: Cytokinesis

Chromosomes duplicate

Summarize this phase in the process of MEIOSIS in as few words as possible: Interphase

Chromosomes form tetrads and cross-over, whole chromosomes pulled toward centrosomes, cell divides

Summarize this phase in the process of MEIOSIS in as few words as possible: Meiosis I

Spindle reforms, chromosomes align, centromeres split, chromatids pulled toward centrosomes

Summarize this phase in the process of MEIOSIS in as few words as possible: Meiosis II

chromosomes duplicate

Summarize this phase in the process of MITOSIS in as few words as possible: Interphase

Chromosomes align along equatorial plane

Summarize this phase in the process of MITOSIS in as few words as possible: Metaphase

Chromatids are now chromosomes, nucleus reforms, cytokinesis begins

Summarize this phase in the process of MITOSIS in as few words as possible: Telophase

Centromeres split, chromatids pulled toward centrosomes

Summarize this phase int he process of MITOSIS in as few words as possible: Anaphase

Meiosis I

Tetrads form in ______________________.

Heredity

The (study of) passing of traits from one generation to another

Interphase

The 1st stage of the Cell cycle; where DNA duplicates