Biology Chapter 15

Normally adults have _____ teeth, while children have _____.

32;20

Fat molecules that have been emulsified by bile salts will be digested by an enzyme called

: lipase

Place the parts of the colon in order from the beginning to the end:

A,T,D,S

During swallowing, the esophagus opens to receive a morsel of the chewed food known as a(n)

Bolus

The three phases of gastric secretion from first to last are:

C, G , I

During which phase in the control of the digestive system would the sight and smell of food initiate reflexes to aid digestion?

Cephalic phase

______ is a peptide hormone that is secreted by the duodenal wall in response to the acidity, proteins and fats of gastric contents.

Cholecystokinin

Match each part of the tooth with the correct description:

Crown matches Choice, Part that projects beyond the gum Part that projects beyond the gum Root matches Choice, Embedded in the socket in the jaw Embedded in the socket in the jaw Enamel matches Choice, Hard, glossy material covering the crown Hard, glossy material covering the crown Dentin matches Choice, Calcified material surrounding the pulp cavity Calcified material surrounding the pulp cavity

Identify the functions of the liver:

Detoxifies poisons Storage of glycogen, iron, vitamins A, D, E and K Secretion of bile Produces plasma proteins

Which of these is associated with the role of intestinal bacteria?

Digestion of undigestible cellulose and synthesis of some essential vitamins

The_____________is a straight muscular tube conveying food from pharynx to the stomach.

Esophagus

Identify the group of vitamins that resist the effects of heat; accumulate in various tissues and include vitamins A,D, E and K.

Fat-soluble vitamins

When bile salts break fat globules into smaller droplets through emulsification, this facilitates metabolism and digestion of fats because: (Select all that apply)

Fat-splitting enzymes (lipases) can digest fat molecules more effectively. The tiny fat droplets then mix with water.

When chyme is regurgitated into the esophagus at a high frequency the individual may develop ______.

GERD

The hormone that acts in opposition to gastrin, that is, prevents the stomach from emptying too quickly, is ______.

GIP

Match the components of gastric juice with their function:

Hydrochloric acid (HCL) matches Choice, Provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin Provides the acid environment needed for production and action of pepsin Intrinsic factor matches Choice, Binds to vitamin B12 and prevents it from being destroyed Binds to vitamin B12 and prevents it from being destroyed Pepsin matches Choice, Enzyme released by cells of the stomach which degrades proteins Enzyme released by cells of the stomach which degrades proteins Gastrin matches Choice, Hormone which regulates stomach contractions Hormone which regulates stomach contractions

_____enzymes breakdown large molecules by adding water at specific bonds.

Hydrolytic

Describe the location of the stomach.

In the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity

Describe the location of the liver.

In the upper right section of the abdominal cavity

Parietal cells produce __________ which binds to B12 and keeps it from being broken down in the stomach.

Intrinsic

Which of the following are micronutrients?

Iron and zinc

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the alimentary canal of the digestive system?

It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, and anus. It passes through the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

Which of these are true of the mesentery? (Select all that apply)

It is a double-layered peritoneal membrane It is a membrane that contains the blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that supply the intestinal wall

Which of these are characteristics of the mucosa? (Select all that apply)

It lines the lumen It contains glands that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes

Which of these statements are true regarding the esophagus?

It penetrates the diaphragm It descends posterior to the trachea, passing through the thoracic cavity It plays no role in chemical digestion

Of these six groups of nutrients, which three groups provide energy to sustain life processes?

Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins

_______are minerals that are abundant in the body. They include calcium and phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.

Macronutrients

Match the three large paired salivary glands with their description:

Parotid glands matches Choice, The largest salivary glands located anterior and inferior to each ear, between the skin and the masseter muscle; secrete a fluid, rich in salivary amylase The largest salivary glands located anterior and inferior to each ear, between the skin and the masseter muscle; secrete a fluid, rich in salivary amylase Sublingual glands matches Choice, The smallest of the major salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue; produce mainly mucus The smallest of the major salivary glands located on the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue; produce mainly mucus Submandibular glands matches Choice, Glands located in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw; produce watery saliva that contains very little mucus Glands located in the floor of the mouth on the inside surface of the lower jaw; produce watery saliva that contains very little mucus

____________is the enzyme that begins the digestion of protein in the stomach.

Pepsin

Identify the components of gastric juice: (Select all that apply)

Pepsin Intrinsic factor Hydrochloric acid

Peptides are completely broken down into amino acids in the small intestine by which brush border enzymes?

