Biology Chapter 14 Test
What is population growth based on?
Avaliable resources
What 2 factors live in a habitat?
Biotic and abiotic
What 2 factors increase the size of a population?
Births and immigration
may live close together in groups in order to facilitate mating , gain protection , or access food resources
Clumped
A school of fish show which type of population dispersion?
Clumped dispersion
What are the 3 types of population dispersion?
Clumped, uniform, and random
one organism benefits , the other is unharmed ( nothing good or bad )
Commensalism
What type of symbiotic relationship do our eyelashes and mites have? Specify who is benefiting, harmed, or unaffected in the relationship.
Commensalism; the mites benefit by getting a food source and shelter, humans are unaffected.
What occurs when two species use resources in the same way?
Competition
What are 2 important ways in which organisms interact?
Competition and Predation
Define intraspecific competition.
Competition within a species, two lions competing for food.
Give 3 examples of density-dependent limiting factors.
Competition, predation, parasites/diseases
One species is better suited to the niche and the other will either be pushed out or become extinct .
Competitive exclusion
What has different outcomes?
Competitive exclusion
keeps two species from occupying the same niche ... one species will be better suited to the niche while the other will be pushed into another niche or become extinct .
Competitive exclusion
larger teeth could allow one type to be better at cracking larger nuts while smaller teeth could allow the other to be better at cracking smaller nuts .
Divergent evolution
species that occupy similar niches but live in different geographical regions .
Ecological equivalents
( such as leeches , ticks , fleas )
Ectoparasites
the movement of individuals OUT of a population and into another population .
Emigration
( such as hookworms / tapeworms )
Endoparasites
Example of Exponential growth
European rabbit in Australia
May occur when a species moves to a previously uninhabited area
Exponential growth
a rapid population increase due to an abundance of resources
Exponential growth
What does an ecological niche include?
Food, abiotic conditions, and behavior
What shows how individuals in a population are spaced?
Geographical dispersion
What differs from a niche?
Habitat
What is all the aspects of the area in which an organism lives?
Habitat
A _________ is WHERE a species lives and a ________ is HOW it lives within a habitat.
Habitat, Niche
Name 2 examples of an endoparasite.
Hookworm and tapeworm
the movement of individuals INTO a population from another population .
Immigration
What are the 4 factors that affect the size of a population?
Immigration, births, emigration, and deaths
between different species .
Interspecific competition
between organisms of the same species ( Intra- = within )
Intraspecific competition
Define an ecological niche.
It includes all of the factors that a species needs to survive, stay healthy, and reproduce.
If a species has more births than deaths and more immigration than emigration, what will happen to the size of the population?
It will increase
due to a population facing limited resources .
Logistic growth
both organisms benefit ( The relationship is " mutual . " )
Mutualism
What are 3 types of Symbiotic relationships?
Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
The bacteria that live in our intestines is an example of which type of symbiotic relationship?
Mutualism; both benefit
When two species compete for a resource, sometimes they divide the resource. What is this known as?
Niche partitioning
What is parasitism; Give an example.
One benefits, the other is harmed(tick,flea,leech)
If two different species of squirrel's are competing for the same food source, what will eventually happen to one of the species?
One species will become extinct.
What type of organisms have a type II survivorship curve?
Organisms that have an equal chance of dying versus living.
one organism benefits , the other is harmed
Parasitism
Scientist can use this information to determine whether changes in population size are a result of environmental factors or due to normal variations in the life history of a species .
Population density
What is the equation for population density?
Population density= # of individuals / area (units squared)
how a population is spread in an area .
Population dispersion
Parasitism is most similar to what other type of interaction. describe the similarity.
Predations; parasitisms may live their hosts alive for a period of time while predators and capture and consume their prey.
just .... random
Random
define ecological equivalents.
Species that occupy similar niches but live in two different places.
a diagram showing the number of surviving members over time from a measured set of births.
Survivorship curve
What helps to describe the reproductive strategy of a species?
Survivorship curves
A close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species that live in direct contact with one another .
Symbiosis
What makes up an organism's habitat?
The area that it lives in such as a watering hole, rocks, tall grasses.
Define pioneer species.
The first organisms to live in previously uninhabited areas.
What is the carrying capacity?
The maximum number of organisms than an environment can support at one time.
What would happen to an organism of type III survivorships is introduced into a new habitat with no predators?
The population size will increase.
Define secondary succession.
The reestablishment of a damaged ecosystem in an area where the soil is intact.
Many endoparasites lack digestive systems. Why might this be true?
They feed on food that is already digested by the host.
common to large mammals and humans Most show parental care for their young
Type I
low level of infant mortality and an older population
Type I
What types can a Survivorship be?
Type I,II, or III
common to birds small mammals and some reptiles at all times have an equal chance of living or dying
Type II
survivorship rate is equal at all stages of life
Type II
common to invertebrates fish amphibians and plants . many offspring will die due to predation
Type III
very high birth rate , very high infant mortality
Type III
intraspecific competition keeps individuals living at specific distances
Uniform
What type of population dispersion is shown when the organisms are evenly spaced out?
Uniform dispersion
Name 3 examples of density-independent limiting factor.
Unusual weather, natural disasters, and human impact.
Can scientist calculate population density?
Yes!
The carrying capacity is most likely to change
after a fire or flood
The size of a population is always
changing
Zebra herds that live and move together are an example of what type of dispersion?
clumped dispersion
An oak tree provides a sparrow a place to build a nest. The nest neither benefits nor harms the tree. What is the name for this type of relationship?
commensalism
Two robins eating worms on the same lawn is an example of
competition
The idea that two species cannot occupy the same niche is known as
competitive exclusion
Diseases may spread more rapidly when an area is crowded, so disease is considered to be a
density-dependent limiting factor
Example of immigration
fruit fly population in your backpack .
The movement of a single caribou into a herd is an example of
immigration
What are changes in a population size determined by?
immigration , births , emigration , and deaths .
Ecological equivalents are species that occupy similar niches
in different geographical regions
If there is an abundance of resources the population will
increase and vice versa .
The lion's ecological niche includes its behavior and_____________
its position in the food web
One difference between parasitism and predation is that parasites
keep their hosts alive for a period of time
What pattern of growth will a population with limited resources show?
logistic
Most large mammals have type 1 survivorship curves, which means they have
low infant mortality and high rates of survival into old age
Aphids eat the sap from plants and excrete sticky waste that ants eat. The ants protect the aphids from predators. This type of interaction is called
mutualism
Which of the following is an example of a density-independent factor?
natural disaster
The niche will be divided which is known as
niche partitioning ( Ex Red squirrel vs its cousin )
Predation is best described as
one organism capturing and eating another
The way in which individuals of a population are spread out is called
population dispersion
What gives structure to a community?
resource availability
When two species compete for the same resources, their ecological niche may
split into two niches
What does a survivorship curve show?
the number of offspring still alive over time
What is the population density of a species if there are 10 individuals living within an area of 5 square kilometers?
10/5 km squared
Which of the following describes the density of a population?
100 wolves per square mile
How many types of population dispersion?
3
How many factors affect population?
4
What does each population have?
A density, a dispersion, and a reproductive strategy.
Define a population crash
A dramatic decline in the size of a population in a short period of time
