Biology - Chapter 10

Eye color is a polygenic trait. This means that the pigmentation of the iris is determined by more than one _____.

gene

Human eye color is a trait that is best described as being the result of

gene interaction

The particles in Mendel's particulate theory of inheritance refer to what we now know as _____.

genes

The particular set of alleles an individual receives at fertilization is called its __________.

genotype

Polygenic inheritance means that a trait is

governed by two or more sets of alleles

In a genetic cross, the F2 individuals are the ______ of the P generation.

grand offspring

If an organism carries two different types of alleles for the same gene it is considered __________ for that gene.

heterozygous

A trait is considered ______ when it is controlled by more than one set of alleles and those alleles are subject to environmental influences.

multifactorial

Offspring inherit _________________; if one or both parents passes on a gene with DNA that does not code for functional proteins, disorders like phenylketonuria can result.

one copy of each gene from both parents

Based on his experiments and the mathematical laws of probability, Mendel proposed the ______ theory of inheritance.

particulate

In Himalayan rabbits, where does dark hair color arise?

parts of the body with high heat loss

The appearance of an organism is called its __________

phenotype

A group of symptoms are part of a syndrome that is due to __________ type of inheritance.

pleiotropy

Mendel bred an unknown plant displaying a dominant phenotype with an individual showing the recessive phenotype; then, he analyzed the offspring to determine the unknown genotype. This experiment is called a(n) __________

testcross

A pedigree is a family's history with regard to a particular genetic

trait

True or false: Polygenic traits that are subject to environmental influences can control multifactorial traits.

true

A certain badger is heterozygous for two genes; he has sharp claws and bad breath. He mates with another badger that is homozygous for both genes, with sharp claws and minty-fresh breath. What are the chances that they have an offspring with sharp claws and minty-fresh breath? (Assume simple, Mendelian inheritance.)

1/2

If a population has two alleles (one is dominant and the other is recessive) for an X-linked gene, how many different female genotypes are possible?

3

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a Mendelian monohybrid cross?

3:1

A dihybrid cross involves two traits and __________ alleles. (answer with a number)

4

An individual of genotype TtFFgg mates with an individual of genotype ttFfgg. About how many of their 100 offspring would you expect to be heterozygous for all three traits? (Assume simple, Mendelian inheritance.)

0

Use a Punnett square to determine the phenotypic ratio of offspring from parents with blood types AB and O.

1:1

The probability that a couple will have 3 boy children is __________. (answer with a ratio)

1:8

If a population has two alleles for an X-linked gene, how many different male genotypes are possible?

2

In order to inherit sickle cell anemia an individual needs to receive __________ recessive alleles from their parents. (answer with a number)

2

Mendel researched pea plants that contained __________ (answer with a number) varieties of traits even though he only selected for 7 of them.

22

What is the expected phenotypic ratio of F2 in a Mendelian dihybrid cross?

9:3:3:1

The first generation of offspring of the original parents (P generation) are referred to as the __________ generation. Please use the abbreviation as your answer.

F1

What items are placed at the tops of the columns and the fronts of the rows in a Punnett square?

Gametes

Each pair of factors segregates independently of the other pairs and all possible combinations of factors can occur in gametes according to which of Mendel's laws?

Mendel's law of independent assortment

Weak, brittle bones result from which disorder?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

The __________ gene can be found on the Y chromosome but it does not have a complimentary version on the X chromosome.

SRY

Black urine disease, or alkaptonuria, is caused by a missing gene on chromosome 3, which leads to

a lack of a normal enzyme

In cases of polygenic inheritance, the effects of dominant alleles are __________, so that individuals with more dominant alleles show the extreme of the trait.

additive

If a true breeding plant of a given species has yellow flowers, what color flowers would its offspring have?

always yellow

An individual with methemoglobinemia has skin that appears _____.

bluish-purple

If an individual has an autosomal recessive condition and their parents do not have the condition, it means that

both parents were carriers

The most common lethal autosomal disorder among Caucasians in the United States is __________ __________, which affects function of the lungs and pancreas

cystic fibrosis

If two heterozygous parents, who do not have a particular genetic condition, produce a child who has the condition, the parents are referred to as

carriers

X-linked traits are found on the X chromosome and

code for a variety of traits

Osteogenesis imperfecta, which occurs in at least nine forms, is usually attributed to mutations in genes related to synthesizing type I

collagen

The X-linked recessive vision disorder that affects about 8% of Caucasian males is called red-green ____________ ____________

color blindness

The autosomal disorder that is the most common lethal genetic disorder among Caucasians in the United States is:

cystic fibrosis

If a father has a dominant X-linked genetic disorder and the mother does not, their ______ will have a 100% chance of having the disorder.

daughters

If a male has an X-linked recessive condition, all of his ______ will be carriers even if his partner is normal.

daughters

In a two-trait cross, an offspring of the parental generation is called a ____________.

dihybrid

When two different traits are investigated at the same time, what type of cross does this represent?

dihybrid

A genetic condition for which a daughter has a 100% chance of inheritance if her father has the condition is called X-linked _____.

dominant

An allele that masks the expression of an alternate form of that same gene is called a __________ allele.

dominant

Mendel's laws relate to the process of meiosis, during which we are able to see that the homologues and the alleles they carry segregate independently during gamete formation such that

each gamete has one allele for each trait

If a person has phenylketonuria, they have inherited genetic information that has lead to the production of a dysfunctional protein, specifically a(n) __________ that normally breaks down phenylalanine.

enzyme

In Siamese cats, temperature affects a(n) ______, which in turn influences hair color.

enzyme

True or false: Alkaptonuria leads to a build up of homogentisic acid, which turns red when exposed to air.

false

An organism carrying both dominant alleles of a particular gene would be considered __________ dominant for that trait.

homozygous

A recessive allele is expressed only in the

homozygous recessive

A heterozygote displaying a third variation of a trait—a phenotype in between that of individuals homozygotic for both alleles— is an example of

incomplete dominance

Human eye color is an example of a phenotype that results from the ________ multiple gene products (enzymes and proteins).

interaction of

The genotype of an organism is

its genetic makeup

Alleles that occur on the same chromosome are called a ___________ group.

linkage

Which of the following refers to alleles that are on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together?

linkage group

Genes that are found on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome or on autosomes, are X- __________ genes.

linked

DNA is directly inherited from an organism's parents, via their gametes, which are produced by the process of

meiosis

Independent assortment and Mendel's law of segregation are most evident in which which of the following divisions?

meiosis

A diagram used for estimating genetic probability is called a __________ __________

punnet square

If a child has an autosomal disorder but both parents are normal, this is described as a(n) autosomal __________ disorder.

recessive

Methemoglobinemia is an autosomal __________ disorder

recessive

Which advanced form of data analysis did Mendel use in his experiments?

statistics

Traits found on the non-autosomal chromosomes are called

sex-linked

The autosomal recessive disorder in which red blood cells assume an irregular shape is called

sickle cell disease

When two pea plants with round, yellow seeds breed, they produce many offspring all with round, yellow seeds. This population is considered ________.

true breeding

If you encountered a fruit fly with the genotype LlGG you can conclude that it is a ____ type of fly.

wild

Color blindness is a recessive genetic disorder that is linked to the __________ chromosome.

x

More males than females have recessive sex-linked disorders because recessive alleles on the ___________ chromosome are always expressed in males.

x