Peptidases

The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the abdominal organs is the ______.

Peritoneum

Colon cancer is associated with , _________, small growths in the epithelial lining of the large intestine.

Polyp

Besides water, vitamins and minerals what are the other three groups of nutrients?

Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids

Which of the following are functions of the liver? (Select all that apply)

Removes and detoxifies poisons Removes and stores nutrients Regulates glucose levels

Which of these are accessory organs of the digestive system?

Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Which of these events take place during the swallowing reflex? (Select all that apply)

Soft palate raises, closing of the nasopharynx The epiglottis covers the larynx Muscles in the laryngopharynx relax, opening the esophagus

The ___________ is a thick layer of connective tissue between the mucosa and the muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract.

Submucosa

___ is the enzyme that digests table sugar into glucose and fructose.

Sucrase

Select the ways in which the digestive system helps to maintain homeostasis.

The digestive and urinary systems remove wastes from the body. Minerals absorbed by the digestive system are used by the nervous system. Muscles cells use nutrients processed by the digestive system.

Choose the correct statement about the digestive system.

The gastrointestinal tract is also a part of the endocrine system.

Which statements are true regarding production and secretion of pancreatic juice?

The pancreatic duct that extends along the pancreas collects the pancreatic juice. The pancreatic duct joins with the common bile duct.

What is the primary function of the large intestine?

To absorb water; compact, store, and eliminate feces.

True or false: Pancreatic proteases are secreted in an inactive form and become activated once they enter the small intestine.

True

Which pancreatic enzyme functions to degrade proteins into peptides?

Trypsin

Match the components of pancreatic juice with the correct function:

Trypsin matches Choice, Digestion of proteins into peptides Digestion of proteins into peptides Pancreatic amylase matches Choice, Digestion of polysaccharides like starch or glycogen into disaccharides Digestion of polysaccharides like starch or glycogen into disaccharides Pancreatic lipase matches Choice, Digestion of fats like triglyceride molecules into fatty acids and glycerol Digestion of fats like triglyceride molecules into fatty acids and glycerol Pancreatic nuclease matches Choice, Digestion of nucleic acids like DNA into nucleotides Digestion of nucleic acids like DNA into nucleotides

Match the fat-soluble vitamin with its description:

Vitamin A matches Choice, Antioxidant necessary for synthesis of visual pigments Antioxidant necessary for synthesis of visual pigments Vitamin D matches Choice, Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus; promotes development of teeth and bones Promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus; promotes development of teeth and bones Vitamin E matches Choice, Antioxidant and may help maintain stability of cell membranes Antioxidant and may help maintain stability of cell membranes Vitamin K matches Choice, Important for blood clotting Important for blood clotting

Which group of vitamins include vitamins of the B complex and vitamin C; are essential for cellular metabolism; and are often coenzymes. Multiple choice question.

Water-soluble vitamins

90% of nutrients are ____ by the small intestines.

absorbed

The functions of the digestive system include ______. (Select all that apply)

absorption of nutrients breakdown of food elimination of wastes

The hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells ______. (Select all that apply)

activates pepsin kills ingested bacteria creates an acidic environment in the stomach

Which of these are functions of saliva? (Select all that apply)

aids in swallowing initiates chemical digestion of carbohydrates helps cleanse the mouth and teeth dissolves molecules so they can be tasted moistens food particles

What are the steps to producing urea?

amino acids amino groups amoninia joins

Initial digestion of starches begins in the mouth by an enzyme called salivary

amylase

Enzymes that are found within the saliva are ______. (Select all that apply)

amylase lysozyme

Untreated gastroesophageal reflux disease can result in ______. (Select all that apply.)

an increased risk of esophageal cancer Barrett's esophagus

Intense fear of weight gain, excessive dieting, and distorted perception of personal body weight are all symptoms of

anorexia

The small worm-like tube extending from the cecum is the ______.

appendix

Emulsification of fats in the small intestine is accomplished by the action of ______salts.

bile

The product made by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and is used to emulsify fats is known as ______.

bile

Hemoglobin in red blood cells is broken down into a yellowish-green bile pigment known as ______.

bilirubin

Place in order the steps of blood flow through the liver:

blood from blood brings blood passes blood exits

The largest segment of the stomach is the ______.

body

A person who consumes large amounts of food only to deliberately vomit to minimize the calories ingested suffers from ______.

bulimia nervosa

The following proteases are secreted in the pancreatic juice ______. (Select all that apply)

carboxypeptidase chymotrypsin trypsin

Match the parts of the stomach to its description.

cardia matches Choice, a small area near the esophageal opening a small area near the esophageal opening fundus matches Choice, a temporary storage area a temporary storage area body region matches Choice, main part of the stomach that lies between the fundus and pylorus main part of the stomach that lies between the fundus and pylorus pyloric canal matches Choice, a narrowing of the pylorus as it approaches the small intestine a narrowing of the pylorus as it approaches the small intestine pyloric sphincter matches Choice, a muscle that works as a valve to control gastric emptying a muscle that works as a valve to control gastric emptying

Match the parts of the stomach to its description.

cardia- a small area near the esophageal opening fundus - a temporary storage area body region-main part of the stomach that lies between the fundus and pylorus pyloric canal-a narrowing of the pylorus as it approaches the small intestine a muscle that works as a valve to control gastric emptying

Caries, or ___________occur when bacteria in the mouth break down sugars into acids that eat away at the enamel and dentin on the teeth, leading to a toothache.

cavities

The large intestine consists of the _____, ______, ______, and the anal canal.

cecum, colon, rectum

Match the following gastric phases with their function:

cephalic phase matches Choice, stimulated by the sight or smell of food stimulated by the sight or smell of food gastric phase matches Choice, stimulated by the stomach distending due to the presence of food stimulated by the stomach distending due to the presence of food intestinal phase matches Choice, stimulated by fatty acids and carbohydrates stimulated by fatty acids and carbohydrates

Cells of the intestinal mucosa secrete ____ and _____, that in turn stimulate the pancreas to release pancreatic juice. (Select all that apply)

cholecystokinin secretin

When food is mixed with gastric juices in the stomach, it becomes a semiliquid substance called

chyme

Once trypsin is activated by an intestinal enzyme, it will then activate ______. (Select all that apply)

chymotrypsin carboxypeptidase

A chronic disease of the liver where the liver becomes inactive due to scar tissue replacing healthy cells is

cirrhosis

Which of these are functions of the stomach? (Select all that apply)

cliquifies food moves food into the small intestine stores food

An individual who is having difficulty defecating might be experiencing

constipation

Place the segments of the small intestine in the order of which food travels.

d,j,i

Bulimia is dangerous to one's health because it can cause ______. (Select all that apply)

damage to the kidneys abnormal heart rhythm erosion of teeth from stomach acid

Gluconeogenesis from proteins is possible by the process called ______, a complex metabolic pathway of converting amino acids to glycerol.

deamination

Baby teeth are also known as _________ teeth.

deciduous

The liver is capable of storing nutrients, regulating glucose levels, storing fat soluble vitamins and ______.

detoxifying poisons

The small intestine receives its name due to its small _____ in comparison to the large intestine. Multiple choice question.

diameter

When peristalsis in the large intestines increases due to nervous stimulation, water does not have a chance to be absorbed, resulting in ______.

diarrhea

Salivary amylase breaks starch down into maltose, which is a(n) ______.

disaccharide

A disorder of the large intestine in which small saclike out-pockets of the colon form from a diet lacking sufficient fiber is called ______.

diverticulitis

In order to improve fat digestion, bile salts affect fat globules much like a soap or detergent would affect them. That is, bile salts break fat globules into smaller droplets, an action called

emulsification

The gastric glands contain chief, parietal, mucous and _________cells.

enteroendocrine

The hormone gastrin is produced by the ______.

enteroendocrine cells

Digestion is completed in the small intestine by the addition of___________ from the pancreatic juices and the intestinal wall.

enzymes

The ___________ _______________prevents the reflux of the stomach's content back into the esophagus.

esophageal ; sphincter

As food arrives at the stomach, the ______ opens briefly and then closes after the food passes into the stomach.

esophageal sphincter

The digestive function of the pharynx is to transport food from the mouth to the

esophagus

Nutrients, such as vitamins, that the body cannot make and therefore must be consumed are called ______ nutrients.

essential

An adequate diet provides ______. (Select all that apply)

essential amino acids vitamins and minerals essential fatty acids

Secretion of digestive pancreatic juices represents the_________ function of the pancreas while secretion of hormones represents the _______function of the pancreas.

exocrine endocrine

The left and right lobes of the liver are separated by the ___.

falciform ligament

True or false: Digestion of proteins into amino acids is completed in the stomach.

false

True or false: Obesity is defined as being 10% or more above the ideal weight for a person's height.

false

True or false: Periodontitis is most common in young adults.

false

Some molecules that are considered to be essential, in that the body must consume them and cannot make them on its own, are ______. (Select all that apply)

fatty acids amino acids

Crystals that form from the cholesterol in the bile may grow in size, creating ______

gallstones

The presence of food in the stomach causes the stomach to stretch and will trigger the _______________phase of regulation.

gastric

The gastric glands found in the mucosa of the stomach secrete ______.

gastric juice mucus

Muscle contraction and secretions made by the stomach are regulated by the hormone ______.

gastrin

Chronic reflux of the stomach contents into the esophagus is known as ______.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

The hormone secreted by the stomach that responds like a "dinner bell", giving us the urge to eat is ______.

ghrelin

Inflammation of the soft gum tissue around the tooth is known as ______. Multiple choice question.

gingivitis

When glycogen levels become too low, the liver will produce glucose molecules through the process of

gluconeogenesis

The four flat premolar, or bicuspid, teeth are used for ______.

grinding food

The functions of the greater omentum are: (Select all that apply)

has macrophages that rid the body of pathogens contains fat that protects the abdominal cavity

During digestion, the _____ expand to store undigested material in the colon.

haustra

When the esophageal sphincter fails to close tightly, some of the stomach content may escape into the esophagus resulting in what is known as

heartburn

Blood from the digestive tract enters the liver through the ______ and then exits the liver via the ______.

hepatic portal vein; hepatic vein

A viral infection of the liver that leads to inflammation, liver failure, and possibly liver cancer is called

hepatitis

An inflammatory disease of the liver caused by a viral infection contracted by consuming sewage-contaminated drinking water is __

hepatitis A

Parietal cells produce ______, which decreases the pH of gastric juice.

hydrochloric acid

Digestive enzymes are_______enzymes, meaning they break down substances by adding a water molecule to the chemical bonds.

hydrolytic

The large intestine begins in the lower right side of the abdominal cavity, where the _____ joins the _____.

ileum; cecum

The head of the pancreas is located ______.

in the loop of the duodenum

Minerals ______.

include elements such as calcium, iron, phosphate, sodium and chloride

As acidic chyme enters into and stretches the duodenum, the _____ phase is triggered, causing the intestinal cells to increase their activity

intestinal

As the duodenum becomes filled with acidic chyme, the __________ phase of regulation will secrete hormones to stimulate the pancreas and inhibit gastric secretion.

intestinal

If _____ is not produced by the parietal cells, vitamin B12 would be destroyed in the stomach and red blood cells would fail to develop.

intrinsic factor

Which of these statements are true about the serosal layer of the alimentary canal?

it is a very thin layer of squamous epithelium surrounded by connective tissue its main function is to secrete serous fluid to lubricate the outer surface of the alimentary canal it is the outermost layer of the wall of the alimentary canal

A yellowing in the white of the eyes, known as _________s often an indicator of liver disease.

jaundice

A(n) _______is a lymphatic capillary within the intestinal villus necessary for the absorption of lipids.

lacteal

______transport larger lipids and nutrients to lymph vessels and eventually to the lymphatic ducts where it can be drained into the blood.

lacteals

A major function of the _________intestine is to absorb water and minerals.

large

The pharynx is composed of the ______. (Select all that apply)

laryngopharynx nasopharynx oropharynx

The hormone that acts on the hypothalamus and gives a feeling of fullness after a meal is ______.

leptin

The portion of the mesentery that lies between the stomach and liver is the _______ omentum and the portion that hangs over the intestines is the_______ omentum.

lesser; greater

The pancreatic enzyme that will digest fat molecules is ______.

lipase

The duodenum of the small intestine receives products from the_____ _____ _______via one main duct.

liver , gallbladder, pancreas

Place the following structures in the proper order through which undigested material would pass:

lleoceal sphincter cecum colon rectum anal canal

Within the muscularis layer of the alimentary canal, the outermost layer consists of ______ fibers.

longitudinal

What are the three muscle layers in the wall of the stomach? (Select all that apply)

longitudinal circular oblique

Two enzymes contained in saliva are: ____________ which is antibacterial, and salivary _______which begins carbohydrate digestion.

lysozyme; amalyse

The three disaccharases found in the brush border enzymes of the small intestine are ______, ______, and ______.

maltase lactase sucrase

Gallstones

may pass from the gallbladder into the common bile duct causing obstructive jaundice, which will lead to the gallbladder needing to be removed.

The visceral organs are supported within the abdominal cavity by a double-layered part of the peritoneum called the

mesentery

The small, microscopic cytoplasmic projections that give the small intestine a fuzzy appearance in electron micrographs are called

microvilli

The ________ is the innermost layer of the wall of the digestive tract containing cells that secrete digestive enzymes and mucus.

mucosa

Organize the layers of the wall of the alimentary canal from innermost to outermost:

mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa

The stomach is bathed in an acidic environment so it is protected by a thick layer of ______.

mucous

Which of the following cells are found in the gastric glands? (Select all that apply)

mucous cells enteroendocrine cells chief cells parietal cells

During the cephalic phase of control, ____ mediate the response in the stomach.

nerves

DNA and RNA are broken down into the individual nucleotides by _______and the nucleotides are broken down into their individual components (sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base) by

nuclease ; nucleosidase

The brush border enzyme that completely digests nucleotides is ______.

nucleosidase

The muscular wall of the stomach is composed of a longitudinal, circular and layer.

oblique

List the organs of the digestive tract from proximal to distal:

oral cavity pharynx

The lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate surround the mouth, which includes a chamber between the palate and tongue called the ______, as well as a narrow space between the teeth, cheeks, and lips called the ______.

oral cavity; vestibule

The part of the pharynx that acts as a passageway for food and air is the ______.

oropharynx

The tonsillar tissues that help defend against inhaled microbes are ______. (Select all that apply)

palatine lingual pharyngeal

The organ of the digestive system composed of both endocrine and exocrine tissue, located posterior to the stomach is the

pancreas

Acidic chyme from the stomach is neutralized in the small intestine by ____

pancreatic juice

Rough projections on the tongue that aid in the sense of taste by housing the taste buds are called ______.

papillae

The portion of the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is the ______ peritoneum and that which surrounds the organs is the ______ peritoneum.

parietal; visceral

The acidic environment of the stomach allows for _________to act upon proteins to form peptides.

pepsin

The enzyme that begins the breakdown of proteins in the stomach is _____.

pepsin

Digestion of proteins, that began in the stomach, is completed in the small intestine, where the peptides are broken down into amino acids by

peptidases

Tooth decay that inflames the periodontal membrane and leads to bone loss is called

periodontitis

Choose all of the following digestive disorders that occur more frequently in the elderly.

periodontitis constipation hiatal hernia

A wave of muscular contraction moving food from the oropharynx through the digestive tract is termed _______.

peristalsis

A wave of muscular contraction moving food from the oropharynx through the digestive tract is termed _______. Multiple choice question.

peristalsis

Movement of food along the alimentary canal involving the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of muscles is achieved by a process called

peristalsis

Non-digested material will move through the small intestine toward the large intestine by ___

peristalsis

The digestive system involves both ______.

physical and chemical breakdown of food

Gastric __________ are openings at the ends of tubular gastric glands in the gastric mucosa.

pits

The small intestine is responsible for enzymatically breaking down ______. (Select all that apply)

proteins starch nucleic acids fats

The small intestine is a tubular organ that extends from the ______ sphincter to the beginning of the large intestine.

pyloric

The defecation reflex can be initiated as a result of distension of a segment of the large intestine called the ______.

rectum

The human liver is divided into two main lobes, the ___lobe and the _____ lobe.

right , left

The watery substance that functions to moisten food particles, begin carbohydrate digestion, inhibit bacterial growth, dissolve molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds and bind particles together to aid in swallowing is called

saliva

Localized contractions and constrictions that cause the mixing of chyme with the digestive juices of the small intestine is known as ______.

segmentation

The outer covering of the wall of the alimentary canal is also known as the

serosa

The wall of the alimentary canal consists of four layers. Beginning with the innermost tissues, the layers are: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and _________________ layers

serosa

The blood-filled channels between the layers of hepatocytes in the liver are called hepatic ______.

sinusoids

Digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates and lipids occurs in ______.

small intestine

Digestion is completely finished in the ______.

small intestine

The ____________ ____________ receives secretions from the pancreas and liver as well as completes digestion and absorption of nutrients.

small intestine

The large intestine connects the _____ to the _____.

small intestine; anus

Place the phases of the swallowing mechanism in order from beginning to end:

soft palate epiligolittis

The J-shaped, pouch-like organ that hangs inferior to the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the abdominal cavity is called the

stomach

The ______________receives food from the esophagus, mixes food with the gastric juices, initiates digestion of proteins, and moves food into the small intestines.

stomach

The layer in the wall of the digestive tract rich in blood vessels and lymphatic vessels that carry away absorbed materials is the

submucosa

Circular folds, villi and microvilli all serve to increase the __________ ________of the small intestine.

surface area

Peristalsis in the large intestine occurs due to the muscularis layer and the ------- -------- on its surface.

taenia coli

The regulation of muscular contraction throughout the digestive track is controlled by ______. (Select all that apply)

the central nervous system enteroendocrine hormones the enteric nervous system

Which of the following events take place when acidic chyme from the stomach reaches the small intestine?

the hormone secretin is released by cells of the intestinal mucosa the hormone cholecystokinin is released by cells of the intestinal mucosa

Which of these are functions of the various bacteria that inhabit the large intestine? (Select all that apply)

the internal anal sphincter relaxes the external anal sphincter is signaled to relax, and the feces are forced to the outside

Which of these events occur during the defecation reflex? (Select all that apply)

the internal anal sphincter relaxes the external anal sphincter is signaled to relax, and the feces are forced to the outside

Structures embedded in the mucous membrane of the tongue and pharynx that help protect the body from infection of ingested and inhaled microbes are the ____

tonsils

True or false: The large intestine does not secrete digestive enzymes.

true

Gradual disintegration of the stomach lining leading to open sores will result in a(n)

ulcer

If the hydrochloric acid in gastric juice penetrates the mucous layer, the wall of the stomach will break down and a(n) _________will develop.

ulcer

The lingual frenulum is located _____, and it connects the tongue to the _____.

under the tongue; floor of the mouth

Accumulation of ____ can be toxic to the body if it is not eliminated efficiently.

urea

The tiny fingerlike projections of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption are called ______.

villi

_____are organic compounds (other than carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins) required in small amounts for normal metabolism, that cells can not synthesize in adequate amounts.

vitamins